Assignment 1

Submission date: 10.3.2020

Question 1: Write the differences between vacuum tube & transistor.
The vacuum tube is an electron tube from which all or most of the gas has been removed,
permitting electrons to move with no or low interaction with any remaining gas molecules. A
transistor is a device that conducts a variable amount of electricity through it, depending on how
much electricity is input to it. In other words, it is a digital switch. However, unlike the vacuum
tube, it is solid state. Solid state means that it doesn't change its physical form as it switches.
There are no moving parts in a transistor.Compared to the vacuum tube, transistors were much
smaller, faster and cheaper to manufacture. They were also far more reliable and used much less
power.
Question 2: What are the different types of memory devices? Write the differences between
RAM & ROM.
The different types of memory devices :
SRAM: Static Random Access Memory
DRAM：Dynamic Random Access Memory
ROM: Read Only Memory
EEPROM：Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM
Differences between RAM & ROM.:

RAM ROM

Volatile memory Non volatile

Data in RAM is not permanently written
Permanently ,not erased
when power off, data deleted.
RAM : DRAM & SRAM ROM:PROM & EPROM

It requires flow of electricity to retain data. It does not require electricity to retain data.
RAM is the memory available for the ROM is the memory that comes with your
operating system programs and process to computer that is pre-written to hold the
use when the computer is running. instructions for booting up the computer.

Question 3: Explain transducer, signal conditioner & op-amp.

Transducer : A substance or device, such as a piezoelectric crystal, microphone or
photoelectric cell, that converts input energy of one form into output energy of another.
Signal conditioner : means manipulating an analog signal in such a way that it meets the
requirements of the next stage for further processing.

Op amp : the heart of the analog computer. It can perform many mathematical operations
such as multiplication, addition, subtraction, division, integration and differentiation. It is a vital
component of analog design
Question 4: Explain second order low pass filter with block diagram.

Question 5: Draw the block diagram of flash ADC & sigma delta converter.
flash ADC:

sigma delta converter: