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MBE 3119 Manufacturing Technology
MBE 3119 Manufacturing Technology
Technology
Introduction
What is Manufacturing Technology?
• Manufacture: ‐ usually involves in arranging
materials which are being converted to their
shapes and geometries according to design
engineering drawings from their raw condition
• Manufacturing Technology: ‐ is the method,
knowledge, setup and system used to convert
materials to their finishing designed
geometries, features, and shapes, etc.,
according to engineering design drawings
Method of converting raw material to
finishing feature
• Normally, the conversion method utilizes most
physical phenomena of a material under:
(i) Thermal effect
(ii) Mechanical force to have shape deformation
(iii) High pressure fracturing effect
(iv) Electrical effect
(v) Chemical effect
(vi) Etc.
Categories of manufacturing processes
There are many manufacturing processes involved which vary with
their individual operational principles and accomplishment in their
final products. They are fundamentally categorized as:
1. Material forming and shaping processes
2. Material removal or machining processes
3. Material incressing processes
4. Surface treatment or surface finishing processes
5. Fastening and joining processes
6. Heat treatment processes
7. Assembly processes
8. Quality insurance processes
9. Etc.
Some Forming and Shaping Processes
Basically, the processes include:
1. forming of solid materials through their liquid
transitional stage (i.e., casting for metals; and
molding of plastics, etc.);
2. forming of solid materials to anticipated shapes
through plastic deformation (i.e. forging, rolling,
extrusion, drawing, etc.)
3. forming of solid materials to shapes through
converting to powder metallurgy (involving
blending, compacting, and sintering, etc.)
Manufacture and Physical phenomena
of material
• Thermal methods • Mechanical deformation methods
Material is heated to its melting point, it Bulk, sheet, and/or plate of solid
can thus become liquid mode, which is materials are deformed either under
then frozen to become solid again. compression or stretching with applied
Generally, material in liquid mode has force beyond the corresponding yield
better flow‐ability then its solid value of the materials. The materials will
counterpart. Hence, thermal method be deformed and start to fill the cavity
with phase transformation is frequently surrounding their boundaries of dies.
used in manufacturing mechanical Hence, the die cavity between die pair is
components with relatively more the shape of a finishing product after
complex and detail features. filling with materials.
Thermal method is typically used in As solid materials are often difficult to
manufacture processes like: metal flow, design of die shape features
casting, plastics molding, powder undoubtedly affect the ability of
metallurgy, joining, non‐traditional materials filling. Hence, design of cavity
machining, thermal cutting, heat profile is usually the deterministic factors
treatment, and crystal growing, etc.. of forming a good quality product.
However, the quality of a finishing Furthermore, the setup rigidity of
product varies with the freezing machineries and/or die pairs also
behaviors influence the product quality.
Manufacture and Physical phenomena
of material
• High pressure fracturing effect
• Electrical effect
A cutting tool having sharp edge/point
presses onto a material, it generally When two slim rods are connected with
creates high pressure on the edge/point electrical circuitry and allow current to
so that it indents into the material. When pass through, current can pass the rods
the edge/point of cutting tool is moved without any abnormal phenomenon
relatively to the material with narrowest taking place. When the two rods are
throwing area at the front, material in pulled apart to have small gap in
front of the throwing surface tends to be between, current under the potential
peeling up by shear. The suitable voltage jumps across the gap and spark is
scheduling of the path which the cutting generated. The spark generates large
tool moves over the material performs amount of heat and evaporates materials
the machining of various features on the from the tips of rods. When one rod is
material. replaced by electrode while the other by
a workpiece, the evaporation of
Surface finishing (Roughness) produced materials along the moving path of
by such effect varies with feeding and electrode relative to the surface of
radius (or angle) of the cutting tool workpiece thus creates machining
features according to the x‐y‐z
movements of the electrodes.
Manufacture and physical phenomena
of materials
• Thermal effect which after heat dispersion away
When thermal energy is applied by cooling, can freeze to form a
to a material, molecules in solid product of the shape of
crystals acquires kinetic energy cavity.
and some electrons vibrate Due to higher flowability of liquid
severely to escape the attraction material than solid counterpart,
force in orbit. When sufficiently manufacturing processes utilize
large energy is acquired, these such phase transformation
electrons escape from lattices usually being able to fill thin
and the materials are either section, to give detail interior or
molten or evaporated. Hence, exterior features of a so produced
suitable application of thermal product. Such phenomenon is
energy to the materials can melt utilized for manufacturing
the solid material to become product like casting of metals,
liquid phase. The liquid then fills and molding of plastic products.
cavity of some dies or molds,
Manufacturing Processes: Casting
• Casting is mainly involved with
converting solid metallic materials
into liquid form, which is then filled
into the product cavity of a mold and
solidified to become product.
Although most behaviors of casting
are similar to molding plastics, high
melting point of metals makes setup
and design of the features of casting
processes/machines differing from
those for molding of plastics.
• LHS figure classifies casting processes
into 3 categories: (i) expensable
pattern and mold casting, (ii)
Expensable mold, and permanent
pattern casting, and (iii) Permanent
mold casting. a
• Individual categories of casting result
in different setup configurations and
operational principles of
corresponding casting processes,
which are going to mention some of
the processes in the subsequent
lectures
Manufacturing Processes: Forming and Shaping
• As mentioned, the processes
involve of applying external force
on a workpiece through its relevant
tool boundaries. When such force is
sufficiently high so that the induced
stress in the workpiece is reaching
or beyond its yield, the workpiece
will retain certain amount of plastic
deformation after releasing of
loading, keeping such deformed
shape permanent.
• LHS figure illustrates bulk
deformation processes categorized
into: (i) rolling, (ii) forging, and (iii)
extrusion and drawing. Different
categories lead to the development
of dissimilar setup features of
processes, hence different
operational principles.
Manufacturing Processes: Forming and Shaping
• The forming and shaping processes
illustrated in the LHS figure are
basically for forming and shaping of
sheet metals into various sheet metal
products. Fundamentally, (i) shearing
involves with cutting some features
on sheet products by removing
material of those features away from
the sheet metals; (ii) bending and
drawing normally involve of using
tools to bend sheet metals into
certain features and using punch to
drawn a blank on die top surface
down into die hole for forming
specific sheet products; and (iii)
forming of sheet metals into various
shapes applying different mechanical,
and physical phenomena of
stretching, hydro‐force pressing,
spinning and compression, and
magnetic pulse force, etc.
Manufacturing Processes: Forming and Shaping
Due to plastics or polymers can basically be
divided into (i) thermoplastics, (ii) thermoset
plastics, and (iii) elastomers or rubbers. Their
molecule structures result in thermoplastics
being reprocessable while thermoset and
elastomers/rubbers are not reprocessable.
Hence, different designs of processes to
shape plastics products are different. The
LHS figure groups the plastics forming
processes into two major groups: (i)
processes for forming thermoplastics, and (ii)
processes for shaping thermoset plastics.
Furthermore, their relatively low melting
point compared with their metallic
counterparts. Thermoplastics are also used
as the major materials for rapid prototyping
technologies as shown in the third category
of prototyping. Since manufacturing of
plastic products and their composite
materials have been dealt by Prof. Kamineni
in the first three lectures of this course, we
are not going to deal them here. However,
the processes in (i) and (ii) are involved with
phase transformation like casting, most
problems addressed in casting need also to
considered in plastics forming processes.
Manufacturing Processes: Machining
• Machining is shaping a workpiece
off those features and parts
which are not specified or
designed on the raw
material/workpiece by removing
those from materials by means of
(i) mechanical compressing and
shear cutting, as classified as
conventional machining; (ii)
advanced machining processes
utilizing the principles of
electrical sparks generated
between workpiece and
advancing wire‐EDM, chemical
etching, laser machining, and
water jet collision; and (iii)
abrasive grinding and lapping like
(a) finishing of flat surface, (b)
centerless grinding, (c) lapping,
and (d) electrochemical polishing
.
Manufacturing Processes: Joining
• After producing the
parts, they need to be
assembled into a
completed product
either mechanically by
bolts and nuts, screws,
slots, etc., or by friction
welding, other welding
processes, fastening
and bonding, etc., as
illustrated in LHS figure.
Laser Cutting
• It uses the principles of laser
passing through a series of
lenses system converging the
laser to narrow spot, which
results in very high thermal
energy to melt the material
where irradiation takes place.
Suitably control the vertical
movement and xy movement
of the laser beam on the
irradiated surface of material
allows the production of
various machining features
and traces.