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Modular Coordination: An Application in Constuction Industry
Modular Coordination: An Application in Constuction Industry
Modular Coordination: An Application in Constuction Industry
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First Year Student, ME C E & M., BVM Engineering College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India 1
Assistant professor, Civil Engineering Dept., BVM Engineering College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India 2
Associate professor, Civil Engineering Dept., BVM Engineering College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India 3
Assistant professor in Applied Mechanics Department And I/C Head Civil Engineering Dept. (SF), B&B
Institute of Technology, V. V. Nagar4
Abstract: This paper aims to give a brief introduction to concept of modular construction in
the learning process and correlate the construction industry with the manufacturing industry.
A modular building is a pre-engineered structure that is flexible enough to satisfy virtually
any requirement tougher than standard drywall construction, expandable, can be relocated
and completely re-usable. One obvious advantage that modular construction has over
conventional construction is cost. It can not only save up to 35% on the initial construction
costs like labor and materials, but there are other benefits as well. It has been found that
Modular coordination is an outstanding choice having a minimum on-site modification and
material wastage. Modular coordination differs from the traditional building methods,
reducing the overall time of completion. Modular coordination facilitates sustainable benefits
towards waste minimization and increases efficiency of productivity in the construction
industry. The speed with which a building is completed its key advantage of modular
coordination. With increasing industrialization to the building industry, steadily larger parts
of buildings are made up of prefabricated components, delivered to the building site from the
factories. Dimensional coordination of these component themselves and with the design are
of paramount importance. The full benefit of the industrialization is impossible without
standardization. No effective standardization is possible in the building industry, without
dimensional coordination and modular coordination is a way to it.
11th April, 2015, S.N. Patel Institute of Technology & Research Centre, Umrakh, Bardoli 1
International Conference on: “Engineering: Issues, opportunities and Challenges for Development”
ISBN: 978-81-929339-1-7
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Definition
Modular coordination is a concept of dimension and space, in which buildings
components are dimensioned and positioned in a term of basic unit or module. The full
benefit of industrialization can be achieved only by standardization. No effective
standardization again is possible in a building trade without dimensional coordination.
Dimensional coordination is possible if the coordinating dimensions of all parts, as well as
the dimensions of the building to be erected are in multiples of one basic dimensional unit-
The basic module. Such dimensional coordination is called modular coordination.
B. Overview
It is construction industry which plays a major role in country‟s economy. Giving better
quality output and a satisfactory service through quantitative analysis and a keen judgment of
the approximate estimates are the major challenges faced by the construction industry. There
is a growing demand for the construction industry to provide better value by improved quality
and performance. Modular construction uses pre-engineered volumetric units that are
installed on site as fitted-out and serviced „building blocks‟. The use of modular construction
is directly influenced by the client‟s requirements for speed of construction, quality, added
benefits of economy of scale, as well as single point procurement. These benefits may be
quantified in a holistic assessment of the costs and value of modular construction in relation
to more traditional alternatives. While handling projects weather big or small there are
wastage and cost associated problems. It has been found that Modular coordination is an
outstanding choice having minimum onsite modification and material wastage. Modular
coordination differs from the traditional building methods reducing the overall time of
completion.
Modular coordination facilitates sustainable benefits towards waste minimization and
increases efficiency of productivity in the construction industry. The speed with which a
building is completed its key advantage of modular coordination. The overall project
construction timeline is decreased by 30 to 50 % because site preparation and module
fabrication processes occur simultaneously. Modular construction has to adhere to the same
building code requirements as traditional construction methods and the same building
materials and standards are utilized to fabricate each module. All modules meet the building,
11th April, 2015, S.N. Patel Institute of Technology & Research Centre, Umrakh, Bardoli 2
International Conference on: “Engineering: Issues, opportunities and Challenges for Development”
ISBN: 978-81-929339-1-7
safety and occupancy code requirements and in many instances modular buildings exceed
local building specification. It would be more successful integration of the manufacturing
industry through a good collaboration with the construction industry.
C. The Attributes of Modular Construction that are Compatible with its Objectives
D. History
In 1896 MC was first introduced Modular bricks and blocks were Modular coordination was first
in Malaysia but had not been introduced in 1983. studied at Singapore in the early
widely implemented in the seventies. The Housing and
construction industry. development board implemented the
concept in 1973 in the generation
flats.
11th April, 2015, S.N. Patel Institute of Technology & Research Centre, Umrakh, Bardoli 3
International Conference on: “Engineering: Issues, opportunities and Challenges for Development”
ISBN: 978-81-929339-1-7
Factory built housing dates backs to 1900s. Between 1908-1940 more After world war II wartime factory
than 75000 Sears‟s homes were built. Prices of these built it yourself production was quickly changed
kit houses ranged from $600 to $6000. over to providing consumer products
to a post war time economy. Some
of these manufacturing industries
were converted into the housing
industry
The 1960s and early 1970s saw This was basically a site built or Designs of modular homes moved
an adaptation of the manufactured stick built home completed in two from typical ranch style to more
process for homes to create a units or more, transported to the complex and grew substantially in
“modular” product. building site on flat bed frames 1980s and 1990s
and erected onto a permanent
foundation.
The principle aim of modular coordination is rationalization and industrialization within the
building industry by standardization of components so that there is an ease to manufacturing
the components in industries and erecting them on site with proper efficiency and achieving
11th April, 2015, S.N. Patel Institute of Technology & Research Centre, Umrakh, Bardoli 4
International Conference on: “Engineering: Issues, opportunities and Challenges for Development”
ISBN: 978-81-929339-1-7
economy. Modular system provides a practical and coherent solution for coordination of the
position and dimensions of elements components and space in the building design.
The aims of modular coordination are as follows:
1. To facilitate cooperation between building designer manufacturer, distributor and
contractor.
2. The use of standard size of building blocks in the design of the building.
3. To simplify the building design and preparation of building drawings.
4. To determine the size and position of each component in relation to each component
and the building as a whole.
5. To optimize the standard sizes of building components.
This process can contribute to increase design freedom and improved balance between
quality and cost in manufacture and construction.
11th April, 2015, S.N. Patel Institute of Technology & Research Centre, Umrakh, Bardoli 5
International Conference on: “Engineering: Issues, opportunities and Challenges for Development”
ISBN: 978-81-929339-1-7
Basic module: the basic module is a fundamental unit of size in modular coordination. The
coordinating sizes of building components, of the parts of the building they form and of the
building themselves shall be in multiples of the basic module.
11th April, 2015, S.N. Patel Institute of Technology & Research Centre, Umrakh, Bardoli 6
International Conference on: “Engineering: Issues, opportunities and Challenges for Development”
ISBN: 978-81-929339-1-7
Tolerance:
In traditional building, the craftsman takes care of dimensions in the ordinary course of his
work.
The three tolerances are interrelated and therefore must be determined accordingly.
5 mm RULE: This rule is applied to all structural parts of building & components. The wall,
slab & components, elements which is the structural part of the vertical and horizontal
division are placed one joint proportion on the boundaries of a modular plane, that is the
actual dimension as a rule for the structural elements are '5 mm' less on all modular boundary
plane. This rule is called as 5 mm rule for all horizontal & vertical dimensions.
If size of grid is n1 M x n2 M
5 mm rule is given by IS code, it is due to tolerance because tolerance is required to fit the
component into available grid space.
basic module
M=100mm
submodule multimodule
11th April, 2015, S.N. Patel Institute of Technology & Research Centre, Umrakh, Bardoli 7
International Conference on: “Engineering: Issues, opportunities and Challenges for Development”
ISBN: 978-81-929339-1-7
11th April, 2015, S.N. Patel Institute of Technology & Research Centre, Umrakh, Bardoli 8
International Conference on: “Engineering: Issues, opportunities and Challenges for Development”
ISBN: 978-81-929339-1-7
SOURCE: http://www.bca.gov.sg/
TARTAN GRID
Tartan grid is an interrupted modular planning grid in which the interval or bands of
interruption and are regular spaced in both directions are of different modular order to the
general modular planning grid. Figure 4 shows the tartan grid.
This pattern may be used in very regular plans like those with columns at constant intervals
throughout the floor. Figure 5 shows the grid for regular column pattern.
Source: http://www.bca.gov.sg/
11th April, 2015, S.N. Patel Institute of Technology & Research Centre, Umrakh, Bardoli 9
International Conference on: “Engineering: Issues, opportunities and Challenges for Development”
ISBN: 978-81-929339-1-7
Reference System
The reference system is a system of points, line and plane within which a building and its
components are located.
A reference system should be used during the design stage and also may form the basis of
drawing through which the measurements are taken on the site.
Modular Space Grid
Modular space grid is a three dimensional system within which a building and its components
lie. The distance between each plane in the system is equal to the basic module or to a
multimodal.
Dimensional Grids
The modular grid network defines the space into which dimensionally coordinated
components must fit. An important factor is that the component must always be undersized to
allow for the joint which is sized by the obtainable degree of tolerance and site assembly.
1. Face planning
2. Axial planning
11th April, 2015, S.N. Patel Institute of Technology & Research Centre, Umrakh, Bardoli 10
International Conference on: “Engineering: Issues, opportunities and Challenges for Development”
ISBN: 978-81-929339-1-7
Figure 8: Modularization
[Source: Smart Market Report]
11th April, 2015, S.N. Patel Institute of Technology & Research Centre, Umrakh, Bardoli 11
International Conference on: “Engineering: Issues, opportunities and Challenges for Development”
ISBN: 978-81-929339-1-7
Additional Information
• Approximately 150 studios, 165 one-bedrooms, and 48 two-bedrooms.
• Expected to achieve LEED Silver.
• As designed, only 17 of the 930 modules are exactly the same.
• Potential to be world‟s tallest modular building.
• Used 25-story dorm in England as its model.
• Prefabrication can reduce the construction schedule by 4-6 months.
11th April, 2015, S.N. Patel Institute of Technology & Research Centre, Umrakh, Bardoli 12
International Conference on: “Engineering: Issues, opportunities and Challenges for Development”
ISBN: 978-81-929339-1-7
• Forest City Ratner is in talks with the City regarding permits and unions. If labour
agreements cannot be reached, B2 will be constructed without modules.
• Forest City and XSite are setting up a prefabrication factory a few miles from the site
• High use and coordination of VDC-BIM during design phase.
• Each module will have a tubular-steel chassis, and a single point of electrical connection.
The following conclusions were made from the case study.
ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
III. CONCLUSION
The modular coordination has various advantages over the conventional construction. It has
ease of coordination, which offers ability to supply single source installation through factory
trained distributor network. Modular construction is consistently high in quality both in
design and construction. Modular coordination provides maximum flexibility to meet the
design.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The Authors thankfully acknowledge Dr. C. L. Patel, Chairman, Charutar Vidya Mandal,
Er.V.M.Patel, Hon. Jt. Secretary, Charutar Vidya Mandal, Dr. F.S.Umrigar, Principal, BVM
Engineering College, Dr. L. B. Zala, Professor and Head, Civil Engineering Department,
BVM Engineering College, Prof. J. J. Bhavsar, Associate Professor and P.G. Coordinator
(Construction Engineering and Management), B.V.M. Engineering College, Mr. Yatinbhai
Desai, Jay Maharaj construction, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India for their motivations,
infrastructural support and cooperation to carry out this research.
11th April, 2015, S.N. Patel Institute of Technology & Research Centre, Umrakh, Bardoli 13
International Conference on: “Engineering: Issues, opportunities and Challenges for Development”
ISBN: 978-81-929339-1-7
REFERENCES
[01] “Daewoo‟s multi-room modular construction system.” Prof. Spiro N.pollalis. Dec 1997
[02] “Feasibility benefits and challenges of modular construction in high rise development in united nations: a
developer‟s perspective.”Sri Velamati, bachelors of Science, economics university of Pennsylvania, 2012.
[03] “Prefabrication and modularization”-Design and construction intelligence, Smart Market Report.
[04] “The benefits of modular construction.” Devin M.Riffett, Renal Business Today 2007
[05] IS code 10600-1983: recommendation for modular coordination –principles and rules
[06] IS code 13613:1992 recommendation for modular coordination in building industry: location of structure
walls and floor slab
[07] IS code 4993.1983 glossary of terms relating to modular coordination
[08] Modular Prefabricated residential construction, constraints and opportunities, PNCCRE Technical Report.
[09] Value and benefits assessments of modular construction – Steel construction institute.
[10] www.bcs.sg/publications/buildability_series_publication.html
[11] www.mit.edu.com
[12] www.modularmanagement.com
[13] www.worldcat.org/title/country-club-village-hawaii-a-case-study-on-daewoos-multiroom-modular-
construction-system/oclc/41533219.
AUTHOR’S BIOGRAPHY
11th April, 2015, S.N. Patel Institute of Technology & Research Centre, Umrakh, Bardoli 14
International Conference on: “Engineering: Issues, opportunities and Challenges for Development”
ISBN: 978-81-929339-1-7
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