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Ijyfh_dhfie_dkhghf_ljbq_kdh_lbljh\Zgb_ 10
3.H[jZlgh_dhfie_dkhghf_ljbq_kdh_lbljh\Zgb_ 11
3.3.3. Dhfie_dkhghf_ljbq_kdh_lbljh\Zgb_aZf_klbl_ey 12
Bkihevah\Zgb_^jm]bodhfie_dkhgh\ 12
Hdbkebl_evgh\hkklZgh\bl_evgh_lbljh\Zgb_ 13
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4.2. Dhfie_dkhghf_ljbq_kdh_hij_^_e_gb_Zexfbgby 17
Ko_fZZgZebaZ 17
JZkqzlb\a\_rb\Zgb_gZ\_kdbh[jZapZ 17
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F_lh^bdZboh^hij_^_e_gby 18
AZdexq_gb_ 19
Kibkhdebl_jZlmju 20

1
 P_evjZ[hlu

P_evxgZklhys_cjZ[hluy\ey_lkydZq_kl\_ggucZgZebaijbjh^gh]hbebijhfure_g-
gh]h h[t_dlZ b hij_^_e_gb_ kh^_j`Zgby h^gh]h ba we_f_glh\ \oh^ysbo \ khklZ\ ^Zggh]h
h[t_dlZ

2
 DZq_kl\_ggucZgZeba

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H[jZa_p ij_^klZ\ey_l kh[hc kljm`db k_j_[jbklh]h p\_lZ lh _klv \_jhylgh y\ey_lky
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hkZ^hdhdjZr_g\dhjbqg_\ucp\_lIhwlhfmfh`ghij_^iheh`blvqlhZgZebabjm_fuch[t-
_dl ±wlhkieZ\h^gbfbahkgh\guodhfihg_glh\ dhlhjh]h y\ey_lky Zexfbgbc HklZlhd hl
jZkl\hj_gby \ szehqb iheghklvx jZkl\hjy_lky \  F HNO3. >Zevg_crbc ZgZeba ijhba\h-
^bekyihf_lh^bd_hibkZgghc\[1].

Kbkl_fZlbq_kdbcoh^ZgZebaZ

:gZeba ijh\h^beb ih ko_f_ ijb\_^zgghc \ur_ H[jZa_p bkke_^m_fh]h h[t_dlZ jZk-
l\hjbeb\ghfjZkl\hj_NaOH; ihemq_ggZy\uly`dZ[ueZhl^_e_gZhlhkZ^dZWlhlhkZ-
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3
 LZ[ebpZKbkl_fZlbq_kdbcoh^dZq_kl\_ggh]hZgZebaZh[t_dlZ

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‹ J_Z]_glu GZ[ex^_gby <u\h^u
h[t_dl JZkl\hj HkZ^hd

HkZ^hdg_\u- Al(III), Sn(II), Zn(II),

1. JZkl\hj Na2CO3 Hlkmlkl\m_l Ca —
iZ^Z_l Cr(III)
<uiZ^Z_l[_- <hafh`ghijbkmlkl- JZkl\hj3: Zn(II), HkZ^hd2: Al(III),
2. JZkl\hj NH4Cl
euchkZ^hd \b_$ObebSn Cr(III) Sn(II)
HCl, HkZ^hdg_\u-
3. JZkl\hj 3 Hlkmlkl\m_lZn Cr(III) —
(NH4)2Hg(SCN)4 iZ^Z_l
NaOH, H2O2, ^bn_- Hj]Zgbq_kdZy
4. JZkl\hj3 gbedZj[Zab^bah- nZaZhdjZr_gZ Hlkmlkl\m_lCr — —
Zfbeh\uckibjl \a_ezgucp\_l
<uiZ^Z_l[_-
5. HkZ^hd2 HCl, Hg(NO3)2 Ijbkmlkl\m_lSn Sn(II), Al(III) —
euchkZ^hd
HCl, ZebaZjbgh\uc
H[jZam_lky
6. HkZ^hd2 djZkgucNH3, Ijbkmlkl\m_l$O Sn(II), Al(III) —
djZkguceZd
CH3COOH
NH3 ^hpH = 5, Hj]Zgbq_kdZy Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II),
7. JZkl\hj KSCN, bahZfbeh- nZaZhdjZr_gZ Ijbkmlkl\m_l)H Mn(II), Cu(II), Cd, Mg, —
\uckibjl \djZkgucp\_l Hg(I), Ag, Pb(II)
NaF, NH3^hpH = 5, Hj]Zgbq_kdZy Fe(III), Ni(II), Mn(II),
8. JZkl\hj KSCN, bahZfbeh- nZaZg_hdjZ- Hlkmlkl\m_l&R Cu(II), Cd, Mg, Hg(I), —
\uckibjl r_gZ Ag, Pb(II)

4
 Fe(III), Ni(II), Cu(II),
JZkl\hj[_k-
9. JZkl\hj NaBiO3 Hlkmlkl\m_lMn Cd, Mg, Hg(I), Ag, —
p\_l_g
Pb(II)
NH3 ^hpH = 6, ^b- HkZ^hdg_\u- Fe(III), Cu(II), Cd, Mg,
10. JZkl\hj Hlkmlkl\m_l1L —
f_lbe]ebhdkbf iZ^Z_l Hg(I), Ag, Pb(II)
HkZ^hdg_\u- Hlkmlkl\mxlAg,
11. JZkl\hj HCl (1:4) Fe(III), Cu(II), Cd, Mg —
iZ^Z_l Pb(II), Hg(I)
<uiZ^Z_l
NH3 ^hpH = 5, <_jhylghijbkmlkl\m-
12. JZkl\hj [e_^gh`zeluc JZkl\hj5: Cd, Mg HkZ^hd4: Cu, Fe
Na2S2O3 _lCu
hkZ^hd
Na2HPO4, NH3 ^h HkZ^hdg_\u-
13. JZkl\hj5 Hlkmlkl\m_lMg Cd —
pH = 9 iZ^Z_l
HCl ^hpH = 0.5, HkZ^hdg_\u-
14. JZkl\hj5 Hlkmlkl\m_lCd — —
Na2S iZ^Z_l
HNO3 (6 M), <uiZ^_l[mjuc <_jhylghijbkmlkl\b_
15. HkZ^hd KX —
K4Fe(CN)6 hkZ^hd Cu
Ihy\ey_lkykb-
16. HkZ^hd HNO3 (6 M), NH3 g__hdjZrb\Z- Ijbkmlkl\m_lKX Cu —
gb_

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hq_gvg_[hevrbodhebq_kl\Zo`_e_ah

5
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<Z`ghchkh[_gghklvxZexfbgbyy\ey_lky_]hiZkkb\ZpbyjZkl\hjZfbZahlghcdbkehlu
dhlhju_ ke_^h\Zl_evgh g_ijb]h^gu ^ey jZkl\hj_gby H^gZdh Zexfbgbc jZkl\hjy_lky \h
fgh]bo ^jm]bo dbkehlZo ihwlhfm gZb[he__ ih^oh^ysbc j_Z]_gl ^ey jZkl\hj_gby kieZ\h\
Zexfbgby±kf_kvZahlghckheyghcb\hafh`ghk_jghcdbkehl<[2]mdZaZgke_^mxsbckh-
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HNO3 (kiehlghklvx]/kf3bfedhgp_gljbjh\ZgghcHCl. GZ]kieZ\Z[_jmlfelZ-
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kl\mxl ijh[e_fu \ kbevghs_ehqghc kj_^_ f_^v fh`_l h[jZah\u\Zlv ]b^jhdkhdhfie_dku

6
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dbkehlm g_cljZebamxl jZkl\hj ih bg^bdZlhjm ijbeb\Zxl Zahlgmx dbkehlm hij_^_ezgghc
dhgp_gljZpbb Z aZl_f ± guc wlZghevguc jZkl\hj hdkbobghebgZ < wlbo mkeh\byo k_-
e_dlb\gh \uiZ^Z_l hkZ^hd hdkbobghebgZlZ f_^b Z [hevrbgkl\h ^jm]bo dZlbhgu gZijb-
f_jAl, Fe, Ti, Mn, Ni, Co, Cd, Zn) g_h[jZamxlhkZ^dh\
<hafh`gh lZd`_ hl^_e_gb_ f_^b wdkljZdpb_c dmin_jhgZlZ kf  beb we_dljheb-
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lZxlkylhevdhAl, Be, j_^dha_f_evgu_s_ehqgu_bs_ehqgha_f_evgu_f_lZeeuMn [7].

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7
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8
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9
kheb L_f g_ f_g__ ljzo\Ze_glgu_ f_lZeeu hkZ`^Zxlky kh\f_klgh k Zexfbgb_f ihwlhfm
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ah\Zlv_]h\dZq_kl\_]jZ\bf_ljbq_kdhcnhjfu[3].

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ghklvlZdbof_lh^h\g_\ukhdZbgug_hgbihqlbg_ijbf_gyxlky [3].

3.3. Lbljbf_ljbq_kdb_f_lh^uhij_^_e_gbyZexfbgby
Ijyfh_dhfie_dkhghf_ljbq_kdh_lbljh\Zgb_[3].
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I:G±hdjZkdZjZkl\hjZbadjZkghci_j_oh^bl\`zelmxGZlhqghklvlbljh\Zgby\eby_lih-
jy^hd ijb]hlh\e_gby lbljm_fh]h jZkl\hjZ ± gZb[he__ lhqgu_ j_amevlZlu fh]ml [ulv ihem-
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[Z\e_gb_f mdkmkghc dbkehlu ^h jG  Ijb h[jZlghf ihjy^d_ g_cljZebaZpby dbkeh]h jZk-

10
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e_ggh j_Z]bjmxsbo k EDTA. <h \j_fy lbljh\Zgby ke_^m_l ih^^_j`b\Zlv jZkl\hj ijb l_f-
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fh_ lbljh\Zgb_ k bg^bdZlhjhf ]_fZlhdkbebghf Fh`gh lZd`_ hllbljh\Zlv Zexfbgbc ijb
pHkbg^bdZlhjhfojhfqbklh]hem[uf\ijbkmlkl\bbg_[hevrbodhebq_kl\f_^bKms_kl-
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klbk\yaZghkl_fqlhnlhjb^bhguki_pbnbqghjZajmrZxldhfie_dkhgZlZexfbgbyh[jZ-
amydjbhebl<f_klhdkbe_gheh\h]hhjZg`_\h]hfh`gh\dZq_kl\_bg^bdZlhjZbkihevah\Zlv
f_lbelbfheh\uckbgbcqlhijb\h^bldg_dhlhjhfmbaf_g_gbxagZq_gbyjGlbljh\Zgby[3].
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bkihevah\ZgbywlZgheZ^eym^_j`Zgby^blbahgZ\jZkl\hj_H^gZdhlhqghklvhklZzlkyg_hk-
ihjbfuf^hklhbgkl\hfLbljh\Zgb_k^blbahghfklhev`_fZehk_e_dlb\ghdZdbkdkbe_gh-

11
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\hkklZgh\bl_evghc iZju n_jjhpbZgb^±n_jjbpbZgb^ Ihke_ ^hklb`_gby dhg_qghc lhqdb
lbljh\ZgbybhgupbgdZk\yau\Zxln_jjhpbZgb^\fZehjZkl\hjbfh_kh_^bg_gb_\j_amevlZ-
l_ihl_gpbZehdbkebl_evgh\hkklZgh\bl_evghckbkl_fuih\urZ_lkyb[_gab^bghdbkey_lky
hdjZrb\ZyjZkl\hj<f_klh[_gab^bgZbpbZgb^guodhfie_dkh\fh`ghbkihevah\Zlv\ZjbZ-
fbgh\uckbgbcjh^Zgb^bkhev^\mo\Ze_glghcf_^b [3].
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nhkZebpbeh\hcdbkehlZfbLbljh\Zgb_ijh\h^yl\oheh^guojZkl\hjZoijbjG ±\h
ba[_`Zgb_\ul_kg_gbyZexfbgbybadhfie_dkhgZlZF_lh^fZehk_e_dlb\_gf_rZxl\k_f_-
lZeeuh[jZamxsb_dhfie_dkhgZlukW>L:, ZlZd`_pbZgb^nlhjb^nhknZlZgbhguk\y-
au\Zxsb_dZlbhguZexfbgby[3].
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ebf_^b\ijbkmlkl\bbI:GA^_kvdZdb\kemqZ_ijyfh]hlbljh\Zgby\ijbkmlkl\bbdhf-
ie_dkhgZlZf_^bkfdhg_qgZylhqdZlbljh\Zgbyhij_^_ey_lkyihbaf_g_gbxhdjZkdb
jZkl\hjZba`zelhc\djZkgmx[1].
<k_ f_lh^uijb\_^zggu_\ur_iha\heyxlijhba\h^blvh[jZlgh_ lbljh\Zgb_ Zexfb-
gby \ dbkehc kj_^_ H^gZdh lZdh_ lbljh\Zgb_ \hafh`gh b \ s_ehqghc kj_^_ ^ey wlh]h bk-
ihevamxl jZkl\hj kheb pbgdZ k bg^bdZlhjhf wjbhojhfqzjguf L Lbljh\Zgb_ ijh\h^yl gZ
oheh^m ^ey ij_^hl\jZs_gby h[jZah\Zgby dhfie_dkZ Zexfbgby k bg^bdZlhjhf F_lh^ fZeh
k_e_dlb\_gbh[uqghg_bkihevam_lky[3].

3.3.3. Dhfie_dkhghf_ljbq_kdh_lbljh\Zgb_aZf_klbl_ey
Lbljh\Zgb_ aZf_klbl_ey ijb hij_^_e_gbb Zexfbgby ihqlb g_ bkihevam_lky ?^bgkl-
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gZ^bclbljmxlW>L: c lZdbfbbg^bdZlhjZfbdZd^bn_gbedZj[ZahgibjhdZl_obgh\ucnbh-
e_lh\ucfhjbgdZjfbgh\ZydbkehlZK_e_dlb\ghklvf_lh^ZgbadZbk\yaZgZkl_fqlh\ZgZ-
^bc\ul_kgy_lkybak\h_]hdhfie_dkhgZlZfgh]bfbf_lZeeZfb

3.3.4. Dhfie_dkhghf_ljbq_kdh_lbljh\Zgb_kjZaebqgufbdhfie_dkhgZfb
Kj_^b hlebqguo hl W>L: dhfie_dkhgh\ ij_^eh`_gguo ^ey lbljh\Zgby Zexfbgby
gZb[hevr__ agZq_gb_ bf__l ^bZfbghpbdeh]_dkZgl_ljZmdkmkgZy dbkehlZ >PL:. HgZ
hq_gv [ukljh j_Z]bjm_l k Zexfbgb_f m`_ ijb dhfgZlghc l_fi_jZlmj_ b djhf_ wlh]h k
[hevrbgkl\hff_lZeeh\h[jZam_lg_kdhevdhbgu_dhfie_dkug_`_ebdhfie_dkhgZluW>L:.

12
GZijbf_jijblbljh\Zgbb>PL: \hafh`ghfZkdbjh\Zgb_f_^blbhfhq_\bghcZlZd`_hi-
j_^_e_gb_Zexfbgby\ijbkmlkl\bbojhfZb\ijbkmlkl\bb[hevrh]hdhebq_kl\ZojhfZlZg_
hdbkeyxs_]hdhfie_dkhg [3].

3.3.5Hdbkebl_evgh\hkklZgh\bl_evgh_lbljh\Zgb_
GZb[he__ jZkijhkljZgzgguc f_lh^ hdbkebl_evgh\hkklZgh\bl_evgh]h lbljh\Zgby
Zexfbgbyk\yaZgkhkZ`^_gb_fhdkbobghebgZlZAZl_fhkZ^hdjZkl\hjyxl\dbkehl_bhi-
j_^_eyxlhdkbobghebgkihfhsvx[jhfZlhf_ljbbbebbh^hf_ljbbMkeh\byk_e_dlb\gh]h
hkZ`^_gby hdkbobghebgZlZ Zexfbgby hibkZgu \  Ij_bfms_kl\hf ijbf_g_gby lbl-
jh\ZgbyZg_]jZ\bf_ljbby\ey_lkyf_gvrZyijh^he`bl_evghklvZgZebaZijblhc`_lhqgh-
klbhij_^_e_gby [7].
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gh\e_gb_ ^h Zjk_gblbhgZ b lbljh\Zgb_ ihke_^g_]h jZkl\hjhf bh^Z F_lh^ ^hklZlhqgh k_-
e_dlb\_g b lhq_g gh fZehijb]h^_g ^ey ZgZebaZ baaZ \ukhdhc lhdkbqghklb kh_^bg_gbc
furvydZ [3].

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f_lh^ugZijbf_jhkZ`^_gb_]b^jhdkb^ZZexfbgbyjZkl\hj_gb_\ba[uld_dbkehlublbl-
jh\Zgb_hklZldZdbkehluhkZ`^_gb_hkgh\gh]hdZj[hgZlZZexfbgby_]hihke_^mxs__jZk-
l\hj_gb_ \ klZg^Zjlghf jZkl\hj_ nhknhjghc dbkehlu b lbljh\Zgb_ jZkl\hjZ kh^_j`Zs_]h
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13
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l\hjZh[jZapZ\dbkehlZo

14
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=jZ\bf_ljbq_kdh_hij_^_e_gb_Zexfbgby
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mF 0,1⋅ 0,5292
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h[jZaphf] [xdkZ]
FZkkZ[xdkZkh[jZaphf]
1 23,5148 23,3554 FZkkZimklh]h[xdkZ]
FZkkZgZ\_kdb]
2 23,5151 23,3551
3 23,5149 23,3553

15
 F_lh^bdZjZkl\hj_gby
Lhqgh\a\_r_ggmxgZ\_kdmkieZ\Zi_j_ghkyl\obfbq_kdbcklZdZggZfeb^h[Z\-
eyxlkf_kvfedhgp_gljbjh\ZgghcHCl bfeFHNO3. Hklhjh`ghgZ]j_\Zxlijbih-
klhygghf i_j_f_rb\Zgbb ^h ij_djZs_gby \u^_e_gby ]ZaZ b ihegh]h jZkl\hj_gby h[jZapZ
AZl_fhoeZ`^ZxlbjZa[Z\eyxl\h^hc^hfe

F_lh^bdZboh^hij_^_e_gby
F_lh^bdZhij_^_e_gbybkke_^m_fucjZkl\hjgZ]j_\Zxlihqlb^hdbi_gby\\h^ylg_-
kdhevdh dZi_ev f_lbeh\h]h djZkgh]h b ba [xj_ldb ^h[Z\eyxl ih dZieyf jZkl\hj ZffbZdZ
^hbaf_g_gbyhdjZkdbbadjZkghc\`zelmx<h\j_fyijb[Z\e_gbyZffbZdZjZkl\hjg_-
ij_ju\gh i_j_f_rb\Zxl GZ]j_\Zxl jZkl\hj  fbg ^Zxl hlklhylvky hkZ^dm \ l_q_gb_ 
fbgbhlnbevljh\u\ZxlgZnbevlj©djZkgZye_glZªIheghklvxi_j_ghkylhkZ^hdgZnbevlj
b, ^h[Z\eyxl  F HCl, jZkl\hjyxl hkZ^hd gZ nbevlj_ kh[bjZy jZkl\hj \ qbkluc klZdZg
Ih\lhjyxlhi_jZpbxhkZ`^_gbyjZkl\hj\gh\vhlnbevljh\u\ZxlgZnbevlj©kbgyye_glZª
Ijhfu\ZxlgufjZkl\hjh\NH4NO3, g_cljZebah\ZggucZffbZdhfih f_lbeh\hfm djZk-
ghfm^_dZglZpb_c±jZaZi_j_ghkylhkZ^hdgZnbevljb\gh\vijhfu\Zxll_f`_jZkl\h-
jhf ^h hljbpZl_evghc j_Zdpbb gZ oehjb^bhgu ih jZkl\hjm AgNO3, ih^dbke_gghfm  F
HNO3) \ nbevljZl_. <hjhgdm k nbevljhf ihf_sZxl \ kmrbevguc rdZn b ke_]dZ ih^kmrb-
\Zxl hkZ^hd AZl_f nbevlj k hkZ^dhf ihf_sZxl \ ^h\_^zgguc ^h ihklhygghc fZkku ijb
l_fi_jZlmj_hdheh 0Klb]_evhklhjh`ghgZ]hj_ed_h[m]eb\Zxlnbevljihke_q_]hih-
f_sZxllb]_ev\fmn_evgmxi_qvbijhdZeb\Zxlqijbl_fi_jZlmj_hdheh 0KIjhdZ-
eb\Zgb_hkZ^dZih\lhjyxl^h^hklb`_gbyihklhygghcfZkku
<a\_rb\Zgb_lb]ey
FZkkZimklh]h FZkkZlb]eyk
‹
lb]ey] \_s_kl\hf]
FZkkZimklh]hlb]ey699]
1 12,3704 12,5429 FZkkZlb]eyk\_s_kl\hf2]
FZkkZAl2O3: 0,1723]
2 12,3700 12,5421
3 12,3699 12,5421

JZkqzlkh^_j`Zgby:
mAl = F ⋅ mAl2O3 = 0,5292 ⋅ 0,1723 = 0, 0912 ]
0, 0912
ω Al = 100% ≈ 57, 07%.
0,1598

16
 4.2. Dhfie_dkhghf_ljbq_kdh_hij_^_e_gb_Zexfbgby
Ko_fZZgZebaZ

JZkqzlb\a\_rb\Zgb_gZ\_kdb
Ijb[ebabl_evghkh^_j`Zgb_ZexfbgbyZexfbgby\kieZ\_±JZkl\hjm^h[ghkh-
[jZlv\f_jgmxdhe[mgZfedhgp_gljZpbybhgh\Zexfbgbyg_h[oh^bfZy^eydhfie_d-
khghf_ljbq_kdh]hlbljh\Zgbyk FIhwlhfmfZkkZgZ\_kdb
cVM Al 0, 04 ⋅ 0, 2 ⋅ 26,98154
g= 100 = 100 ≈ 0,3925 ]
P 55

<a\_rb\Zgb_gZ\_kdb
FZkkZ[xdkZk FZkkZimklh]h
‹
h[jZaphf] [xdkZ]
FZkkZ[xdkZkh[jZaphf]
1 23,8464 23,3569 FZkkZimklh]h[xdkZ]
FZkkZgZ\_kdb]
2 23,8465 23,3568
3 23,8464 23,3569

4F_lh^bdZjZkl\hj_gby
Lhqgh\a\_r_ggmxgZ\_kdmkieZ\Zi_j_ghkyl\obfbq_kdbcklZdZggZfeb^h[Z\-
eyxlfeghcszehqb. Hklhjh`ghgZ]j_\Zxlijbihklhygghfi_j_f_rb\Zgbb^hij_-
djZs_gby\u^_e_gby]ZaZIhemq_ggucjZkl\hjjZa[Z\eyxl\h^hc^h fe hlnbevljh\u-

17
\ZxlgZnbevlj_©[_eZye_glZªNbevljZlkh[bjZxl\f_jgmxdhe[mgZfeb^h\h^yl^h
f_ldbijbeb\ZyHCl (1:1).

F_lh^bdZboh^hij_^_e_gby
F_lh^bdZ Zebd\hlmfeihemq_ggh]hjZkl\hjZi_j_ghkyl\dhgbq_kdmxdhe[m^ey
lbljh\ZgbygZfe^h[Z\eyxlfeklZg^Zjlgh]hjZkl\hjZW>L:k ~ 0,05 FZp_lZl-
guc[mn_j^hpH bgZ]j_\Zxl\l_q_gb_fbgg_^h\h^y^hdbi_gbyD]hjyq_fmjZkl\hjm
^h[Z\eyxlg_kdhevdhdZi_ev]hwlZghevgh]hjZkl\hjZI:GblbljmxlklZg^ZjlgufjZk-
l\hjhfCuSO4 ^hi_j_oh^ZhdjZkdbba`zelhc\qbklhnbhe_lh\mx
J_amevlZlulbljh\Zgby
‹ V (CuSO4), fe
1 12,87 Kj_^gbch[tzfjZkl\hjZCuSO4, ihr_^rbcgZ
lbljh\Zgb_V = fe
2 12,98
3 12,92
4 12,90

JZkqzlkh^_j`Zgby
kKuSO4) =  F kW>L:   F ihwlhfm h[tzf W>L: hllbljh\Zgguc jZk-
c(CuSO 4 ) ⋅V (CuSO 4 ) 0, 02 ⋅12,91
l\hjhf CuSO4 khklZ\ey_l V1 = = ≈ 5, 23 fe  H[tzf W>L:
c(W>L:  
ihr_^rbcgZlbljh\Zgb_Al3+ khklZ\ey_l V2 = V0 − V1 = 15, 00 − 5, 23 = 9, 77 fe LZdbfh[jZahf

V2 ⋅ c (W>L: 9, 77 ⋅ 0, 04937
dhgp_gljZpbyZexfbgby\jZkl\hj_khklZ\beZ cAl = = ≈ 0, 0483 M.
V (Al3+ ) 10, 00
 fe ijb]hlh\e_ggh]h jZkl\hjZ kh^_j`Zeb mAl = cAl ⋅ V ⋅ M Al = 0, 0483 ⋅ 0, 2 ⋅ 26,98154 ≈

0, 2608
≈ 0, 2608 ] ω Al = 100 ≈ 53, 27%.
0, 4896

18
 AZdexq_gb_
<oh^_jZ[hluijh\_^zgdZq_kl\_ggucZgZebah[jZapZZlZd`_dhebq_kl\_ggh_hij_^_-
e_gb_ kh^_j`Zgby h^gh]h ba hkgh\guo dhfihg_glh\ IhdZaZgh qlh ZgZebabjm_fuc h[t_dl
y\ey_lky kieZ\hf Zexfbgby b f_^b k g_[hevrbfb ijbf_kyfb `_e_aZ b heh\Z Kh^_j`Zgb_
Zexfbgby\kieZ\_khklZ\ey_l
– ihj_amevlZlZf]jZ\bf_ljbq_kdh]hZgZebaZ
– ihj_amevlZlZflbljbf_ljbq_kdh]hZgZebaZ

19
 Kibkhdebl_jZlmju
1. Hkgh\uZgZeblbq_kdhcobfbbIjZdlbq_kdh_jmdh\h^kl\h/Ih^j_^X:Ahehlh\Z
F<ukrZyrdheZk
2. ;hdJF_lh^ujZaeh`_gby\ZgZeblbq_kdhcobfbbFObfbyk
3. Lbohgh\<G:gZeblbq_kdZyobfbyZexfbgbyFGZmdZk
4. >ufh\:FL_ogbq_kdbcZgZebajm^bf_lZeeh\FF_llZemj]ba^Zlk
5. =bee_j[jZg^<NE_g^_ev=W;jZcl=:=hnfZg>BIjZdlbq_kdh_jmdh\h-
^kl\hihg_hj]Zgbq_kdhfmZgZebamF=hkobfba^Zlk
6. Pbg[_j]KEAZ\h^kdZyeZ[hjZlhjbyL‹K±
7. RZjeh = F_lh^u ZgZeblbq_kdhc obfbb Dhebq_kl\_gguc ZgZeba g_hj]Zgbq_kdbo
kh_^bg_gbcQFObfbyk

20