Animal Defences - Specific Animal Defences
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1. Compare and contrast
artificial and passive
immunity?
2. Describe the steps of
what happens in cell
mediated immunity. (T
helper cells)
3. Describe the steps that
happen in cell mediated
immunity. (T killer cells)
Active: 4. Describe the 1. The APC will identify the foreign pathogen
- needs exposure to antigen steps that or the B lymphocyte will collide into the
- takes a while for protection to happen in pathogen directly.
develop humoral 2. The B lymphocyte binds with the APC or
- long term protection immunity. (B pathogen which activates it.
- making memory cells lymphocyte) 3. Clonal selection - finding the right antibody
Passive: which is complementary to the pathogen's
- no exposure to antigen antigens.
- protection immediate 4. Clonal expansion - production of B
- short term protection memory cells and B plasma cells which
- no memory cells secrete antibodies.
1. APC identifies a foreign 5. Explain how 1. Genetic variation in bacteria makes an allele
pathogen. antibiotic that makes the bacteria resistant to the
2. APC and specific T helper cell resistance antibiotic.
binds together clonal selection develops. 2. When objected to the antibiotic (selective
3. T helper then produces pressure) the resistant bacteria are more likely
interleukins to survive and the bacteria without the allele
4. Triggers rapid production of T die.
helper and memory cells by 3. The remaining bacteria have less
mitosis. clonal expansion competition for resources so they survive for
5. The cloned T helper cells longer and there is the increased incidence of
may: the adaptation in the population (more
- increases t killer production bacteria have the resistance allele.)
specific to antigen of new 4. This means resistance is more common in
pathogen the population and is an example of natural
- produce interleukins that selection.
stimulate B cells to divide into B
6. How are we - doctors stop using antibiotics for minor
plasma cells
battling infections and not prescribe them to prevent
- increases antibody production
antibiotic infections- except in elderly and HIV suffering
- produce interleukines thar
resistance? - take full course of antibiotics to makes sure
stimulate increased macrophage
infection is cleared and all antibiotic resistant
activity
bacteria are killed
1. APC identified a foreign - good hygiene in homes and hospitals stops
pathogen. spread
2. APC binds to T helper cell
7. How does a - antibodies cross the placenta to the fetus in
clonal selection
mother utero so they have some immunity
3. T cell then divides rapidly by
protect their - the first feed (colostrum) is high in antibodies
mitosis - clonal expansion
baby against which means the baby meets the same level
4. Produces T memory and T
disease? of antibody protection as the mother
killer cells.
5. T killer cells release perforins 8. How does Some plant and animal species could die out
which kill virally infected cells, the before we study them which have a
pathogens w that antigen and protection of compound which is a life saving drug
APCs. biodiversity
relate to
new drugs?
9. How does Labs collect information on the different
the WHO strains and WHO test the effectiveness of
combat vaccines against them. They then pick a
different vaccine that is most effective against strains
strains of and the government implement a programme
influenza? using this vaccine.
10. On the primary The B plasma cells that produce antibodies 19. What bonds Disulphide bridges
and secondary are dying. hold the
response graph, antibodies
why does the together?
line go
20. What can - antigens
downwards?
vaccines be - attenuated viruses (don't produce toxins or
11. Primary and - secondary response has a shorter delay, made of? attach to host cells)
secondary is more rapid and produces more - toxins that have been detoxified
responses - antibodies - killed bacteria or viruses
differences
21. What do The antigens of 2 pathogens can bind to the
12. What are Chemicals that inhibit bacterial growth antibodies do antibody causing them to become
antibiotics? in clumped/aggregate together. Phagocytes
agglutination? then bind to the antibodies and
13. What are - 2 long polypeptide chains - heavy chains
phagocytose the pathogens.
antibodies - 2 short polypeptide chains - light chains
/immunoglobins - constant region (doesn't change with all 22. What do Antibodies called anti toxins have sites
made from? antibodies) antibodies do which are a specific shape and are
- variable region - complementary to in complementary to the toxins. When they
specific antigen neutralisation? bind, the toxins cannot affect the cells so
- 2 antigen binding sites they are neutralised. They are then
- hinge region phagocytosed.
14. What are Plants, animals, microorganisms, computer 23. What do They mark the pathogen which makes it
sources of programmes can build up images of antibodies do easier to phagocytose.
medicines now? molecules and see their interactions in the when they are
body and a database of chemicals can be an opsonin?
accessed to see which might work against
24. What do B Divide to form plasma cell clones
certain antigens.
effector cells
15. What are the 2 Injection or oral adminstration do?
ways vaccines
25. What do B Immunological memory - remember a
can be
memory cells specific antigen to enable rapid response
administered?
do? (clonal expansion) when same pathogen
16. What are the 3 - agglutination encountered again.
ways that - neutralisation
26. What do B Produce antibodies to one specific antigen.
antibodies help - opsonin - immunoglobulin g
plasma cells
the specific
do?
immune
response? 27. What does the Binding of immune system cells
constant
17. What are the - could be broken down by enzymes in the
region allow?
disadvantages gut
of taking a - some vaccine molecules are too large to 28. What does the Flexibility when antibody binds to the
vaccine orally? be reabsorbed into the blood hinge region antigen.
of an antibody
18. What are the 1. The vaccine is added to the blood.
allow?
stages of 2. Primary immune response triggered by
administering antigens and body undergoes clonal 29. What do T CD4 receptors on the csm of Th bind to
someone with a selection and expansion to create memory helper cells antigens on APCs.
vaccine? cells and antibodies. do? This makes interleukines
3. If a live pathogen from the same Stimulates B cells to inc antibody
variation is encountered then the production, stimulates T killer cells and inc
secondary immune response is triggered macrophage activity
before symptoms of the disease are
suffered.
30. What do T killer cells Destroy pathogen w antigen they 41. What is antigenic When parts of the pathogens genome
do? recognise and therefore also APCs shift? are changed creating antigenic
by producing peforin which makes variation in which the antibodies are
holes in the cell membrane. not complementary to the antigen's
shape anymore.
31. What do T memory Immunological memory - if they
cells do? meet the same antigen again they 42. What is a when the same disease spreads rapidly
will undergo clonal expansion pandemic? across a number of countries and
rapidly to increase the number of T continents
killer cells to kill pathogens.
43. What is Clostridium - bacteria in guts of 5% of population
32. What do T regulator Suppress immune system when the difficile? - makes toxins that damage lining of
cells do? pathogen is eliminated to make sure intestines to diarrhoea, bleeding and
the body doesn't set up an auto death
immune response. Interleukins are - infects people who have taken
important in this stage. antibiotics as antibiotics kill many of
gut bacteria that c difficult would
33. What happens if the Rapid response - dividing by
normally compete with
same APC alerts the T mitosis can occur straight away.
memory cell that the 44. What is herd When a significant amount of people
same pathogen has immunity? have been vaccinated, this gives
reappeared again? protection to people who don't have
immunity.
34. What happens in Immune system attacks cells in
lupus? connective tissues, damaging them 45. What is the process which you develop
and causing inflammation. Causes immunisation? immunity. vaccination causes
fatigue and can attack any organ immunisation
like kidneys, liver, lungs or brain.
46. What is it meant by The influenza virus undergos antigenic
35. What happens in Immune system attacks cells in influenza strains shift forming new strains of the virus
rheumatoid arthritis? joints of hands, wrists, ankles and being meaning memory cells produced from
feet. immunologically vaccination of one strain of the flu will
distinct? not recognise other strains.
36. What is active artificial When you become immune after
immunity? you've been given a vaccination - 47. What is MRSA and Meticillin resistant staphylococcus
you made B and T memory cells what does it stand aureus
yourself. for? - bacteria carried by 30 percent of
pop on skin or in nose
37. What is active natural When you become immune after
- in body causes boils, abscesses or
immunity? encountering a pathogen - you've
septaecemia
made B and T memory cells
yourself. 48. What is passive When a baby receives antibodies from
natural immunity? its mother through breast milk.
38. What is an When the immune system conducts
autoimmune disease? an immune response against cells 49. What is Personalised medicines that are
with self presenting antigens. pharmacogenetics? determined by an individuals DNA -
they can predict how your body will
39. What is an epidemic? when a communicable disease
react to different drugs and which will
spreads rapidly to a lot of people
be more effective. Genomes of
at a local or national level.
different pathogens can also be
40. What is antigenic When parts of the pathogens sequenced and your genome can be
drift? genome are changed creating used to work out how they will interact.
antigenic variation however the
50. What is synthetic Technology to make artificial cells,
antibody is still complementary to
biology? proteins and
the antigen
51. What is the - no cure
treatments for - anti inflammatory drugs
rheumatoid arthritis - immunosupressants
and lupus? - pain relief
52. Where do B lymphocytes bone marrow
mature?
53. Where do T lymphocytes Thymus gland
mature?
54. Why can't you be immune The T and B lymphocytes can die out meaning you may be left susceptible to attack again. To
forever? maintain immunity you must be continually exposed to the pathogen so new T and B
lymphocytes are produced.
55. Why do vaccination programs Pathogens may have an antigenic shift meaning the memory cells produced will not recognise
have to change? the new antigen meaning another primary response needs to be established against the new
antigens.
56. Why do we not get ill the second B memory cells collide with a APC/pathogen and divide into B plasma cells releasing
time a pathogen invades your antibodies which eradicates the pathogen before symptoms can be shown. Clonal selection
system? happens faster
57. Why do we show symptoms when The primary immune response takes a long time to become effective against a pathogen which
we get ill the first time? means the pathogens can divide freely before they become operational.