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XFEM AnalysisinABAQUS PDF
XFEM AnalysisinABAQUS PDF
Zhen-zhongg Du
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Overview
• Introduction
• Basic XFEM Concepts
• Modeling Approaches
• Stationary cracks
• Contour integral
g calculation
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• Propagation cracks
• Cohesive segments approach
• Linear elastic fracture mechanics approach
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Introduction
Introduction
• Strong technology exists in Abaqus:
• Interfacial cracks with VCCT and cohesive element techniques
• Smeared crack approach to continuum damage initiation and evolution
in the bulk materials
• Some difficulties exist:
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• is an extension of the conventional finite element method based on the concept of partition of unity;
• allows the presence of discontinuities in an element by enriching degrees of freedom with special
displacement functions
Nodal displacement vectors
Nodal enriched degree of
Displacement vector J
Jump ffunction
i freedom vector
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Asymptotic crack-tip
Shape functions functions
Nodal enriched degree of
freedom vector
Basic XFEM Concepts
Applies to nodes whose
Applies to all nodes in shape function support is
the model cut by the crack tip
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surface, Φ (phi)
• The second, Ψ (psi), is constructed
so that the intersection of ttwo
o
level sets gives the crack front
• Uses signed distance functions to describe the crack geometry
• No explicit representation of the crack is needed and the crack is entirely
described by nodal data
Basic XFEM Concepts
• Calculating Φ and Ψ
• The nodal value of the function Φ is the signed distance of the node from
the crack face
• Positive value on one side of the crack face, negative on the other
• The nodal value of the function Ψ is the signed distance of the node from
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N d
Node Φ Ψ
1 +0.25 −1.5 1 2
2 +0.25
0 25 −1.0
10 05
0.5
3 4
3 −0.25 −1.5
4 −0.25
0 25 −1.0
10
1.5
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Modeling approaches
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crack.
• Semi-elliptical crack in a plate Contour integral mesh with
Conventional method
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• Functionality
• The residual stress field can now be taken into account based on either the
conventional finite element method or XFEM
• Use cases/drivers
• A residual stress field can be resulted from service loads that p
produce p
plasticity,
y, a metal
forming process in the absence of an anneal treatment, thermal effects, or swelling
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effects.
• The standard definition of the contour integral may lead to a path-dependent value
when the residual stresses are significant
significant.
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• An additional term due to the residual stress field is now included to ensure the path
independence of contour integral.
• Usage
• Input File Usage: *CONTOUR INTEGRAL, RESIDUAL STRESS STEP=n, TYPE=J
• The user can take into account the final stress from any previous step by using the STEP
parameter.
• STEP=0 means initial stresses defined on *initial conditions, type=stress are used.
• With XFEM only STEP=0 is currently allowed
• Theory
∂u ∂ε o
J = ∫ λ ( s )n • ( wI - σ • ) • qdA + ∫ σ : • qdV
A ∂x V ∂x
Contour integral with residual stress
C k
Crack
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• Assumptions
• Near-tip
Near tip asymptotic singularity is not considered
• Crack has to propagate across an entire element at a time to avoid the need to model the
stress singularity
• Effective engineering approach
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• LEFM-based
LEFM based approach
• Uses the virtual crack closure technique (VCCT)
• VCCT for XFEM uses the same principles as in VCCT for interfacial debonding
• Damage properties are specified via an interaction property assigned to the XFEM crack
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• Cohesive behavior contributes to the contact normal stress when the crack is
“open”
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Cohesive segments approach
σn εn
MAXPS f = MAXPE f =
σ max
0
ε max
0
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MAXS MAX ⎨ n , t , s ⎬ = f σn =⎨
⎩ N max Tmax S max ⎭ ⎩0 for σ n < 0
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⎧ εn εt εs ⎫ ⎧ε n for ε n > 0
MAXE MAX ⎨ max , max , max ⎬ = f εn =⎨
⎩ε n εt εs ⎭ ⎩0 for ε n < 0
*DAMAGE
DAMAGE INITIATION, CRITERION = { QUADS | QUADE },
NORMAL DIRECTION = {1 (default)| 2},
TOLERANCE = {0.05 (default)}
Cohesive segments approach
• Damage evolution
• A
Any off the
th damage
d evolution
l ti models
d l ffor ttraction-separation
ti ti laws
l can b
be
used: based on energy or displacement
• However, it is not necessaryy to specify
p y the undamaged
g traction-
separation response
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Cohesive segments approach
• Damage stabilization
• Fracture
F t makes
k the
th structural
t t l response nonlinear
li and
d non-smooth
th
• Numerical methods have difficulty converging to a solution
• Use viscous regularization helps with the convergence of the Newton
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method
• The stabilization value must be chosen so that the problem definition
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d
does nott change
h
• A small value regularizes the analysis, helping with convergence
while having a minimal effect on the response
• Perform a parametric study to choose appropriate value for a class
of problems
Cohesive segments approach
*ELEMENT TYPE=C3D8,
*ELEMENT, TYPE C3D8 ELSET=ENRICHED
ELSET ENRICHED ...
*SOLID SECTION, MATERIAL=STEEL, ELSET=ENRICHED
*ENRICHMENT
ENRICHMENT, TYPE=PROPAGATION CRACK,
CRACK ELSET=ENRICHED
ELSET=ENRICHED,
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NAME=ENRICHMENT
*MATERIAL, NAME=STEEL
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Variables to be defined
FINDEX(NFINDEX)
The vector defines the indices for all the failure mechanisms.
FNORMAL(NDI NFINDEX)
FNORMAL(NDI,
The array defines the normal direction to the fracture plane (3D) or line
(2D) for each failure mechanism.
Example of using UDMGINI
Mode II Fracture of Cortical Bone
• Objective
• Demonstrate how composite fracture criteria could be applied to predict
cortical bone fracture using XFEM and user defined damage initiation
criteria
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• FEA model
• 3D model of a notched bone under asymmetric four point bending
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Fiber direction
33
Example of using UDMGINI
σf 133 MPa
τf 68 MPa Fiber direction
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Crack surface
34
Example of using UDMGINI
Crack surface
• The in-plane maximum principal stress and its
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direction
Matrix plane
35
Example of using UDMGINI
C
Composite
it ffracture
t criterion
it i
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1 Zimmermann
1. Zimmermann, et al.
al “Mixed
Mixed-mode
mode Fracture of Human Cortical Bone
Bone, Biomaterial
Biomaterial,
2009, 30: 5877-5884
Qin, Liu and Du (6th world congress on biomechanics, 2010)
36
Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics
Approach (LEFM)
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Propagation cracks
• Three mode-mix formulae available: the BK law, the power law, and
the Reeder law models
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• User interface
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*MATERIAL
*DAMAGE INITIATION
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*SURFACE BEHVIOR
FRACTURE CRITERION, TYPE
*FRACTURE TYPE=VCCT,
VCCT, NORMAL DIRECTION=(MTS,
DIRECTION (MTS,
1, 2), VISCOSITY=
XFEM simultaneously used with other
Fracture and Failure Techniques
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Bulk material failure and interfacial delamination
• XFEM for matrix cracking and surface-based cohesive approach or VCCT for interfacial
delamination
⎧⎪ t n ⎫ ⎧ t s ⎫ ⎧ t t ⎫
Max(( ⎨ 0 ⎬ , ⎨ 0 ⎬ ,⎨ 0 ⎬ ) = 1
⎪⎩ t n ⎭ ⎩ t s ⎭ ⎩ t t ⎭
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45/-45/90/0
⎧⎪ t ⎫
2
⎧⎪ t ⎫ 2
⎧ t ⎫
2
⎨ 0 ⎬
n
+ ⎨ s0 ⎬ + ⎨ 0t ⎬ = 1
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⎪⎩ t n ⎭ ⎪⎩ t s ⎭ ⎩ tt ⎭
Analysis procedures
Static
46
Implicit dynamic
• Sports injuries
Applications:
¾A dynamic impact followed by a
static loading.
S i ffracture
Spine t ¾A dynamic
d i eventt (S
(Sports
t injuries,
i j i
Pressurized thermal shock).
¾An inertia term to stabilize a quasi-
static analysis.
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Femur Fracture
• Pressurized thermal-shock
Low cycle fatigue
• The crack can then grow along an arbitrary path under cyclic fatigue
loading
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50
XFEM used with other Analysis
Techniques
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Global/submodeling approach
Global/local model approach with XFEM
XFEM for silicon failure in a chip package
XFEM for drop of PCB using Global-local subjected to thermal loading
approach
Cu die bump
silicon die
substrate
solder ball
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Global Model
Local Model
53
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Co-Simulation
Co Simulation in Abaqus
Brief Introduction to Co
Co-Simulation
Simulation
• The co-simulation technique is a multiphysics capability that provides several functions, available within
Abaqus or as separate add-on
add on analysis capabilities
capabilities, for run
run-time
time coupling of Abaqus and another
analysis program;
• Within the context of XFEM, co-simulation technique makes complex fracture analyses feasible by
coupling Abaqus/Standard to Abaqus/Explicit;
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Abaqus/Explicit;
• Time increments do not have to be the same-allow Abaqus to subcycle;
• For Abaqus/Standard to Abaqus/Explicit co-simulation, you do not define the fields exchanged; they are
determined automatically according to the procedures and co-simulation parameters used.
• Import Export
• Implicit dynamic CF, FV CF, COORD
LUMPEDMASS PRESS
PRESS, U
U, V
PRESS, TEMP, U, V
crackRegion-1.crackRegionTieSurf
¾ Define the time incrementation scheme
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IInterface
t f region
i
(between green and Explicit domain (green) Final deformed geometry
yellow)
Crack ppropagated
p g through
g
the chip at the end
Customer examples with Co-Simulation and XFEM
Take advantage of XFEM technology in Implicit.
Take advantage of Explicit in handling complex contacts with relatively
short dynamic
y response times and for the analysis
y of extremely
y
discontinuous events or processes.
Co-simulation interactions using subcycling are defined on the interface.
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Crack
Notched Region
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Neck
ec Impingement
p ge e t
Impingement-prone
Kinematics:
Sit-to-stand (STS)
Low STS
Supine roll-over
Seated cross leg
Stooping
Squatting
Shoe tie
Ceramic Total Hip Bearing Fracture (Courtesy of Iowa University, 2011 SCC)
Elements, Outputs and Others
• Elements supported for propagation cracks
9 First-order 2D and 3D stress/displacement solid continuum elements, and second-order stress/displacement
tetrahedron elements.
• Elements supported for stationary cracks
9 First-order 3D stress/displacement solid continuum elements, and second-order stress/displacement
tetrahedron elements.
• Crack propagation simulations can be relatively expensive, especially when small increment sizes are needed.
• Parallelization allows faster turnarounds.
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160,000 dofs
• Output variables
9 PHILSM----Signed distance function to describe the crack surface.
9 PSILSM --- Signed distance function to describe the initial crack front.
front
9 STATUSXFEM----Status of the enriched element. (The status of an enriched element is 1.0 if the element is
completely cracked and 0.0 if the element contains no crack. If the element is partially cracked, the value of
STATUSXFEM lies between 1.0 and 0.0.)
9 ENRRTXFEM
ENRRTXFEM---All All components
t off strain
t i energy release
l rate
t when
h linear
li elastic
l ti fracture
f t mechanics
h i with
ith the
th
extended finite element method is used.
•
Demonstration
• The direct link to the Introduction to the Abaqus 6.9 web-based training site
is: http://www.simulia.com/services/training/wbtAbaqus69
http://www simulia com/services/training/wbtAbaqus69
• Customers access the site via SIMULIA Answer 4177
click - XFEM fracture modeling
g from the menu to the left to g
go
straight to the ~10 min XFEM demo.
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