1/12/2020 G.R. Nos.

142801-802
Toda is S nda , Jan ar 12, 2020

Con i ion S a e E ec i e I ance J dicial I ance O he I ance J i dence In e na ional Legal Re o ce AUSL E cl i e

EN BANC

G.R. No . 142801-802 J l 10, 2001

BUKLOD NG KAWANING EIIB, CESAR POSADA, REMEDIOS G. PRINCESA, BENJAMIN KHO, BENIGNO
MANGA, LULU MENDOZA, pe i ioners,
s.
HON. EXECUTIVE SECRETARY RONALDO B. ZAMORA, HON. SECRETARY JOSE PARDO, DEPARTMENT OF
FINANCE, HON. SECRETARY BENJAMIN DIOKNO, DEPARTMENT OF BUDGET AND MANAGEMENT, HON.
SECRETARY ARTEMIO TUQUERO, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, responden s.

SANDOVAL-GUTIERREZ, J.:

In his pe i ion for

-
, prohibi ion and , pe i ioners B klod Ng Ka aning EIIB, Cesar Posada,
Remedios Princesa, Benjamin Kho, Benigno Manga and L l Mendo a, for hemsel es and in behalf of o hers i h
hom he share a common or general in eres , seek he n llifica ion of E ec i e O de No. 1911 and E ec i e
O de No. 2232 on he gro nd ha he ere iss ed b he Office of he Presiden i h gra e ab se of discre ion
and in iola ion of heir cons i ional righ o sec ri of en re.

The fac s are ndisp ed:

On J ne 30, 1987, former Presiden Cora on C. Aq ino, iss ed E ec i e Order No. 1273 es ablishing he
Economic In elligence and In es iga ion B rea (EIIB) as par of he s r c ral organi a ion of he Minis r of
Finance.4 The EIIB as designa ed o perform he follo ing f nc ions:

"(a) Recei e, ga her and e al a e in elligence repor s and informa ion and e idence on he na re, modes
and e en of illegal ac i i ies affec ing he na ional econom , s ch as, b no limi ed o, economic sabo age,
sm ggling, a e asion, and dollar-sal ing, in es iga e he same and aid in he prosec ion of cases;

(b) Coordina e i h e ernal agencies in moni oring he financial and economic ac i i ies of persons or
en i ies, he her domes ic or foreign, hich ma ad ersel affec na ional financial in eres i h he goal of
reg la ing, con rolling or pre en ing said ac i i ies;

(c) Pro ide all in elligence ni s of opera ing B rea s or Offices nder he Minis r i h he general frame ork
and g idelines in he cond c of in elligence and in es iga ing orks;

(d) S per ise, moni or and coordina e all he in elligence and in es iga ion opera ions of he opera ing
B rea s and Offices nder he Minis r ;

(e) In es iga e, hear and file, pon clearance b he Minis er, an i-graf and corr p ion cases agains
personnel of he Minis r and i s cons i en s ni s;

(f) Perform s ch o her appropria e f nc ions as ma be assigned b he Minis er or his dep ies."5

In a desire o achie e harmon of effor s and o pre en possible conflic s among agencies in he co rse of heir
an i-sm ggling opera ions, Presiden Aq ino iss ed Memorand m Order No. 225 on March 17, 1989, pro iding,
among o hers, ha he EIIB " -
B C ."6

Ele en ears af er, or on Jan ar 7, 2000, Presiden Joseph Es rada iss ed E ec i e Order No. 191 en i led
"D E I I B ."7 Mo i a ed b he fac ha " he designa ed
f nc ions of he EIIB are also being performed b he o her e is ing agencies of he go ernmen " and ha " here is a
need o cons an l moni or he o erlapping of f nc ions" among hese agencies, former Presiden Es rada ordered
he deac i a ion of EIIB and he ransfer of i s f nc ions o he B rea of C s oms and he Na ional B rea of
In es iga ion.

Mean hile, Presiden Es rada iss ed E ec i e Order No. 1968 crea ing he Presiden ial An i-Sm ggling Task Force
"A ."9

Then he da feared b he EIIB emplo ees came. On March 29, 2000, Presiden Es rada iss ed E ec i e Order
No. 22310 pro iding ha all EIIB personnel occ p ing posi ions specified herein shall be deemed separa ed from
he ser ice effec i e April 30, 2000, p rs an o a reorgani a ion res l ing o aboli ion, red ndanc ,
merger, di ision, or consolida ion of posi ions.11

Agoni ing o er he loss of heir emplo men , pe i ioners no come before his Co r in oking o r po er of j dicial
re ie of E ec i e Order Nos. 191 and 223. The anchor heir pe i ion on he follo ing arg men s:

"A

E ec i e O de No . 191 and 223 ho ld be ann lled a he a e ncon i ional fo being iola i e

of Sec ion 2(3), A icle IX-B of he Phili ine Con i ion and/o fo ha ing been i ed i h g a e
ab e of di c e ion amo n ing o lack o e ce of j i dic ion.

B.
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The aboli ion of he EIIB i a hoa . Simila l , if E ec i e O de No . 191 and 223 a e con ide ed o
effec a eo gani a ion of he EIIB, ch eo gani a ion a made in bad fai h.

C.

The P e iden ha no a ho i o aboli h he EIIB."

Pe i ioners con end ha he iss ance of he afore-men ioned e ec i e orders is: (a) a iola ion of heir righ o
sec ri of en re; (b) ain ed i h bad fai h as he ere no ac all in ended o make he b rea crac more
efficien b o gi e a o Task Force "Ad ana," he f nc ions of hich are essen iall and s bs an iall he same as
ha of EIIB; and (c) a s rpa ion of he po er of Congress o decide he her or no o abolish he EIIB.

Arg ing in behalf of responden s, he Solici or General main ains ha : (a) he Presiden enjo s he o ali of he
e ec i e po er pro ided nder Sec ions 1 and 7, Ar icle VII of he Cons i ion, h s, he has he a hori o iss e
E ec i e Order Nos. 191 and 223; (b) he said e ec i e orders ere iss ed in he in eres of na ional econom , o
a oid d plici of ork and o s reamline he f nc ions of he b rea crac ; and (c) he EIIB as no " ," i
as onl " ."

The pe i ion is beref of meri .

Despi e he presence of some proced ral fla s in he ins an pe i ion, s ch as, pe i ioners' disregard of he hierarch
of co r s and he non-e ha s ion of adminis ra i e remedies, e deem i necessar o address he iss es. I is in he
in eres of he S a e ha q es ions rela ing o he s a s and e is ence of a p blic office be se led i ho dela . We
are no i ho preceden . In D .M ,12 liberall decreed:

"The Co r disregards he q es ions raised as o proced re, fail re o e ha s adminis ra i e remedies, he

s anding of cer ain par ies o s e, for o reasons, `[b]eca e of he demand of blic in e e , incl ding
he need fo abili in he blic e ice,' and beca se of he serio s implica ions of hese cases on he
adminis ra ion of he Philippine ci il ser ice and he righ s of p blic ser an s."

A firs glance, i seems ha he resol ion of his case hinges on he q es ion - D " " EIIB
" " ? Ho e er, af er coming o erms i h he pre ailing la and j rispr dence, e are
cer ain ha he l ima e q eries sho ld be a) D P
? , b) H ?

S rel , here e is s a dis inc ion be een he ords " " and " ." To " " means o render
inac i e or ineffec i e or o break p b discharging or reassigning personnel,13 hile o=" " means o do a a
i h, o ann l, abroga e or des ro comple el .14 In essence, aboli ion deno es an in en ion o do a a i h he
office and .15 Th s, hile in , he office ceases o e is , he same is no r e in
here he office con in es o e is , remaining dorman or inopera i e. Be ha as i ma ,
deac i a ion and aboli ion are bo h reorgani a ion meas res.

The Solici or General onl in okes he abo e dis inc ions on he mis aken ass mp ion ha he Presiden has no
po er o abolish an office.

The general r le has al a s been ha he po er o abolish a p blic office is lodged i h he legisla re.16 This
proceeds from he legal precep ha he po er o crea e incl des he po er o des ro . A p blic office is ei her
crea ed b he Cons i ion, b s a e, or b a hori of la .17 Th s, e cep here he office as crea ed b he
Cons i ion i self, i ma be abolished b he same legisla re ha bro gh i in o e is ence.18

The e cep ion, ho e er, is ha as far as b rea s, agencies or offices in he e ec i e depar men are concerned,
he Presiden 's po er of con rol ma j s if him o inac i a e he f nc ions of a par ic lar office,19 or cer ain la s
ma gran him he broad a hori o carr o reorgani a ion meas res.20 The case in poin is L .E
S .21 In his case, i as arg ed ha here is no la hich empo ers he Presiden o reorgani e he BIR. In
decreeing o her ise, his Co r s s ained he follo ing legal basis, h s:

"Ini iall , i is arg ed ha here is no la e hich empo ers he Presiden o iss e E.O. No. 132 or o
reorgani e he BIR.

We do no agree.

Sec ion 48 of R.A. 7645 pro ides ha :

'Sec. 48. S D P O A A E B . The heads of

depar men s, b rea s and offices and agencies are hereb direc ed o iden if heir respec i e ac i i ies hich
are no longer essen ial in he deli er of p blic ser ices and hich ma be ,
, s bjec o ci il ser ice r les and reg la ions. X .A , of
he ac i i ies shall be effec ed p rs an o Circ lars or Orders iss ed for he p rpose b he Office of he
Presiden .'

Said pro ision clearl men ions he ac s of " caling do n, ha ing o and aboli ion" of offices onl and
does no co er he crea ion of offices or ransfer of f nc ions. Ne er heless, he ac of crea ing and
decen rali ing is incl ded in he s bseq en pro ision of Sec ion 62 hich pro ides ha :

'Sec. 62. U . - Unless o her ise crea ed b la or direc ed b he Presiden

of he Philippines, no organi a ional ni or changes in ke posi ions in an depar men or agenc shall be
a hori ed in heir respec i e organi a ion s r c res and be f nded from appropria ions b his Ac .' (i alics
o rs)

The fo egoing o i ion e iden l ho ha he P e iden i a ho i ed o effec o gani a ional

change incl ding he c ea ion of office in he de a men o agenc conce ned.

Ano her legal basis of E.O. No. 132 is Sec ion 20, Book III of E.O. No. 292 hich s a es:

'Sec. 20. Re id al Po e . Unless Congress pro ides o her ise, he Presiden shall e ercise
P and hich are no
specificall en mera ed abo e or hich are no delega ed b he Presiden in accordance i h la .' (i alic
o rs)

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Thi o i ion eak of ch o he o e e ed in he P e iden nde he la . Wha la hen
gi e him he o e o eo gani e? I i P e iden ial Dec ee No. 1772 hich amended P e iden ial
Dec ee No. 1416. The e dec ee e e l g an he P e iden of he Phili ine he con in ing
a ho i o eo gani e he na ional go e nmen , hich incl de he o e o g o , con olida e
b ea and agencie , o aboli h office , o an fe f nc ion , o c ea e and cla if f nc ion ,
e ice and ac i i ie and o anda di e ala ie and ma e ial . The alidi of hese o decrees are
nq es ionable. The 1987 Cons i ion clearl pro ides ha "all la s, decrees, e ec i e orders,
proclama ions, le ers of ins r c ions and o her e ec i e iss ances no inconsis en i h his Cons i ion
shall remain opera i e n il amended, repealed or re oked. So far, here is e no la amending or repealing
said decrees." (Emphasis s pplied)

No , le s ake a look a he assailed e ec i e order.

In he cla se of E.O. No. 191, former Presiden Es rada anchored his a hori o deac i a e EIIB on
Sec ion 77 of Rep blic Ac 8745 (F 1999 G A A ), a pro ision similar o Sec ion 62 of R.A.
7645 q o ed in Larin, h s;

"Sec. 77. O C . Unle o her ise pro ided b la or di ec ed b he P e iden of he

Phili ine , no changes in ke posi ions or organi a ional ni s in an depar men or agenc shall be
a hori ed in heir respec i e organi a ional s r c res and f nded from appropria ions pro ided b his Ac ."

We adhere o he preceden or r ling in Larin ha his pro ision recogni es he a hori of he Presiden o effec
organi a ional changes in he depar men or agenc nder he e ec i e s r c re. S ch a r ling f r her finds
s ppor in Sec ion 78 of Rep blic Ac No. 8760.22 Under his la , he heads of depar men s, b rea s, offices and
agencies and o her en i ies in he E ec i e Branch are direc ed (a) o cond c a comprehensi e re ie of heir
respec i e manda es, missions, objec i es, f nc ions, programs, projec s, ac i i ies and s s ems and proced res; (b)
iden if ac i i ies hich are no longer essen ial in he deli er of p blic ser ices and hich ma be scaled do n,
phased-o or abolished; and (c) adop meas res ha ill res l in he s reamlined organi a ion and impro ed
o erall performance of heir respec i e agencies.23 Sec ion 78 ends p i h he manda e ha he

Ci c la o O de i ed fo he o eb he Office of he P e iden .24 The la has spoken clearl . We

are lef onl i h he d o s s ain.

B of co rse, he lis of legal basis a hori ing he Presiden o reorgani e an depar men or agenc in he
e ec i e branch does no ha e o end here. We m s no lose sigh of he er so rce of he po er ha hich
cons i es an e press gran of po er. Under Sec ion 31, Book III of E ec i e Order No. 292 (o her ise kno n as
he A C 1987), " he P e iden , bjec o he olic in he E ec i e Office and in o de o
achie e im lici , econom and efficienc , hall ha e he con in ing a ho i o eo gani e he
admini a i e c e of he Office of he P e iden ." For his p rpose, he ma ransfer he f nc ions of o her
Depar men s or Agencies o he Office of he Presiden . In C .A ,25 e r led ha reorgani a ion
"in ol e he ed c ion of e onnel, con olida ion of office , o aboli ion he eof b ea on of econom o
ed ndanc of f nc ion ." I akes place hen here is an al era ion of he e is ing s r c re of go ernmen offices
or ni s herein, incl ding he lines of con rol, a hori and responsibili be een hem. The EIIB is a b rea
a ached o he Depar men of Finance.26 I falls nder he Office of he Presiden . Hence, i is s bjec o he
Presiden 's con in ing a hori o reorgani e.

I ha ing been d l es ablished ha he Presiden has he a hori o carr o reorgani a ion in an branch or
agenc of he e ec i e depar men , ha is hen lef for s o resol e is he her or no he reorgani a ion is alid. In
his j risdic ion, reorgani a ions ha e been regarded as alid pro ided he are p rs ed in good fai h.
Reorgani a ion is carried o in 'good fai h' if i is for he p rpose of econom or o make b rea crac more
efficien .27 Per inen l , Rep blic Ac No. 665628 pro ides for he circ ms ances hich ma be considered as
e idence of bad fai h in he remo al of ci il ser ice emplo ees made as a res l of reorgani a ion, o i : (a) here
here is a significan increase in he n mber of posi ions in he ne s affing pa ern of he depar men or agenc
concerned; (b) here an office is abolished and ano her performing s bs an iall he same f nc ions is crea ed; (c)
here inc mben s are replaced b hose less q alified in erms of s a s of appoin men , performance and meri ; (d)
here here is a classifica ion of offices in he depar men or agenc concerned and he reclassified offices perform
s bs an iall he same f nc ions as he original offices, and (e) here he remo al iola es he order of separa ion.29

Pe i ioners claim ha he deac i a ion of EIIB as done in bad fai h beca se fo r da s af er i s deac i a ion,
Presiden Es rada crea ed he Task Force A .

We are no con inced.

An e amina ion of he per inen E ec i e Orders30 sho s ha he deac i a ion of EIIB and he crea ion of Task
Force Ad ana ere done in good fai h. I as no for he p rpose of remo ing he EIIB emplo ees, b o achie e
he l ima e p rpose of E.O. No. 191, hich is econom . While Task Force Ad ana as crea ed o ake he place of
EIIB, i s crea ion does no en ail e pense o he go ernmen .

F , he e i no em lo men of ne e onnel o man he Ta k Fo ce. E.O. No. 196 o ide ha he

echnical, admini a i e and ecial aff of EIIB a e o be com o ed of eo le ho a e al ead in he
blic e ice, he being em lo ee of o he e i ing agencie . Thei en e i h he Ta k Fo ce o ld
onl be em o a , i.e., onl hen he agenc he e he belong i called on o a i he Ta k Fo ce.
Since hei em lo men i h he Ta k fo ce i onl b a of de ail o a ignmen , he e ain hei
em lo men i h he e i ing agencie . And ho ld he need fo hem cea e, he o ld be en back o
he agenc conce ned.

S , he hr s of E.O. No. 196 is o ha e a small gro p of mili ar men nder he direc con rol and s per ision
of he Presiden as base of he go ernmen 's an i-sm ggling campaign. S ch a smaller base has he necessar
po ers 1) o enlis he assis ance of an depar men , b rea , or office and o se heir respec i e personnel,
facili ies and reso rces; and 2) " o selec and recr i personnel from i hin he PSG and ISAFP for o
he Task Force." Ob io l , he idea i o enco age he ili a ion of e onnel, facili ie and e o ce of
he al ead e i ing de a men , agencie , b ea , e c., in ead of main aining an inde enden office i h
a hole e of e onnel and facili ie . The EIIB had pro en i self b rdensome for he go ernmen beca se i
main ained separa e offices in e er region in he Philippines.

And , i is e iden from he earl b dge appropria ion of he go ernmen ha he crea ion of he Task Force
Ad ana as especiall in ended o lessen EIIB's e penses. Tracing from he earl General Appropria ions Ac , i
appears ha he allo ed amo n for he EIIB's general adminis ra ion, s ppor , and opera ions for he ear 1995,
as P128,031,000;31 for 1996, P182,156,000;32 for 1998, P219,889,000;33 and, for 1999, P238,743,000.34 These
amo n s ere far abo e he P50,000,00035 alloca ion o he Task Force A for he ear 2000.

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While basicall , he f nc ions of he EIIB ha e de ol ed pon he Task Force Ad ana, e find he la er o ha e
addi ional ne po ers. The Task Force Ad ana, being composed of elemen s from he Presiden ial Sec ri Gro p
(PSG) and In elligence Ser ice Armed Forces of he Philippines (ISAFP),36 has he essen ial
, . The EIIB did no ha e his po er. The Task Force Ad ana has he po er o enlis
he assis ance of an depar men , b rea , office, or ins r men ali of he go ernmen , incl ding go ernmen -o ned
or con rolled corpora ions; and o se heir personnel, facili ies and reso rces. Again, he EIIB did no ha e his
po er. And, he Task Force Ad ana has he addi ional a hori o cond c in es iga ion of cases in ol ing ill-go en
eal h. This as no e pressl gran ed o he EIIB. 1 1.

Conseq en l , i canno be said ha here is a feigned reorgani a ion. In B .C S C , 37 e

r led ha a reorgani a ion in good fai h is one designed o rim he fa off he b rea crac and ins i e econom
and grea er efficienc in i s opera ion.

Las l , e hold ha pe i ioners' righ o sec ri of en re is no iola ed. No hing is be er se led in o r la han ha
he aboli ion of an office i hin he compe ence of a legi ima e bod if done in good fai h s ffers from no infirmi .
Valid aboli ion of offices is nei her remo al nor separa ion of he inc mben s.38 In he ins r c i e ords laid do n b
his Co r in D .M ,39 hro gh J s ice Abraham F. Sarmien o:

Reorgani a ions in his j risdic ion ha e been regarded as alid pro ided he are p rs ed in good fai h. As a
general r le, a reorgani a ion is carried o in "good fai h" if i is for he p rpose of econom or o make
b rea crac more efficien . In ha e en , no di mi al (in ca e of di mi al) o e a a ion ac all
occ beca e he o i ion i elf cea e o e i . And in ha ca e, ec i of en e o ld no be a
Chine e all. Be ha as i ma , if he 'aboli ion,' hich is no hing else b a separa ion or remo al, is done for
poli ical reasons or p rposel o defea sec ri of en re, o her ise no in good fai h, no alid 'aboli ion' akes
and ha e er 'aboli ion' is done, is oid ab ini io. There is an in alid 'aboli ion' as here here is merel a
change of nomencla re of posi ions, or here claims of econom are belied b he e is ence of ample f nds.

Indeed, here is no s ch hing as an absol e righ o hold office. E cep cons i ional offices hich pro ide for
special imm ni as regards salar and en re, no one can be said o ha e an es ed righ in an office or i s
salar .40

While e cas a commisera ing look pon he pligh of all he EIIB emplo ees hose li es perhaps are no orn i h
ncer ain ies, e canno ignore he nfor na e reali ha o r go ernmen is also ba ling he impac of a
pl mme ing econom . Unless he go ernmen is gi en he chance o rec pera e b ins i ing econom and
efficienc in i s s s em, he EIIB ill no be he las agenc o s ffer he impac . We canno fr s ra e alid meas res
hich are designed o reb ild he e ec i e depar men .

WHEREFORE, he pe i ion is hereb DENIED. No cos s.

SO ORDERED.

D , J ., C.J., B ,M ,P ,V ,K ,M ,P ,B , -S ,D L , J .,
JJ., conc r.

P Q , JJ., in he res l .

G -R , J., on lea e.

Foo no e
1 "Deac i a ion of he Economic In elligence and In es iga ion B rea "

2 "S pplemen ing E ec i e Order No. 191 on he Deac i a ion of he Economic In elligence and In es iga ion
B rea and for O her Ma ers"
3 "Reorgani ing he Minis r of Finance" Appro ed on Jan ar 30, 1987.

4 "SEC. 7. S r c ral Organi a ion. The Minis r , aside from he Minis r Proper comprising he Office of he
Minis er, he Offices of he Dep and Assis an Minis ers, he Economic In elligence and In e iga ion
B ea and he Ser ices, shall consis of he Opera ion Gro ps and heir cons i en ni s, and Regional
Office."

NOTE: The prec rsor of EIIB as he An i-Sm ggling Ac ion Cen e (ASAC) crea ed b former
Presiden Marcos on Febr ar 24, 1966 hro gh E.O. No. 11. B ir e of E.O. No. 220 (March 1,
1970), he ASAC as ransferred from he Office of he Presiden o he De a men of Na ional
Defen e. On March 16, 1971, ASAC as placed nder he direc con rol and s per ision of he
Sec e a of Finance b E.O. No. 303. On J ne 11, 1978, Presiden Marcos iss ed P e iden ial
Dec ee No. 1458 crea ing he Finance De a men In elligence and In e iga ion B ea .
5 Sec ion 26 of E.O. No. 127.

6 Sec ion 2 of Memorand m No. 225.

7 Done on Jan ar 7, 2000;

"Sec ion 1. Deac i a ion of he Economic In elligence and In e iga ion B ea . The Economic
In elligence and In es iga ion B rea (EIIIB) nder he Depar men of Finance is hereb deac i a ed."
8 Done on Jan ar 12, 2000. "Crea ing he Presiden ial An i-Sm ggling Task Force "Ad ana" o In es iga e
and Prosec e Crimes In ol ing Large-Scale Sm ggling and O her Fra ds Upon C s oms, O her Economic
Crimes and Pro iding Meas res o E pedi e Sei re Proceedings."
9 "SECTION 1. C T F .- There is hereb crea ed a Presiden ial An i-Sm ggling Task Force
hereinaf er called "Task Force Ad ana," nder he con rol and s per ision of he Office of he Presiden
principall o comba sm ggling, nla f l impor a ions and o her fra ds pon c s oms commi ed in large
scale or b organi ed and s ndica ed gro ps."

"SEC. 3. Po e and F nc ion . The Task force shall ha e he follo ing po ers and f nc ions:

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1. To prepare and implemen appropria e and effec i e meas res o pre en and s ppress large-scale
sm ggling and o her prohibi ed and nla f l impor a ions;

2. To effec searches, sei res and arres s, and for he Task Force Commander o file adminis ra i e
and criminal cases conformabl i h he pro isions of he Tariff and C s oms Code of he Philippines,
as amended, per inen pro isions of he Re ised Penal Code, as amended and he R les of Criminal
Proced re;

3. To cond c in elligence and co n er-in elligence on sm ggling and o her nla f l impor a ions,
incl ding he moni oring of si a ions, circ ms ances, ac i i ies of indi id al, gro ps and en i ies ho
are in ol ed in sm ggling ac i i ies;

4. To selec and recr i personnel from i hin he PSG and ISAFP for assignmen o he Task Force
i h he conformi of he office or agenc concerned;

5. To enlis he assis ance of an depar men , b rea , office or agenc or ins r men ali of he
go ernmen , incl ding go ernmen -o ned or con rolled corpora ions o carr o i s f nc ions, incl ding
he se of heir respec i e personnel, facili ies and reso rces;

6. To cond c in es iga ion of ill-go en eal h of all persons incl ding go ernmen officials in ol ed in
sm ggling ac i i ies, in coordina ion i h o her go ernmen agencies.

7. To cond c erifica ion i h he B rea of C s oms of all doc men s per aining o pa men of d ies
and a es of all impor ed ar icles.

8. To s ppress and pre en all o her economic fra ds as ma be direc ed b he Presiden .

9. To perform s ch f nc ions and carr o s ch ac i i ies as ma be direc ed b he Presiden ."

10 "S E O N . 191 D E I
I B O M ."
11 Sec ion 3 of E.O. No. 223.

12 176 SCRA 84 (1989)

13 Webs er's Third Ne In erna ional Dic ionar , 1986 ed. p. 579.
14 Moreno, Philippine La Dic ionar , 3rd ed., p. 5
15 Ri era, La of P blic Adminis ra ion, Firs Edi ion, p. 634; G errero . Ari abal, 186 SCRA 108 (1990)
16 In E genio . Ci il Ser ice Commission, 243 SCRA 196 (1995), he Co r r led:

"E cep for s ch offices as are crea ed b he Cons i ion, he crea ion of a p blic offices is primaril a
legisla i e f nc ion. In so far as he legisla i e po er in his respec is no res ric ed b cons i ional
pro isions, i is s preme, and he legisla re ma decide for i self ha offices are s i able, necessar ,
or con enien . When in he e igencies of go ernmen i is necessar o crea e and define d ies, he
legisla i e depar men has he discre ion o de ermine he her addi ional offices shall be crea ed, or
he her hese d ies shall be a ached o and become e -officio d ies of e is ing offices. An office
crea ed b he legisla re is holl i hin he po er of ha bod , and i ma prescribe he mode of
filling he office and he po ers and d ies of he inc mben , and, if i sees fi , abolish he office."

Mendo a . Q is mbing 186 SCRA 108 (1990); Cr . Primicias, 23 SCRA 998 (1968) De Leon,
Adminis ra i e La : Te and Cases, 1998 Ed., p. 24
17 Cr , The La of P blic Officers, 1999 Ed., p. 4.
18 I ., p. 199
19 Mar in, Philippine Poli ical La , p. 276

20 Larin . E ec i e Secre ar , 280 SCRA 713 (1997)

21 ibid.

22 General Appropria ion Ac FY 2000, signed in o la on Febr ar 16, 2000.

23 Sec ion 78 of Rep blic Ac No. 8760.

Sec ion 16, Ar icle XVIII, 1987 Cons i ion pro ides:

"Sec. 16. Career ci il ser ice emplo ees from he separa ed from he ser ice no for ca se b as a
res l of he reorgani a ion p rs an o Proclama ion No. 3 da ed March 25, 1986 and he
eo gani a ion follo ing he a ifica ion of hi Con i ion shall be en i led o appropria e
separa ion pa and o re iremen and o her benefi s accr ing o hem nder he la s of general
applica ion in force a he ime of heir separa ion. In lie hereof, a he op ion of he emplo ees, he
ma be considered for emplo men in he Go ernmen or in an of i s s bdi ision, ins r men ali ies, or
agencies, incl ding go ernmen o ned or con rolled corpora ions and heir s bsidiaries. This pro ision
also applies o career officers hose resigna ion, endered in line i h he e is ing polic , had been
accep ed."
24 I .
25 323 SCRA 312 (2000).

26 Sec ion 17, Ti le II, Book IV, E.O. No. 292.

27 Depar men of Trade and Ind s r . Chairman and Commissioners of he Ci il Ser ice Commission 227
SCRA 198 (1993); Dario . Mison, .; Mendo a . Q is mbing, .

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28 "An Aco Pro ec he Sec ri of Ten re of Ci il Ser ice Officers and Emplo ees in he Implemen a ion of
Go ernmen Reorgani a ion"-Appro ed on J ne 10, 1988" (84 Official Ga e e No. 24, p. S-1)
29 Sec ion 2 of Rep blic Ac No. 6656.

30 E.O. No. 196; Sec ion 17, Chap er 4, Ti le II, Book IV, E.O. No. 292, and Sec ion 7 and Sec ion 26, E.O.
No. 127.
31 R.A. No. 7845, 1995 General Appropria ion Ac

32 R.A. No. 8174, 1996 General Appropria ion Ac

33 R.A. No. 8522, 1998 General Appropria ion Ac

34 R.A. No. 8745, 1999 General Appropria ion Ac

35 Sec ion 10, E.O. No. 196.

36 Sec ion 2 of E.O. No. 196.

37 226 SCRA 278 (1993).

38 Mendo a . Q is mbing, . De la Llana . Alba, .

39 .
40 Na ional Land Ti les and Deeds Regis ra ion Adminis ra ion . Ci il Ser ice Commission, s pra.

The La phil Projec - Arellano La Fo nda ion

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