CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of study

In recent years, the simplicity of domestic, commercial and the demand of smart electrical distribution

switches in the electrical engineering field to supplement human activities have taken much attention.

Smart electrical distribution switch is one of the most common switches for domestic and commercial used .

The utility companies are always concerned with efficiency, reliability and security.

The primary difficulty to efficient power management are losses but can sometimes be minimized in a

way. Losses are supposed to be any used energy that goes unbilled or unmetered. In the electrical field,

non-technical losses are introduced by pilferage and theft non-technical losses are: energy pilferages

and thefts, defective meters generating errors in meter readings, wrongful estimation of meter readings,

un-metered or flat rated consumers, customers tampering with their meters, free power usage (for

legally connected consumers), illegal connections, etc.

These Non-technical losses (NTL) account for over 70% of the total losses representing several

hundreds of kilo Volts Amperes. Critical consideration of all the non-technical losses sum up to

metering losses. The reason is that power suppliers cannot remotely and effectively monitor the

happenings at the consumer end and take the necessary action efficiently. Consequently, the electricity,

company of Ghana (ECG) has deployed a number or metering technologies to address this problem.

These included: electromechanical induction meters or standard meters, prepayment card electric
meters, solid state electric meters or electronic meters and presently, pole prepaid card metes. This pies

of work concentrates on the ability to monitor and control consumer end users. Electricity distribution

is a sector of electricity where technological evolution is gradual at least in the network assets.

However, there is a field in which progress in the last few years has been rapid, at a speed typical of the

telecommunications sector. The present goal is towards remote metering, reading, and monitoring of

electricity consumption referred to as advanced metering infrastructure. Drastic reduction in prices of

metering and telecommunication equipment is making their adoption economically feasible, starting

with large consumers and gradually applying AMI to medium and small ones [1].

1.3 Problem Statement

The utility companies in Ghana have always proved less effective in monitoring and controlling the

usage of electrical energy by individual consumers. The most common factors which play much role in

these shortcomings are illegal power connections and poor billing systems. The former is one of the

crucial areas which need to be addressed to promote our social economic development. Various

individual premises like homes, hostels and other institutions involves more than one sub-users which

crops up numerous problems in billing and monitoring of power usage of co-house mates. This has

therefore made some of these environments less user friendly for many individuals who share bills with

others. Some of these problems are therefore elaborated below;

1.3.1 Problems in Energy Bills Sharing By Occupants in a House.

Individuals find it difficult in how to share bills among users of energy meters in a house or areas.

Different techniques and methods have been adopted in the sharing of bills. Some go through the

process of checking each user’s appliance and calculate the bill base on the gadget and their power

rating. These bring questions since it become difficult in checking whether the appliance was used or

not. Others adopt a strategy of sharing on percentage base. Individuals identified with more gadgets are

therefore given more bills.

1.3.2 Difficulty in Monitoring Power Usage of Tenants.

The days-to-day usage of the energy by individual sub-consumers in a premises is difficult to be

tracked by co-tenants and this sometimes can created a room for secrete usage of loads whose usage

cannot be monitored and billed. The visual way of inspecting individual electrical loads for sharing of

bills is one way adopted for decades ago but due to dishonesty of some individuals, the real

consumption exceeds the documented one since other loads are used without being captured on the

shared data. To diversify the usage of energy in various premises among sub-users is therefore a great

field of interest to the electrical engineer and other technicians as a whole.

1.3.3 Cost of Providing Extra Energy Meters

Applications for extra energy meters at the utility company by individual consumers has an aspect of

demerits since it calls for extra order of new energy meter and attracts extra change on installations and

other operations like documentary and control. As a governmental agency the ministry of energy is

therefore a sector that requires not contributing much into financial loss to the state. This has therefore

been captured as one of the principal key point to our problems statement in this piece of work.
1.3.4 Hazard To Environmental Beauty

The last but not the least, all engineering products are expected to provide a high level of good-looking.

This serves as a primary key to customer satisfaction in terms of sales and services. In reference to the

local situations concerning the provision of multiple meters for separate consumers the beauty of walls

are affected since a number of metes are installed at the same point on the wall. Figure.1.1 show a

cross-section of a wall with multiple energy meters in a section of the Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly.

Figure.1.1 Multiple meters on the wall

1.4 Objectives of Project

The aim of this project is to find elastic solution to the above listed problems. The project will help

eradicate the problems associated with the usage of multiple meters in households and other premises

by introduction of the SEDS. It shall entail the introduction of an electronic security system that may

monitor and control the consumption of individual’s sub-users. This piece of work is therefore required

to be able to isolate a user from the mains if he/she does not meet the right validation of the embedded

system.

1.5 Scope of Work

As a research work, the complete functionality of the system could not be achieved to satisfy the wide

range of user requirements. Due to financial constraint, limited time factor and other research

limitations, the whole work is restricted to be applied on solving problems such as energy usage

monitoring, control switching and providing security to houses base on energy consumption. Besides,

the work concentrates on a central switch which monitors and control power usage by individuals. The

work is designated to apply basic electronic principles and theories and microcontroller technology to

come out with the work at hand.

1.6 Project Report Organization

Chapter 1of the project deals with the general introduction to Smart Electrical Distribution Switch,

background to the study, statement of the problem, project objectives, scope of the work, discussion of

the methods used and project report organization.

Chapter 2 also presents a brief knowledge about smart systems and categorization of sensors based on

the technology behind their manufacture. A number of techniques are therefore explained in this

chapter. It includes a review of related works which provide a summary of the basic knowledge already

available involving the issues of interest. Also, the identifiable lapses in the literature have been

discussed and used as the basic theme of the research work.

In Chapter 3, the details of the materials and methods used for the design and the science of the

individual components for the implementation of the system.

Chapter 4 deal with the overview of the process modules based on their functionalities and explains

the real design and implementation of the whole system. The results of the design based on simulation

and physical operation is also completed in this chapter with massive discussion.

A guide to the installation and effective use of the designed system is also incorporated in this chapter.

Chapter 5 presents the summary of the work and how it relates to other works of the same idea. A brief

justification of the design is highlighted and recommended in different ways.

 CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

The need for automation in electrical equipment and gadgets in the industry, schools, baking systems,

hotels, homes and other applicable institutions has recently become common in every day’s life. There

is a great range of situations, which require electrical energy management, ranging from monitoring to

full control to supplement human efficiency. Besides the level of power to be controlled, the local

application of the electrical energy also contributes to the nature and type of automation to be

implemented. The different type of requirements of the automation process has called for different

embedded system design in the electrical industry. The need for automation of the energy meter has

resulted in research into the evolution of the energy meters.

2.2 Energy meter Automation

Energy meter automation system is the application of hardware components, software or combination

of both technologies with associated electrical technologies to achieve a partial or fully monitoring and

control purpose. This ranges from simple methods like induction based energy meter design, prepaid

energy meter design, to fully automated complex systems with high artificial intelligence like

telemetering and pre-paid energy meter monitoring system with amplified sound for industries.

Electrical energy is one of the most flexible and efficient form of energy which is easy to be controlled

and converted to other forms of energy for a specific intended purpose. The introduction of the
microcontroller in electronic design system has proved economical and simple in many fields of

engineering. As a result of the above positive effect, the electrical engineering field has benefited a

great deal of flexibility by the introduction of this chip [2].

2.3 Feedback Based Energy Control System

This project work focuses on how to automate the feedback mechanism of the loads connected through

the energy meter in individual households with the utilization of a microcontroller and other actuation

devices to provide a fair usage of the share units among users of the same consumer unit. Most

domestic and industrial use of the electrical energy, most of the time, is invisible to the user. Most

people have only a vague idea of how much energy they are using for different purposes and what sort

of difference they could make by changing day-to-day behavior or investing in efficiency measures.

Hence the importance of feedback in making energy more visible and more amenable to understanding

and control cannot be underrated.

The focus is on how people respond to the energy state of the supply when signaled by the prepaid

energy meter. There is considerable variety in the feedback literature, but this project work provides the

importance and effectiveness of reference measurable electrical parameters based on feedback values

for flexible and doubtful automation of individual domestic consumers [3].

2.4 The Prepaid Energy Meter Technology

Electric energy meters, the direct billing interface between utilities and consumers for long, have

undergone several advancements in the last decade. The conventional electromechanical meters are

being replaced by new electronic meters to improve accuracy in meter reading. Still, some Ghanaian

homes face a serious problem of fair energy usage due to insufficient means of monitoring and control

of individual sub-users who are hooked on a common consumer unit. One of the prime reasons is the

traditional billing system which is inaccurate many times, slow, costly, and lack in flexibility as well as

reliability [4].

2.5 Microcontroller Technology

Microcontrollers are different from any other components in electronics and computing. Before

selecting a particular device for an application, it is important to understand what the different options

and features are and what they can mean with regard to developing the application. The purpose of this

chapter is to introduce the concept of microcontrollers, how it differ from microprocessors and

different type of commercial microcontrollers available as well as their applications. The reminder of

the book will go through and present different types of microcontrollers and also programming and

interfacing techniques of microcontroller, mainly 8051, in detail.

2.5.2 Microcontrollers and Microprocessors

A controller is used to control some process. At one time, controllers were built exclusively from logic

components, and were usually large, heavy boxes. Later on, microprocessors were used and the entire

controller could fit on a small circuit board. This is still common– one can find many controllers

powered by one of the many common microprocessors (including Zilog Z80, Intel 8088, Motorola

6809, and others). As the process of miniaturization continued, all of the components needed for a

controller were built right onto one chip. A one chip computer or microcontroller was born. A CPU

built into a single VLSI chip is called microprocessor. It contains arithmetic and logic unit (ALU),

Instruction decodes and control unit, Instruction register, Program counter (PC), clock circuit (internal

or external), reset circuit (internal or external) and registers. For example, Intel 8085 is 8-bit

microprocessor and Intel 8086/8088 is 16-bit microprocessor. Microprocessor is general-purpose

digital computer central processing unit (CPU). The microprocessor is general-purpose device and

additional external circuitry is added to make it microcomputer.

A digital computer having microprocessor as the CPU along with I/O devices and memory is known as

microcomputer. The block diagram in the Figure. 2.1 shows a microcomputer [5].

A microcontroller is a highly integrated chip, which includes on single chip, all or most of the parts

needed for a controller. The microcontroller typically includes: CPU (Central Processing Unit), RAM

(Random Access Memory), EPROM/PROM/ROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory), I/O

(input/output) – serial and parallel, timers, interrupt controller. For example, Intel 8051 is 8-bit

microcontroller and Intel 8096 is 16-bit microcontroller.

 Figure. 2.1 Block diagram of a microcontroller

2.6 The Energy Metering System

The line voltage which is of the range of 180V-220V is fed into the voltage and current channels. This

is essentially a network of resistors to attenuate the voltage to about 200mV. The line voltage applied

across the load produces the load current which is fed into the metering chip (ADE7755) for

computation via current channel as shown in figure 2. The two ADCs digitize the voltage signals from

the current and voltage transducers. These ADCs are 16-bit second order sigma-delta with an over-

sampling rate of 900 kHz. A programmable gain stage in the current channel further facilitates easy

transducer interfacing. Also, a high-pass filter in the current channel removes any direct current (d.c)

component from the current signal. This eliminates any inaccuracies in the real power calculation due

to offsets in the voltage or current signals. The real power calculation is derived from the instantaneous

power signal which was generated by a direct multiplication of current and voltage signals. In order to

extract the real power component (i.e., the d.c component), the instantaneous power signal is low-pass

filtered. This scheme correctly calculates real power for non-sinusoidal current and voltage waveforms

at all power factors. All signal processing is carried out in the digital domain for superior stability over

temperature and time. The low-frequency output of the chip (ADE7755) is generated by accumulating
the real power information. It indicates a long accumulation time between output pulses. The output

frequency is therefore proportional to the average real power. The average real power information is

accumulated by the MCU (AT89C55WD) to generate real energy information. Because of its high

output frequency and shorter integration time, the output of the calibration frequency (CF) is

proportional to the instantaneous real power. This is essential for system calibration purposes under

steady load conditions [6].

2.7 Review of Related works

As a project work, knowledge of different criteria has been gathered from many academia of the same

field of study. The energy meter has undergone many transformations in its construction technology

including the billing system and alert signaling system. A brief analysis is therefore made to review

into a few of ideas on this area of study.

2.7.1 Design and Implementation of Remotely- Monitored Single Phase Smart Energy

Meter via Short Message Service (SMS) – by D.A. Shomuyiwaand J.O. Ilevbare

This paper focuses on the design and implementation of a single phase energy meter with remote

monitoring capacity using short-message service (SMS). The energy meter was designed using

ADE7755 metering chip and other discrete components. The SMS communication with the meter was

established with the aid of Neoway M590 GSM module; AT-commands are sent to the GSM module

from a mobile phone for communication. Also, a 4x3- keypad was employed for loading energy tokens

and obtaining energy information from the meter; the energy data (query) is then viewed on the liquid
crystal display unit. The project was implemented on a locally- made single layer printed circuit board

with the aid of Dip trace software. Simulation of the electronic circuit designs was carried out using

Proteus software, 8051 development kit and a serial port monitor. Results obtained show that the

energy meter is capable of measuring instantaneous and average real time power consumed while being

remotely monitored and queried. The energy meter has a capacity of measuring minimum and

maximum loads of 2mA and 40A respectively.

The system designed has the following specifications: line voltage range of 180V - 250V, class 1 meter

(±1% error), starting current, Is = 0.004Ib, 3x4 LCD system, Neoway M590 GSM module,

AT89C55WD Microcontroller programmed in C language-using Keil uVision3 compiler and Printed

Circuit Board (PCB) designed with the aid of Dip trace Software. Figure 2.2 shows the components of

the metering system [7].

Figure 2.2: Components of the metering system

2.7.4 Arm Based Wireless Energy Meter Reading System ALONG with POWER on/off CIRCUIT V V

-By Rajesh Parvathala, T Venkateswarareddy, and N V G Prasad.

With the rapid developments in the Wireless communication technology by the use of microcontrollers,

there are many improvements in automating various industrial aspects for reducing manual efforts. The

traditional manual Meter Reading was not suitable for longer operating purposes as it spends much

human and material resource. It brings additional problems in calculation of readings and billing

manually. Now-a-days the number of Electricity consumers is increasing in great extent. It became a

hard task in handling and maintaining the power as per the growing requirements. Presently

maintenance of the power is also an important task as the human operator goes to the consumer’s house

and produces the bill as per the meter reading. If the consumer is not available, the billing process will

be pending and human operator again needs to revisit.

Going to each and every consumer’s house and generating the bill is a laborious task and requires lot of

time. It becomes very difficult especially in rainy season. If any consumer did not pay the bill, the

operator needs to go to their houses to disconnect the power supply. These processes are time

consuming and difficult to handle. Moreover, the manual operator cannot find the Un-authorized

connections or malpractices carried out by the consumer to reduce or stop the meter reading/power

supply the human error can open an opportunity for corruption done by the human meter reader. So the

problem which arises in the billing system can become inaccurate and inefficient.

The availability of wireless communication media has made the exchange of information fast, secured

and accurate. The digital implementation caused the rapid utilization of devices such as computers and
telecommunication devices. Communication media like the internet, GSM networks, etc. exists

everywhere. Wireless meter reading puts more control into the hands of both utilities and consumers by

giving them more detailed information about power consumption. This allows utilities to better regulate

supply. So, remote wireless meter reading system and management kinds of network technologies has

become a trend now. In the work presented here, a technique has been developed to read electricity

meter readings from a remote server automatically using the existing GSM networks for cellular

phones [8].

2.7 Summary

A thorough research into other related work at this section provides an insight of what is to be designed

and its related constraints and challenges. Besides, gaps and other loop holes can be detected and taken

into consideration for any further design and implementation. The basic theme of this research and

hence the design of the project work is based on the application of a well-designed control

unit(comparator) which will give interface with the prepaid energy meter and give out the desired

information in the form of sound. Thus with this brief study on how various technologies like the

microcontroller and amplifier, a massive motivation and guide lines are being provided to the

development of the system at hand.

With reference to the review of the related work above, the technique of providing feedback

information to from the energy meter to alert operators of fatal periods has not had a great application

relative to the advancement of the embedded systems designed for the purpose of remote monitoring.

This serves as a gap to fill by this project work and a great challenge to the design since an efficient
and effective hardware system alongside with a software user interface is required to level the gaps of

technological advancement.

An embedded system is therefore constructed alongside with a power to issue this task in an efficient

and effective manner.

CHAPTER III

SYSTEM DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

The approach to the design and construction of this project is divided into two parts: the hardware and

the software. The hardware will cover component acquisition and building the entire circuit whiles the

software which will concentrate on programming of the Microcontroller to respond to command and

activate set of instruction. The block diagram in Figure 3.1 show the layout of the complete system.
 Figure 3.1. The block diagram of the smart electrical distribution switch

3.1 Power Supply unit

The power supply unit is regulated by dc power supply. It is made up of a fuse, transformer, bridge

rectifier, filtering capacitors, voltage regulators, LED and a series resistor. Figure 3.2 shows the

schematic diagram of the power supply unit. From the ac supply, the transformer is used to

transform the voltage from 240V to 12V. The bridge rectifier is then used to convert the power

from ac to a pulsating dc power.

 Figure 3.2. The schematic diagram of the power supply unit

The pulsating dc is further smoothened by the capacitor C1. To guard against any bit of pulses, two

ceramic capacitors C2 and C3 with values of 0.01μF are used to further smoothing the output of

C1. A buck converter is used to regulate the voltage to 5V to feed the dc components [9].

3.3 Input Devices

RFID R/W reader is the circuit which generates 125KHZ magnetic signal. This magnetic signal is

transmitted by the loop antenna Connected along with this circuit which is used to read and write the

information on the RFID card in this project RFID R/W card is used as prepaid card and charged with

some amount of units like kilo watt hour. This prepaid card is inserted in the Energy meter and the

units are loaded into the system to activate the user’s account [10].

3.4 Relay Switch

Relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electrical circuit.

The phase of the main supply is connected to relays and off condition relay contacts are open, under

on condition contacts are in closed position.

Means it connects the phase to the load in on state only and the input supply required to operate relay

is 8-12v. The rating of the relay is 30A or 60A depending on the load.
3.4 Liquid Crystal Display

The LCD is used to display the amount of units consume by the consumer and the remaining units left

in the SEDS.

3.5 Microcontroller unit

The microcontroller block is the intelligent unit of the system. It mainly consists of an

Arduino Uno 1280 microcontroller. The Arduino Uno microcontroller is programmed to load

and count the units on the card to be stored on the EPROM. The microcontroller after

calculating the units on the card, sends a signal to the relay to close to allow the user to use

power, and when the units on the card is exhausted, the microcontroller again send signal

back to the relay to open.

3.5.1 CONSTRUCTION

This section of the project report focuses on the design and construction of smart electrical distribution

switch system. Figure 3.3 shows the construction of meter IC, which is used to measure the units

consume by consumer, Figure 3.4 shows the construction of optocoupler IC, which is for counting the

number of units and send signal to micro controller to load, count and deduct units from the EPROM,

Figure 3.5 demonstrates the constructions of relay, which is used for opening and closing of the circuit

of SEDS system, Figure 3.6 shows the construction of RFID reader which is used for reading the units

on the RFID card and Figure 3.6 shows the complete construction of smart electrical distribution switch

system.
 Figure 3.3 shows the construction of meter I C

Figure 3.4 shows the construction of optocoupler I C

 Figure 3.5 shows the construction of relay

Figure 3.6 shows the construction of smart card RFID reader

 Figure 3.7 shows the complete construction of Smart electrical distribution switch

CHAPTER IV

TESTING AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

4.1 Introduction

The design circuit involves connection of Figure 3.1 in chapter three. After the setup, series of testing

were carried out and various results obtained were discussed in the subsequent section. Below is the

whole layout of the design.

4.2 Initial Request input system

The readings from the load 1 and load 2 before credit loading. This reading was measured by the main

meter at when there was no credit for both user 1 and 2. The Figure 4.1 readings were achieved because

there were no credit and the relay in connecting both have opened. The relays will stay

Figure 4. 1 Readings From crystal display before credit input

opened until smart card or Rfid smart card with credit is inserted onto the system. The diagram of

Figure 4.2 shows the SEDS after the credit was inserted. It will stay connected until the user
completely consumes the power based on the type of electrical appliance used

Figure 4.2 Relay 1 and 2 closed after credit inserted

The LCD indicates the credit input expressed as kilowatt hour as shown in the diagram above. User

1(L1 Units) has been supplied with 5KWH of credit and user 2(Line 2 Units) has also been given

6KWH of credit.

The LCD below indicates how the credit is been deducted from the SEDS. The diagram of Figure 4.3

shows the deducting of units in the system.

Figure 4.3 shows deducting of the units

It continue to deduct until the credit reach zero and the user1 relay is cut and

When user2 credit also finishes the L2 relay also is cut until credit is loaded again.

The table 4.1 shows the various corresponding readings obtained after the test with credit and load.

This show that the less the load, the more time it will take to isolate the user from the system.

S/No Users Credits Load Simulation time

 in(KWh) In(KW) (Minutes)
1 L1 and L2 6 200 3
2 L1 and L2 5 100 5
3 L1 and L2 4 40 10

4.3 Discussion

The test was successful as shown in the tables above. There are different readings as per the load and

credit supplied. The system isolates the user as soon as the user’s credit is completely used up.

4.4 Findings

After series of test and observation, it was observed that there were some minimal errors in the

operation of the microcontroller circuitry and the whole layout. This error can be described as technical

error from the programming of the microcontroller and the circuit design. The error was estimated

around 1.0% of the normal reading which was considered as a threshold added to the readings obtained.

It was also observed that a little change or fault can cause the setup to record error and therefore there

was the need for optimization in designing and programming.

 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion

Electrical energy is one of the highest entities for human life in many ways. In Ghana the desired

amount of electrical energy is distributed among individuals through energy meters. Users have cases

of consumption by individuals. In the process of this project we researched into the inconveniences

and limitations in the existing manual system for monitoring these systems and therefore embarked on

this project to solve the problems noticed. This project has demonstrated how to get a fully functional

embedded product for monitoring the status of an electrical power usage in households and

communicate the information to the user through software with minimal error conditions. This is

implemented through the utilization of a dedicated electronic circuit, microcontroller and its assembly,

and a graphical user interface installed at the consumer premises.

5.2 Recommendation

As a project work, the complete functionality was not attained within the designated period. Electrical,

Electronic and Computer engineering students are therefore entreated to embark on this project to make

it a final product to be delivered to individuals for installation for households and other type of
consumers. It is therefore recommended that special kits be designed by technicians to support such an

objective in diverse ways.

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