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SQL Interview Questions and

Answers
Q. What is SQL?

Structured Query Language, an ANSI (American National Standards Institute)


standard language for accessing databases.

Using SQL we can Access Oracle, Sybase, DB2, SQL Server, MySQL, DB/400 and
other Database Management Systems
Q. When SQL was appeared?

Structured Query Language appeared in 1974.


Q. What are the Usages of SQL?

• Creating new databases


• Creating new tables in a database
• Inserting records in a database
• Updating records in a database
• Deleting records from a database
• Retrieving data from a database
• Executing queries against a database
• Creating stored procedures in a database
• Creating views in a database
• Setting permissions on tables, procedures, and views
Etc…
Q. What is SQL Process?

When we are executing an SQL command for any RDBMS, the system determines
the best way to carry out our request and SQL engine figures out how to interpret
the task.
There are various components included in the process. These components are Query
Dispatcher, Optimization engines, Classic Query Engine and SQL query engine etc.
Classic query engine handles all non-SQL queries but SQL query engine won't handle
logical files.
Q. Is SQL supports Programming?

No, SQL doesn’t have Conditional and Loop statements, using SQL Commands we
can access databases.
Q. What are the sub sets of SQL?
• Data Manipulation Language
• Data Definition Language
• Data Control Language
Q. What is Data Manipulation Language?

DML is a language which enables users to access and manipulate data.

Data Manipulation Language is used to Perform below Operations:


• Insertion of data into the database
• Retrieval of data from the database
• Updating data in the database
• Deletion of data in the database
Q. What is Data Definition Language?

Data Definition Language (DDL) allows us to create, alter, and delete database
objects such as schemas, tables, views, sequences, catalogs, indexes, and aliases.
Q. What is Data Control Language?

Data Control Language (DCL) allows us to control access to the database. 'DCL'
commands include-
'GRANT' to allow specific users to perform specified tasks
'REVOKE' to cancel previously denied or granted permissions
Q. What is MS Access?

MS Access was launched in 1992 by Microsoft Corporation as part of MS Office.


Microsoft Access is entry-level database management software. It is not only an
inexpensive but also powerful database for small-scale projects.
MS Access uses the Jet database engine which utilizes a specific SQL language
dialect (sometimes referred to as Jet SQL).
MS Access comes with the professional edition of MS Office package. MS Access is
user friendly database management system.
Q. What is Oracle?

Oracle is a relational database management system developed by 'Oracle


Corporation and launched in 1977.
Oracle supports all major Operating systems includes, MS Windows. NetWare,
UnixWare, OS/2 and most UNIX flavors.
Q. What is MS SQL Server?

MS SQL Server is a Relational Database Management System developed by Microsoft


Inc. Its primary query languages are T-SQL and ANSI SQL.
Q. What is Sybase?
Sybase is a computer software company , their primary product is Sybase DBMS,
which is a relational database management system based upon structured query
language.
Q. What is MySQL?

MySQL is open source Database Management System, developed by Swedish


company MySQL AB.
MySQL Supports many different platforms including Microsoft Windows, the major
Linux distributions, UNIX, and Mac OS X.
MySQL has free and paid versions, depending on its usage (non-
commercial/commercial) and features. MySQL comes with a very fast, multi-
threaded, multi-user, and robust SQL database server.

Q. What is DB2?
DB2 is the short name used for DATABASE 2. It is relational database product
developed by IBM. in 1983
Q. What is DB/400?

It is one of the flavors of IBM DB2


Q. What are the categories of operators available in SQL?

• Arithmetic operators
• Comparison operators
• Logical operators

Q. What are Arithmetic operators in SQL?

Operator Description
+ (Addition ) Adds values
- (Subtraction) Subtracts Right side value from Left side value
* (Multiplication) Multiplies values on either side of the operator
/ (Division) Divides left hand operand by right hand operand
% (Modulus) Divides left hand operand by right hand operand and
returns remainder

Q. What are Comparison operators in SQL?

For example x = 1, y= 2

Operator Example
= (x = y) is False
!= (x != y) is True.
<> (x <> y) is true.
> (x > y) is False
< (x < y) is True
>= (x >= y) is False
<= (x <= y) is True
!< (x !< y) is False
!> (x !> y) is True.

Note: Comparison Operators return Logical Results

Q. What are Logical operators in SQL?

Operator Description
-------- -----------
NOT Returns TRUE if the following condition is FALSE. Returns FALSE if it is
TRUE.
AND Returns TRUE if both component conditions are TRUE. Returns FALSE if
either is FALSE
OR Returns TRUE if either component condition is TRUE. Returns FALSE if
both are FALSE.

Q. What is a Data Relationship and What are they?

Database Relationship is the connection between the tables in a database. There are
4 types of relationships, and they are:

• One to One Relationship


• One to Many Relationship
• Many to One Relationship
• Many to Many Relationship

Q. What are Important Data Types in SQL?

Data Type Syntax


character char(x)
integer integer
numeric numeric(p,s)
decimal decimal(p,s)
float float(p)
date date
time time
character varchar2(x)
varying
bit bit(x)
real real
smallint smallint

Q. How to Create a Database?

The SQL CREATE DATABASE statement is used to create new SQL database.

Syntax:

CREATE DATABASE DatabaseName;

Example:

SQL> CREATE DATABASE TestData;

Q. How to delete a Database?

Using DROP DATABASE statement we can delete any existing Database

Syntax:

DROP DATABASE DatabaseName;

Example:

SQL> DROP DATABASE TestData;

Q. How to Select a Database?

USE statement is used to select any existing database in SQL

Syntax:

USE DatabaseName;

Example:

SQL> USE TestData;

Q. How to view all existing Databases list?

SQL> SHOW DATABASES;

Q. How to create a Table?

CREATE TABLE table_name(


column1 datatype,
column2 datatype,
column3 datatype,
.....
columnN datatype,
PRIMARY KEY( one or more columns )
);

Q. How to delete a Table?

Using Drop Table we can delete a Table

Syntax:

DROP TABLE table_name;

Q. How to add new record into a Table?

Using INSERT INTO statement, we can insert new rows

Syntax:

INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME (column1, column2, column3,...columnN)


VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...valueN)

Q. How to fetch data from a Database Table?


Using SELECT Statement, we can fetch data from a Database Table

Syntax:

SELECT column1, column2, columnN FROM table_name;

Or

SELECT * FROM table_name;

SQL Interview Questions and


Answers
Structured Query Language (SQL) developed by IBM in 1970s, It is used to
communicate with Databases.

Most of the Databases Management Systems like Oracle, Sybase, MS SQL Server,
MySQL, IBM-DB2 etc... using SQL for communication databases.

SQL knowledge is mandatory for Database developers as well as Testers.

1) What are most important DDL Commands in SQL?


CREATE TABLE - creates a new database table
ALTER TABLE - alters (changes) a database table
DROP TABLE - deletes a database table
CREATE INDEX - creates an index (search key)
DROP INDEX - deletes an index

2) What are the Operators used in SELECT statements?

= Equal

<> or != Not equal

> Greater than

< Less than

>= Greater than or equal

<= Less than or equal

BETWEEN Between an inclusive range LIKE Search for a pattern

3) How to INSERT Values into Tables?

INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (value1, value2,....)

INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2,...) VALUES (value1, value2,....)

4) How to Update a Column Name?

UPDATE table_name SET column_name = new_value WHERE column_name =


some_value

5) How to Delete Columns, Rows?

Delete a particular column:

DELETE FROM table_name WHERE column_name = some_value

Delete All Rows:


DELETE FROM table_name or DELETE * FROM table_name

6) Give an usage for BETWEEN ... AND?

SELECT column_name FROM table_name WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1


AND value2 The values can be numbers, text, or dates.

7) What is the use of CASCADE CONSTRAINTS?

When this clause is used with the DROP command, a parent table can be dropped
even when a child table exists.

8) Why does the following command give a compilation error?

DROP TABLE &TABLE NAME;

Variable names should start with an alphabet. Here the table name starts with an '&'
symbol.

9) Which system tables contain information on privileges granted and


privileges obtained?

USER_TAB_PRIVS_MADE, USER_TAB_PRIVS_RECD

10) Which system table contains information on constraints on all the tables
created?obtained?

USER_CONSTRAINTS.

11) State true or false. EXISTS, SOME, ANY are operators in SQL?

True.

12) What does the following query do?

SELECT SAL + NVL(COMM,0) FROM EMP;?

This displays the total salary of all employees. The null values in the commission
column will be replaced by 0 and added to salary.
13) What is the advantage of specifying WITH GRANT OPTION in the GRANT
command?

The privilege receiver can further grant the privileges he/she has obtained from the
owner to any other user.

14) Which command executes the contents of a specified file?

START or @.

15) Which command displays the SQL command in the SQL buffer, and then
executes it?

RUN.

16) What command is used to get back the privileges offered by the GRANT
command?

REVOKE.

17) Which date function is used to find the difference between two dates?

MONTHS_BETWEEN.

18) What operator performs pattern matching?

LIKE operator.

19) What is the use of the DROP option in the ALTER TABLE command?

It is used to drop constraints specified on the table.

20) What operator tests column for the absence of data?

IS NULL operator.

21) What are the privileges that can be granted on a table by a user to
others?

Insert, update, delete, select, references, index, execute, alter, all.

22) Which function is used to find the largest integer less than or equal to a
specific value?
FLOOR.

23) Which is the subset of SQL commands used to manipulate Oracle


Database structures, including tables?

Data Definition Language (DDL).

24) What is the use of DESC in SQL?

DESC has two purposes. It is used to describe a schema as well as to retrieve rows
from table in descending order.

Explanation :

The query SELECT * FROM EMP ORDER BY ENAME DESC will display the output
sorted on ENAME in descending order.

25) What command is used to create a table by copying the structure of


another table?

CREATE TABLE .. AS SELECTcommand

Explanation:

To copy only the structure, the WHERE clause of the SELECT command should
contain a FALSE statement as in the following.

CREATE TABLE NEWTABLE AS SELECT * FROM EXISTINGTABLE WHERE 1=2;

If the WHERE condition is true, then all the rows or rows satisfying the condition will
be copied to the new table.

26) What is the output of the following query SELECT TRUNC(1234.5678,-2)


FROM DUAL;?

1200.

27) What are the wildcards used for pattern matching.?

_ for single character substitution


% for multi-character substitution.
28) What's an SQL injection?

SQL Injection is when form data contains an SQL escape sequence and injects a new
SQL query to be run.

29) What is difference between TRUNCATE & DELETE?

TRUNCATE commits after deleting entire table i.e., cannot be rolled back. Database
triggers do not fire on TRUNCATE

DELETE allows the filtered deletion. Deleted records can be rolled back or committed.
Database triggers fire on DELETE.

30) What is a join? Explain the different types of joins?

Join is a query, which retrieves related columns or rows from multiple tables.

Self Join - Joining the table with itself.

Equi Join - Joining two tables by equating two common columns. Non-Equi Join -
Joining two tables by equating two common columns.

Outer Join - Joining two tables in such a way that query can also retrieve rows that
do not have corresponding join value in the other table.

31) What is the sub-query?

Sub-query is a query whose return values are used in filtering conditions of the main
query.

32) What is correlated sub-query?

Correlated sub-query is a sub-query, which has reference to the main query.

33) Explain CONNECT BY PRIOR?

Retrieves rows in hierarchical order eg. select empno, ename from emp where.

34) Difference between SUBSTR and INSTR?

INSTR (String1, String2 (n, (m)),

INSTR returns the position of the m-th occurrence of the string 2 in string1. The
search begins from nth position of string1.

SUBSTR (String1 n, m)

SUBSTR returns a character string of size m in string1, starting from n-th position of
string1.

35) Explain UNION, MINUS, UNION ALL and INTERSECT?

INTERSECT - returns all distinct rows selected by both queries.

MINUS - returns all distinct rows selected by the first query but not by the second.

UNION - returns all distinct rows selected by either query

UNION ALL - returns all rows selected by either query,including all duplicates.

36) What is ROWID?

ROWID is a pseudo column attached to each row of a table. It is 18 characters long,


blockno, rownumber are the components of ROWID.

37) What is the fastest way of accessing a row in a table?

Using ROWID. CONSTRAINTS

38) What is an integrity constraint?

Integrity constraint is a rule that restricts values to a column in a table.

39) What is referential integrity constraint?

Maintaining data integrity through a set of rules that restrict the values of one or
more columns of the tables based on the values of primary key or unique key of the
referenced table.

SQL Queries
Create the following Tables:
LOCATION
Location_ID Regional_Group
122 NEW YORK
123 DALLAS
124 CHICAGO
167 BOSTON

DEPARTMENT
Department_ID Name Location_ID
10 ACCOUNTING 122
20 RESEARCH 124
30 SALES 123
40 OPERATIONS 167

JOB
Job_ID Function
667 CLERK
668 STAFF
669 ANALYST
670 SALESPERSON
671 MANAGER
672 PRESIDENT

EMPLOYEE
EMPLOYEE_ID LAST_NAME FIRST_NAME MIDDLE_NAME JOB_ID MANAGER_ID HIREDATE SAL

7369 SMITH JOHN Q 667 7902 17-DEC-84 8


7499 ALLEN KEVIN J 670 7698 20-FEB-85 16
7505 DOYLE JEAN K 671 7839 04-APR-85 28
7506 DENNIS LYNN S 671 7839 15-MAY-85 27
7507 BAKER LESLIE D 671 7839 10-JUN-85 22
7521 WARK CYNTHIA D 670 7698 22-FEB-85 12

Queries based on the above tables:

Simple Queries:
1. List all the employee details
2. List all the department details
3. List all job details
4. List all the locations
5. List out first name,last name,salary, commission for all employees
6. List out employee_id,last name,department id for all employees and rename
employee id as “ID of the employee”, last name as “Name of the employee”,
department id as “department ID”
7. List out the employees anuual salary with their names only.

Where Conditions:

8. List the details about “SMITH”


9. List out the employees who are working in department 20
10. List out the employees who are earning salary between 3000 and 4500
11. List out the employees who are working in department 10 or 20
12. Find out the employees who are not working in department 10 or 30
13. List out the employees whose name starts with “S”
14. List out the employees whose name start with “S” and end with “H”
15. List out the employees whose name length is 4 and start with “S”
16. List out the employees who are working in department 10 and draw the
salaries more than 3500
17. list out the employees who are not receiving commission.

Order By Clause:

18. List out the employee id, last name in ascending order based on the employee
id.
19. List out the employee id, name in descending order based on salary column
20. list out the employee details according to their last_name in ascending order
and salaries in descending order
21. list out the employee details according to their last_name in ascending order
and then on department_id in descending order.

Group By & Having Clause:

22. How many employees who are working in different departments wise in the
organization
23. List out the department wise maximum salary, minimum salary, average
salary of the employees
24. List out the job wise maximum salary, minimum salary, average salaries of
the employees.
25. List out the no.of employees joined in every month in ascending order.
26. List out the no.of employees for each month and year, in the ascending order
based on the year, month.
27. List out the department id having atleast four employees.
28. How many employees in January month.
29. How many employees who are joined in January or September month.
30. How many employees who are joined in 1985.
31. How many employees joined each month in 1985.
32. How many employees who are joined in March 1985.
33. Which is the department id, having greater than or equal to 3 employees
joined in April 1985.

Sub-Queries

34. Display the employee who got the maximum salary.


35. Display the employees who are working in Sales department
36. Display the employees who are working as “Clerk”.
37. Display the employees who are working in “New York”
38. Find out no.of employees working in “Sales” department.
39. Update the employees salaries, who are working as Clerk on the basis of
10%.
40. Delete the employees who are working in accounting department.
41. Display the second highest salary drawing employee details.
42. Display the Nth highest salary drawing employee details

Sub-Query operators: (ALL,ANY,SOME,EXISTS)

43. List out the employees who earn more than every employee in department
30.
44. List out the employees who earn more than the lowest salary in department
30.
45. Find out whose department has not employees.
46. Find out which department does not have any employees.

Co-Related Sub Queries:

47.Find out the employees who earn greater than the average salary for their
department.

JOINS
Simple join

48.List our employees with their department names


49.Display employees with their designations (jobs)
50.Display the employees with their department name and regional groups.
51.How many employees who are working in different departments and display with
department name.
52.How many employees who are working in sales department.
53.Which is the department having greater than or equal to 5 employees and display the
department names in ascending order.
54.How many jobs in the organization with designations.
55.How many employees working in “New York”.

Non – Equi Join:

56.Display employee details with salary grades.


57.List out the no. of employees on grade wise.
58.Display the employ salary grades and no. of employees between 2000 to 5000 range
of salary.

Self Join:

59.Display the employee details with their manager names.


60.Display the employee details who earn more than their managers salaries.
61.Show the no. of employees working under every manager.

Outer Join:

61.Display employee details with all departments.


62.Display all employees in sales or operation departments.

Set Operators:

63.List out the distinct jobs in Sales and Accounting Departments.


64.List out the ALL jobs in Sales and Accounting Departments.
65.List out the common jobs in Research and Accounting Departments in ascending
order.
Answers

1. SQL > Select * from employee;


2. SQL > Select * from department;
3. SQL > Select * from job;
4. SQL > Select * from loc;
5. SQL > Select first_name, last_name, salary, commission from employee;
6. SQL > Select employee_id “id of the employee”, last_name “name",
department id as “department id” from employee;
7. SQL > Select last_name, salary*12 “annual salary” from employee
8. SQL > Select * from employee where last_name=’SMITH’;
9. SQL > Select * from employee where department_id=20
10. SQL > Select * from employee where salary between 3000 and 4500
11. SQL > Select * from employee where department_id in (20,30)
12. SQL > Select last_name, salary, commission, department_id from employee
where department_id not in (10,30)
13. SQL > Select * from employee where last_name like ‘S%’
14. SQL > Select * from employee where last_name like ‘S%H’
15. SQL > Select * from employee where last_name like ‘S___’
16. SQL > Select * from employee where department_id=10 and salary>3500
17. SQL > Select * from employee where commission is Null
18. SQL > Select employee_id, last_name from employee order by employee_id
19. SQL > Select employee_id, last_name, salary from employee order by salary
desc
20. SQL > Select employee_id, last_name, salary from employee order by
last_name, salary desc
21. SQL > Select employee_id, last_name, salary from employee order by
last_name, department_id desc
22. SQL > Select department_id, count(*), from employee group by
department_id
23. SQL > Select department_id, count(*), max(salary), min(salary), avg(salary)
from employee group by department_id
24. SQL > Select job_id, count(*), max(salary), min(salary), avg(salary) from
employee group by job_id
25. SQL > Select to_char(hire_date,’month’)month, count(*) from employee
group by to_char(hire_date,’month’) order by month
26. SQL > Select to_char(hire_date,’yyyy’) Year, to_char(hire_date,’mon’) Month,
count(*) “No. of employees” from employee group by
to_char(hire_date,’yyyy’), to_char(hire_date,’mon’)
27. SQL > Select department_id, count(*) from employee group by
department_id having count(*)>=4
28. SQL > Select to_char(hire_date,’mon’) month, count(*) from employee group
by to_char(hire_date,’mon’) having to_char(hire_date,’mon’)=’jan’
29. SQL > Select to_char(hire_date,’mon’) month, count(*) from employee group
by to_char(hire_date,’mon’) having to_char(hire_date,’mon’) in (‘jan’,’sep’)
30. SQL > Select to_char(hire_date,’yyyy’) Year, count(*) from employee group
by to_char(hire_date,’yyyy’) having to_char(hire_date,’yyyy’)=1985
31. SQL > Select to_char(hire_date,’yyyy’)Year, to_char(hire_date,’mon’) Month,
count(*) “No. of employees” from employee where
to_char(hire_date,’yyyy’)=1985 group by
to_char(hire_date,’yyyy’),to_char(hire_date,’mon’)
32. SQL > Select to_char(hire_date,’yyyy’)Year, to_char(hire_date,’mon’) Month,
count(*) “No. of employees” from employee where
to_char(hire_date,’yyyy’)=1985 and to_char(hire_date,’mon’)=’mar’ group by
to_char(hire_date,’yyyy’),to_char(hire_date,’mon’)
33. SQL > Select department_id, count(*) “No. of employees” from employee
where to_char(hire_date,’yyyy’)=1985 and to_char(hire_date,’mon’)=’apr’
group by to_char(hire_date,’yyyy’), to_char(hire_date,’mon’), department_id
having count(*)>=3
34. SQL > Select * from employee where salary=(select max(salary) from
employee)
35. SQL > Select * from employee where department_id IN (select
department_id from department where name=’SALES’)
36. SQL > Select * from employee where job_id in (select job_id from job where
function=’CLERK’
37. SQL > Select * from employee where department_id=(select department_id
from department where location_id=(select location_id from location where
regional_group=’New York’))
38. SQL > Select * from employee where department_id=(select department_id
from department where name=’SALES’ group by department_id)
39. SQL > Update employee set salary=salary*10/100 wehre job_id=(select
job_id from job where function=’CLERK’)
40. SQL > delete from employee where department_id=(select department_id
from department where name=’ACCOUNTING’)
41. SQL > Select * from employee where salary=(select max(salary) from
employee where salary <(select max(salary) from employee))
42. SQL > Select distinct e.salary from employee where & no-1=(select
count(distinct salary) from employee where sal>e.salary)
43. SQL > Select * from employee where salary > all (Select salary from
employee where department_id=30)
44. SQL > Select * from employee where salary > any (Select salary from
employee where department_id=30)
45. SQL > Select employee_id, last_name, department_id from employee e
where not exists (select department_id from department d where
d.department_id=e.department_id)
46. SQL > Select name from department d where not exists (select last_name
from employee e where d.department_id=e.department_id)
47. SQL > Select employee_id, last_name, salary, department_id from employee
e where salary > (select avg(salary) from employee where
department_id=e.department_id)
48. SQL > Select employee_id, last_name, name from employee e, department d
where e.department_id=d.department_id
49. SQL > Select employee_id, last_name, function from employee e, job j where
e.job_id=j.job_id
50. SQL > Select employee_id, last_name, name, regional_group from employee
e, department d, location l where e.department_id=d.department_id and
d.location_id=l.location_id
51. SQL > Select name, count(*) from employee e, department d where
d.department_id=e.department_id group by name
52. SQL > Select name, count(*) from employee e, department d where
d.department_id=e.department_id group by name having name=’SALES’
53. SQL > Select name, count(*) from employee e, department d where
d.department_id=e.department_id group by name having count (*)>=5 order
by name
54. SQL > Select function, count(*) from employee e, job j where
j.job_id=e.job_id group by function
55. SQL > Select regional_group, count(*) from employee e, department d,
location l where e.department_id=d.department_id and
d.location_id=l.location_id and regional_group=’NEW YORK’ group by
regional_group
56. SQL > Select employee_id, last_name, grade_id from employee e,
salary_grade s where salary between lower_bound and upper_bound order by
last_name
57. SQL > Select grade_id, count(*) from employee e, salary_grade s where
salary between lower_bound and upper_bound group by grade_id order by
grade_id desc
58. SQL > Select grade_id, count(*) from employee e, salary_grade s where
salary between lower_bound and upper_bound and lower_bound>=2000 and
lower_bound<=5000 group by grade_id order by grade_id desc
59. SQL > Select e.last_name emp_name, m.last_name, mgr_name from
employee e, employee m where e.manager_id=m.employee_id
60. SQL > Select e.last_name emp_name, e.salary emp_salary, m.last_name,
mgr_name, m.salary mgr_salary from employee e, employee m where
e.manager_id=m.employee_id and m.salary
61. SQL > Select m.manager_id, count(*) from employee e, employee m where
e.employee_id=m.manager_id group by m.manager_id
62. SQL > Select last_name, d.department_id, d.name from employee e,
department d where e.department_id(+)=d.department_id
63. SQL > Select last_name, d.department_id, d.name from employee e,
department d where e.department_id(+)=d.department_id and
d.department_idin (select department_id from department where name IN
(‘SALES’,’OPERATIONS’))
64. SQL > Select function from job where job_id in (Select job_id from employee
where department_id=(select department_id from department where
name=’SALES’)) union Select function from job where job_id in (Select job_id
from employee where department_id=(select department_id from department
where name=’ACCOUNTING’))
65. SQL > Select function from job where job_id in (Select job_id from employee
where department_id=(select department_id from department where
name=’SALES’)) union all Select function from job where job_id in (Select
job_id from employee where department_id=(select department_id from
department where name=’ACCOUNTING’))
66. SQL > Select function from job where job_id in (Select job_id from employee
where department_id=(select department_id from department where
name=’RESEARCH’)) intersect Select function from job where job_id in
(Select job_id from employee where department_id=(select department_id
from department where name=’ACCOUNTING’)) order by function

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