Syphon aqueduct

Design of Hydraulic structures II

Code: WRE408

Course Teacher:
Dr. Dilshad Abdul Jabbar Haleem
Tutorials Teacher:
Mrs Bshkoj Hussien

Duhok University - College of Engineering

Water Resource Engineering Department

02, 2017

Dr. Dilshad A. Haleem Design of Hydraulic Structures II

 Syphon aqueduct

Example: Design a suitable Cross Drain Work for the following

data:-
Canal
Full Supply Discharge = 25 m3 /s
Full Supply Level = R.L. = 200 m.
Canal Bed Level = R.L. = 198 m.
Canal Bed Width = 30 m.
Side Slopes 1 12 H:1 V
Full Supply Depth of Water = 1.8 m.
Drain
High Flood Discharge = 380 m3 /s.
High Flood Level = 199 m.
High Flood Depth = 2.0 m.
Bed level of the Drain = 197 m.

Dr. Dilshad A. Haleem Design of Hydraulic Structures II

 Syphon aqueduct

Solution:
Since H.F.L. of the Drain is slightly higher than the bed of the
Canal, a syphon aqueduct is desired.
Step 1: Design of Drainage Waterway √
Lacey’s√regime perimeter = Pw = 4.83 Q
= 4.83 380 ' 94.15 m, Provide 9 bays of 9.0 m each with 8
piers of 1.5 m each. Thus, total length of waterway = 93 m
Velocity through syphon barrel = 2 m/s (take it)

discharge 380
Hieght of barrels = = = 2.34 m
velocity × clear water way 2 × 81
Step 2: Design of Canal Waterway.
Step 3: Design of Bed levels at different Sections.
Step 4: Design of Transitions
Step 5: Design of Trough

Dr. Dilshad A. Haleem Design of Hydraulic Structures II

 Syphon aqueduct

The trough may be divided into 3 compartments of 5 m each. The

compartments are separated by walls of 300 mm thickness with
providing two walls at the end of Barrel each of 400 mm thickness.

The overall outer width of trough ( including walls)

= 15 + 2 × 0.3 + 2 × 0.4 = 15 + 0.6 + 0.8 = 16.4 m

Step 6: Head loss Through the Syphon Barrels Use Unwin’s

Formula for computing head loss through the syphon barrels.
It is given below:

L V 2 Va2
 
HL = 1 + f1 + f2 . −
R 2g 2g

HL = exist loss + entry loss + friction - velocity of approach head

Dr. Dilshad A. Haleem Design of Hydraulic Structures II

 Syphon aqueduct

Where:

HL = head loss through syphon barrels

f1 = entry loss coefficient = 0.505 for unshaped mouth
 
B
f2 = a 1 + = loss coefficient for surface friction through the barrel
R
where a and B are dependent on materials as shown in Table below

Material of surface of barrel a B

Ashlar or brick work 0.00401 0.070
Rubble masonry or stone pitching 0.00507 0.250
smooth iron pipe 0.00497 0.025
encrusted pipe 0.00996 0.025
smooth cement plaster 00316 0.03

Dr. Dilshad A. Haleem Design of Hydraulic Structures II

 Syphon aqueduct

For the present problem a = 0.00316 and B = 0.03

   
B 0.03
f2 = a 1 + = 0.00316 1 +
R R

span between two peirs × depth

R = Hydraulic mean depth of barrel =
P
A 9×2 18
R= = = = 1.3846m
P 9+2×2 13
 
0.03
f2 == 0.00316 1 + = 3.228 × 10−3
1.3846
22
 
−3 L
HL = 1 + 0.505 + 3.228 × 10 −neglect va = 0.3146 m
R 2 × 9.81

Dr. Dilshad A. Haleem Design of Hydraulic Structures II

 Syphon aqueduct

Step 7: Uplift Pressure on Roof of Barrels

R.L. of bottom of trough = R.L. of canal bed - slab thickness

= 198 − 0.4 = 197.60 m

v2 0.505 × 22
Entrance loss = 0.505 = = 0.1029 m
2g 2 × 9.81
Uplift pressure on the roof =
u
H.F.L. − entrance loss − level of underside of roof slab
s
= 199.3146 − 0.1029 − 197.60 = 1.6116 m
Taking unit weight of water as 9810 N/M 3 , the uplift pressure on
the roof = 1.6116 × 9810 = 15810.2 N/m2 or 15.810 kN/m2
The downward load exerted by the concrete slab of trough =
0.4 × 24000 = 9600 N/m2 = 9.6 kN/m2

Dr. Dilshad A. Haleem Design of Hydraulic Structures II

 Syphon aqueduct

Balance uplift pressure = 15.81 − 9.6 = 6.21 kN/m2

Provide reinforcement at the top in roof slab to resist the balance
uplift pressure.
Step 8: Design of Roof of Barrel
Unbalanced uplift force = 6.21 kN/m2
When there is no uplift force, downward water load = 1.8 m
of water = 17.658 kN/m2
Load due to self weight of slab = 9.6 kN/m2
Total down ward load = 9.6 + 17.658 = 27.258 kN/m2
Effective span = clear span + thickness of intermediate wall
= 5.0 + 0.3 = 5.3 m
Let us consider 1.0 m wide strip of slab
Maximum hogging moment due to upward force

6.21 × (5.3)2
= = 17.44 kN − m
10

Dr. Dilshad A. Haleem Design of Hydraulic Structures II

 Syphon aqueduct

Maximum sagging moment in slab due to downward

27.258 × (5.3)2
= = 76.567 kN − m
10
Maximum shear force
wl 27.258 × 5
= = = 68.145 kN
2 2
Use 1 : 2 : 4 cement concrete
Effective depth of slab required
s r
M 7567 × 105
d= = = 29.66 cm
Q.b1 87 × 100
Overall thickness provided is 0.4 m, so provide effective depth =
37.5 cm

Dr. Dilshad A. Haleem Design of Hydraulic Structures II

 Syphon aqueduct

Steel required at the bottom of the slab

76.567 × 105
= = 19.55 cm2
12000 × 87 × 37.5
Provide 16 mm bars @ 10 cm c/c in the bottom of the slab
Steel required at the top

17.44 × 105
= = 4.338 cm2
12000 × 87 × 37.5
Provide 10 mm bars @ 10 cm c/c in the top of the slab
Distribution reinforcement both at top as well as bottom is to be
provided. Use 10 mmφ bars @ 20 cm c/c. This is shown in below

Dr. Dilshad A. Haleem Design of Hydraulic Structures II

 Syphon aqueduct

Step 9: Uplift on the bottom of Barrel

(a) Static head
R.L. of barrel floor = R.L. of trough bottom - height of barrel.
= 197.0 − (199.0 − 197.0) = 195.0 m
Provide a thickness of 0.8 m
∴ R.L. of bottom of floor = 195.60 − 0.8 = 194.80 m
Bed level of drain = 197.0 m
Static uplift pressure on the floor = 197.0 − 194.80 = 2.20 m
Dr. Dilshad A. Haleem Design of Hydraulic Structures II
 Syphon aqueduct

(b) Seepage head

When the canal runs full and drain dry the seepage head is
maximum
∴ Seepage head = F.S.L. - bed level of drain = 200 - 197.0 = 3.0
m
The residual seepage head of A is calculated using Bligh’s Theory
as shown in figure below

Dr. Dilshad A. Haleem Design of Hydraulic Structures II

 Syphon aqueduct

Assuming that the total length of drainage floor = bed width of

canal
bed width of canal = 30 m = total length of drainage floor
The seepage line ABC will traverse creep lengths as follows
AB = length of u/s transition + half of the clear span of barrel
= 15 + 4.5 = 19.5 m
BC = half of assumed total length = 15.0 m
Total creep length = AB + BC = 19.5 + 15.0 = 34.5 m
Residual seepage head at B =
 
19.5
3 1− = 1.30 m
34.5

Total uplift = Static head + seepage head = 2.20 + 1.3 = 3.50 m

of water. Balance of uplift to be resisted by reinforcement due to
bending action = 3.5 × 9.81 - 0.8 × 24 = 15.135 kN/m2

Dr. Dilshad A. Haleem Design of Hydraulic Structures II

 Syphon aqueduct

Provide suitable reinforcement at the top of the culvert floor to

counteract the bending action. The length of the floor provided is
equal to 30 m as shown in Fig. 7.15.
1. Length of the floor under barrel = 16.4 m.
2. Extra length for pier nose = 2 × 1.0 = 2.0 m.
3. Horizontal length of d/s ramp jointing to bed level at a slope
of 5:1 = 5 (197 - 195.6 ) = 7.0 m.
4. Width of d/s cutoff beyond ramp = 0.6 m.
5. Length of extra floor on u/s side = 4.0 m
6. Total length = 30.0 m
 1/3  1/3
Q 380
Normal regime Scour depth R = 0.473 = 0.473
f 1.0
= 3.447 m

Dr. Dilshad A. Haleem Design of Hydraulic Structures II

 Syphon aqueduct

Depth of cutoffs for scour = 1.5 R = 1.5 × 3.447 = 5.17 m

Provide cutoffs on both sides of depth 5.17 m
R.L. of bottom of u/s cut-off = u/s H.F.L. - 5.17 = 199.839 -
5.17 = 194.669 m. ⇒ say 194.67 m R.L. of bottom of d/s cutoff
= d/s H.F.L. - 5.17 = 199.0 - 5.17 = 193.83 m
Length of 0.40 m thick pitching provided as u/s protection

= 2 [R.L. of u/s bed − R.L. of bottom of u/s cut-off]

= 2 [194.80 − 194.67] = 2 × 0.13 = 0.26 ' 0.3 m

Length of d/s pitching of brick .

= 2 [R.L. of d/s bed − R.L. of bottom of d/s cut-off]

= 2 [194.0 − 193.83] = 2 × 0.17 = 0.34 ' 0.35 m

Dr. Dilshad A. Haleem Design of Hydraulic Structures II

 Syphon aqueduct

Pitching does not appear to be very important. However, if

provided it may be supported by 0.4 m wide and 1.0 m deep toe
wall. see the figure below.

Dr. Dilshad A. Haleem Design of Hydraulic Structures II

 Syphon aqueduct

H.W./ Design a suitable Cross Drain Work for the following data
a. Canal
F.S.Discharge = 200.0 m3 /s
F.S.L. = 106.0 m
Canal bed level = 102.0 m
Canal bed width = 28.0 m
F.S.Depth = 3.8 m
Side Slope 1/2 H : 1V
b. Drainage
Bed level = 107.7 m
H.F.L. = 109.3 m
Discharge = 80 m3 /s
Note for solution: Based on the provided information the
only choice for the C.W.D. is a superpassage

Dr. Dilshad A. Haleem Design of Hydraulic Structures II