5/11/2020

Strength of Material

National Institute of Transport-NIT

Beam Deflection
Delivered by:

By Mr. Lucas Chacha Mwita

Mechanical and Environmental Engineer
Email: classeshomeworks@gmail.com
Phone: +255 752 024 320

Beam Deflection
The Beams deflect from its original position when carries a point 𝐴 𝐵
load or uniform distributed load. 𝐶
The deflection causes a bending moment to a beam

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝐶
Beam position before loading
Beam position after loading
 5/11/2020

𝐷
Let, 𝑦 represents the beam deflection
The curvature radius of the
beam is given by,
Mathematically,
𝑂
𝑅 𝑅
𝜃 ∆
90° − 𝜃 𝐶 Slope = = tan 𝜃
𝑀 𝐸 ∆
𝐴 𝜃 𝐵 =
𝑦
𝐼 𝑅
𝐶 But if the deflection is very small,tan 𝜃 ≅ 𝜃
𝐿 𝐿
2 2

From the circle geometry, Since the deflection is very small, the square of the small quantity
may be negligible
𝐿 𝐿
𝐴𝐶 = 𝐶𝐵 = = 2𝑦𝑅
2 4
Similarly, 𝐿
𝑦=
8𝑅
𝐴𝐶 × 𝐶𝐵 = 𝐷𝐶 × 𝐶𝐶
From the curvature equation, the radius is given by,
𝐿 𝐿 𝐸𝐼
× = 2𝑅 − 𝑦 × 𝑦 𝑅=
2 2 𝑀
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝑀𝐿
= 2𝑦𝑅 − 𝑦 𝑦= = =
8𝑅 8 𝐸𝐼 8𝐸𝐼
4 𝑀
 5/11/2020

Relationship Between Slope, Deflection and Radius of Curvature

From ∆𝑂𝐶𝐴 or ∆𝑂𝐶𝐵

𝐴𝐶 𝐿⁄2 𝐿
sin 𝜃 = = =
𝐴𝑂 𝑅 2𝑅

𝐿 𝑀𝐿
sin 𝜃 = =
𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 𝐵
2× 𝐶
𝑀
𝑑𝜃 𝑅
Since, the angle is very small, tan 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 ≅ 𝜃 𝑅 𝑄
𝑑𝑠
𝑀𝐿 𝑃
𝜃≅ , 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
2𝐸𝐼 𝐴

Relationship Between Slope, Deflection and Radius of Curvature The moment equation,

𝑑 𝑦
𝑀 = 𝐸𝐼
𝑑𝑥
𝑄
𝑌 𝐶 Differentiating, the moment equation, we get the shear force, 𝑉
𝑑𝜃 𝑅 𝐵
𝑅 𝑄
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑀 𝑑 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = 𝐸𝐼 =𝑉
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑃 𝜃
𝐴
𝑑𝑥
𝑃
Differentiating, the shear equation, we get the, the rate of loading, 𝜔
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑥 𝑁
𝑑𝑉 𝑑 𝑦
𝜃 𝜃 + 𝑑𝜃 = 𝐸𝐼 =𝜔
𝑂 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑋
 5/11/2020

Deflection in a simply supported beam, carrying a point load at Deflection in a simply supported beam with an Eccentric Loading
the center.

𝑊𝑏𝑎 𝑊𝑎𝑏
𝜃 =− 𝑎 + 2𝑏 , 𝜃 = 𝑏 + 2𝑎
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑊𝐿 6𝐸𝐼𝐿 6𝐸𝐼𝐿
∴ = =− 𝑊𝑎𝑏
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 16𝐸𝐼 𝜃 = 𝑎−𝑏
3𝐸𝐼𝐿
𝑊𝐿 𝑊𝑏 ⁄ 𝑊𝑎 𝑏
deflection is downward, 𝑦 = ∴𝑦 ( ) = . 𝑎 + 2𝑎𝑏 , 𝑦 ( ) =
48𝐸𝐼 9 3. EI. 𝐿 3EI. 𝐿

Deflection in a simply supported beam carrying UDL Example 01

By the use of singularity function, write the loading, shear, and
bending moment equation for the given figure below. Find the
maximum deflection, slope at point 𝐴 and 𝐵.

20 𝑘𝑁 ⁄𝑚

𝑊𝐿
𝜃 =𝜃 =− 𝐴 X 𝐵
24𝐸𝐼
5
𝑦 =− 𝜔𝐿 𝐴 4𝑚 11𝑚 5𝑚
384
 5/11/2020

Example 02 Example 03
Using singularity function, write the loading, shear and the bending
Using singularity function, write the loading, shear and the bending
moment equation for the figure below. Find the slope and deflection as
moment equation for the figure below. Find the maximum deflection
the function of 𝑥 from the support 𝐴. Find the slope and deflection at
the midpoint, Use 𝐸 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎 and 𝐼 = 6.87 × 10 𝑚𝑚

Cantilevers Cantilever of length 𝑙 carrying a point load at the free end

Cantilever is a beam whose one end is fixed and the other end is
free.

To find the deflection along the cantilever beams, we can use the
two approach, i.e., segment method and singularity function.

𝑊𝐿
𝜃 =−
2𝐸𝐼

𝑊𝐿
𝑦 =−
3𝐸𝐼
 5/11/2020

Cantilever of length 𝑙 carrying a point load at a distance 𝑎 from the

fixed end Cantilever of length 𝑙 carrying a uniformly distribute load

𝑊𝑎
𝜃 =𝜃 =− 𝜔𝐿
2𝐸𝐼 𝜃 =−
𝑊𝑎 6𝐸𝐼
𝑦 =−
3𝐸𝐼 𝜔𝐿
𝑊𝑎 𝑦 =−
𝑦 =− 3𝐿 − 𝑎 8𝐸𝐼
6𝐸𝐼

Cantilever of length 𝑙 carrying a uniformly distribute load at a certain Cantilever of length 𝑙 carrying a uniformly distribute load at a certain
distance 𝑎 from the fixed end distance 𝑎 from the free end

𝜔𝑎 𝜔𝑎𝑏𝐿 𝜔𝑎
𝜃 =𝜃 =− 𝜃 =− , 𝜃 =− 3𝑏𝐿 + 𝑎
6𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼
𝜔𝑎 𝜔𝑎𝑏 𝜔𝑎
𝑦 =− 4𝐿 − 𝑎 𝑦 =− 4𝐿 − 𝑎 , 𝑦 = 8𝐿 − 6𝑎𝐿 + 𝑎
24𝐸𝐼 12𝐸𝐼 24𝐸𝐼
 5/11/2020

Cantilever of length 𝑙 carrying a uniformly triangular loading, zero at Cantilever of length 𝑙 carrying a uniformly triangular loading, zero at
the fixed end, maximum at the free end the free end, maximum at the fixed end

𝜔𝐿 𝜔𝐿
𝜃 =− 𝜃 =−
8𝐸𝐼 24𝐸𝐼
11𝜔𝐿 𝜔𝐿
𝑦 =− 𝑦 =−
120𝐸𝐼 30𝐸𝐼

Statically Indeterminate Beams Example 04

Statically indeterminate means the beam has more unknown forces. Determine the reactions at the supports as shown below. Find the
maximum bending moment, maximum deflection, slope at 𝐵 and a
To solve for unknown, other more equation is needed. point of inflection.

The structure is statically indeterminate, if the static equilibrium,

i.e., force, and moment equilibrium condition are not sufficient for
determining the internal forces and the reactions on the structure.

Statically indeterminate Beams are solved by the use of integration,

singularity and superposition method.
 5/11/2020

Example 05 Method of Superposition

The method of superposition is used to find the slope and deflection
Determine the reactions at 𝐴 and 𝐶. Find the deflection when 𝑥 = based on the principle of superposition, i.e., adding the effect of an
𝑎. What will be the values, if 𝑎 = individual loads.

The structure response should be linear. Linear means, the

relationship between load (causes) and the effect (deformation and
internal forces) is linear. It should follow the following requirement:

 The material should obey Hooke’s Law

 The deformation must be small enough so that their effect on the

geometry is negligible.

Example 06 Example 07
Compute the midspan value for a simply supported beam shown Compute the midspan value for a simply supported beam shown
 5/11/2020

Example 08 Application of Superposition to Statically

Indeterminate Beams
Determine the slope and deflection at point 𝐶. 𝐸𝐼 = 100 × 10 𝑁𝑚

The method of superposition is used to determine the reactions at

supports of statically indeterminate beams.

One of the reactions is designated as a redundant and modified or

eliminated according to the corresponding supports.

The redundant reaction is treated as an unknown load

The slope and deflection at the point where the support has been Example 09
eliminated or modified is obtained by

Determine the reactions at the supports for the prismatic beam shown
 Computing separately, the deformation caused by each loads,
and by the redundant reaction, and

 Superimposing the obtained results

Once the reactions at the support have been found, the slope and
deflection at any point can be determined
 5/11/2020

Example 10 Example 11
For the beam and loading shown, determine the slope and deflection For the uniform beam and loading shown, determined the reaction at
at point 𝐶 each support and slope at 𝐴.

Example 12 Example 13
For the uniform beam and loading shown, determined the reactions
and moments at the fixed ends For the uniform beam and loading shown, determined the reactions
and moments at the fixed ends
 5/11/2020

Example 14 Moment Area Method

For the uniform beam and loading shown, determined the reactions.
The moment area method is used to determine the slope and deflection
Find the slope and deflection at the support 𝐵 and 𝐶. Draw SFD and
at a specific location only.
BMD
It is a semi-graphical method, using area geometric properties under the
bending moment diagram.

The assumption remains the same that,

 The deformation after loading is within elastic range, resulting in

small slope and small displacement.

Consider beam 𝐴𝐵 subjected to some arbitrary loading From the geometry, we know that,
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑅𝑑𝜃
𝐴 𝐵
𝐶 𝐷
𝑦 𝐵 𝜃 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝜃 = … … … … … … (𝑖)
𝑀 𝑅
𝐸𝐼

𝐵 𝑥
From the bending moment, equation,
𝐴 𝐶 𝐷

𝐸𝐼
𝐴 𝐵
𝜃 𝑅= … … … … … … (𝑖𝑖)
𝐷
𝜃
𝐴 𝑀
𝜃

Combining equation (𝑖) and (𝑖𝑖), we get,

𝐶
𝑥
𝐴 𝐵
𝐴 𝐵
𝜃
𝑀
𝐷
/
𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑥
𝐶 𝐸𝐼
 5/11/2020

For the two arbitrary points 𝐶 and 𝐷, the slopes changes between points
𝜃 / = Area under 𝑀⁄𝐸𝐼 diagram between 𝐶 and 𝐷
𝐶 and 𝐷 are obtained through integration.

𝑀 𝑀 The total change of slope between 𝐶 and 𝐷 is equal to the area under
𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑥 𝜃 −𝜃 = 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼 𝑀⁄𝐸𝐼 diagram between 𝐶 and 𝐷.

 𝜃 and 𝜃 represents the slope at 𝐶 and 𝐷 respectively.  This is the first moment-area theorem.
 𝜃 − 𝜃 is the angle between tangents to the elastic curve of 𝐷 and
𝐶 respectively, denoted by 𝜃 /  State that “ the angle measured in radians, between the tangents at
any point on the elastic curve, is equal to the area under 𝑀⁄𝐸𝐼
∫ 𝑑𝑥 represents the area under diagram. diagram between these two points”.

Now consider two points 𝑃 and 𝑃 located between 𝐶 and 𝐷 and at The tangents to the elastic curve at 𝑃 and 𝑃 intercept a length
distance 𝑑𝑥 from each other. segment 𝑑𝑡 at the vertical from point 𝐶.

Since the slope at 𝑃 and the angle

𝐴
𝐶 𝑃 𝐷
𝐵 𝑦 𝐵 between 𝑃 and 𝑃 are both very
𝑃
small quantities, we assume that,
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑀
𝑑𝑡 𝑡
/
𝐸𝐼
 𝑑𝑡 is equal to the circle arc, of
(𝑑)
radius 𝑥 which subtends an
𝐵 𝑥
𝐴 𝐶 𝑃 𝑃 𝐷

𝐴 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐴 angle 𝑑𝜃
𝐵
𝐶 𝑃 𝐷
𝑃
𝑥 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑥 . 𝑑𝜃
𝑥
𝑑𝑡

𝐸
Recalling, 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑀⁄𝐸𝐼 . 𝑑𝑥
 5/11/2020

𝑀  𝑋 𝑀⁄𝐸𝐼 . 𝑑𝑥 represents an element first-moment area with

𝑑𝑡 = 𝑥 . . 𝑑𝑥
𝐸𝐼 respect to a vertical axis through 𝐶.
Integrating the above equation, between 𝐶 and 𝐷, is equal to the
vertical distance between 𝐶 and the tangent at 𝐷 ∫ 𝑥 . . 𝑑𝑥 represents the first-
moment area under 𝑀⁄𝐸𝐼 diagram
 This distance is denoted by 𝑡 / , and is read as the tangential between 𝐶 and 𝐷.
deviation of 𝐶 with respect to 𝐷
𝑀 𝑀 With respect to an axis, the first-moment
𝑑𝑡 = 𝑥 . . 𝑑𝑥 𝑡 −𝑡 = 𝑡 / = 𝑥 . . 𝑑𝑥 area is equal to the product of area and the
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼
distance from the centroid to that axis.
 𝑀⁄𝐸𝐼 . 𝑑𝑥 represents an element of area under the 𝑀⁄𝐸𝐼
𝑡 = (Area between 𝐶 and 𝐷) 𝑥
diagram /

Similarly, 𝑡 / denotes the tangential deviation of 𝐷 with respect to 𝐶

Mohr’s Theorem
The tangential deviation of 𝑡 / represents the vertical distance
between 𝐷 and the tangent 𝐶 in the elastic curve. The first and second moment areas are known as Mohr’s theorem.

This is a second-moment area theorem.

The first-moment area theorem, defines the angle 𝜃 / between the
“The tangential deviation 𝑡 / of 𝐶 with tangents in the elastic curve at the two points 𝐶 and 𝐷
respect to 𝐷 is equal to the first-moment with
respect to the vertical axis through 𝐶 of the
 The angle at 𝜃 (which is a tangent at 𝐷 forms with the horizontal,
area under the 𝑀⁄𝐸𝐼 diagram between 𝐶
i.e., slope at 𝐷) can be determined if the slope at 𝐶 is known.
and 𝐷”.
 5/11/2020

Similarly, the second-moment area theorem, defines the vertical We can only apply Mohr’s to the following cases:
distance of one point of the elastic curve from the tangent on the other
side.  Cantilever problem, i.e., zero slope at the fixed end
𝑃
 The tangential deviation, 𝑡 / will help us to locate point 𝐷, only if
we know point 𝐶
Tangent at 𝐷
𝐷
Therefore, we can apply the moment area theorems to determine the 𝑦 =𝑡 /
slope and deflection, only if a certain reference tangent to the elastic 𝐴
Reference Tangent
curve has been first determined. 𝜃 =𝜃 /

 Simply supported beam carrying symmetrical loading. Application of Bending Moment By Parts
𝑃 𝑃
The bending moment area is only applicable if the area under the
𝐴 𝐵
bending moment and its first moment area can be easily calculated.
𝐶
Horizontal
𝐴 𝐵 The bending moment diagram is divided into simple geometry shape
𝑦 =𝑡 / that have know area and centroidal coordinates to simply computations
𝐶 𝜃 =𝜃 /
Reference Tangent
 Triangles, rectangles, and parabola
𝐴 𝐵 𝑦
𝐷
 If the beam has several loadings, then its advisable to draw the
𝐶 𝑡 /

𝑡
bending moment by parts, and each bending moment diagram will
/
Reference Tangent 𝜃 =𝜃 /

represent the effect of one load.

 5/11/2020

For a simply supported beam

Construct the bending moment diagram for a simply supported beam as Example 15
follow:
 Calculate the reactions and consider them as the applied load Draw the bending moment by parts as shown below
 Introduce a fixed support at a convenient location. Roller support
being a good choice, but other option can also be more convenient
After the fixed support has been added, the beam can now treated as a
cantilever, and finally
 Draw the bending moment for each loading, the initial beam support
reactions. If possible fit all diagram in a single plot.
The positive bending moment are drawn above the x-axis and draw the
negative bending moment below the x-axis.

Example 16 Example 17

Determine the magnitude of the force 𝑃, so that the displacement at 𝐶 Find 𝜃 , deflection at 𝐷, 𝐶 and the maximum deflection. Take 𝐸𝐼 =
is zero. 20.48 × 10 𝑁𝑚
 5/11/2020

Example 18 Example 19
Find the slope and deflection at points 𝐵 and 𝐶 respectively. Use the For the prismatic beam and loading shown below, determine the
moment area method, verify the solution using the singularity deflection at 𝐶, 𝐸, 𝐷. Find the slope at 𝐴, 𝐷, 𝐵, 𝐸, and 𝐸 using the
method. moment area method. Find the maximum moment along the beam
support 𝐴𝐵.

Example 20 Example 21

Determine the deflection at 𝐶, 𝐸, 𝐷. Find the slope at 𝐴, 𝐷, 𝐵, 𝐸, and 𝐸 For the symmetrical loading shown, find the maximum deflection,
using the moment area method. Find the maximum moment along the and the slope at support 𝐴 and 𝐵.
beam support 𝐴𝐵.
 5/11/2020

Example 22 Example 23
For the beam and loading shown below, determined the magnitude of
For the symmetrical loading shown, find the maximum deflection, the largest defection. Use 𝐸 = 200 𝐺𝑃𝑎 and 𝐼 = 28.7 × 10 𝑚
and the slope at support 𝐴 and 𝐵.

Example 24 Example 25

For the beam and loading shown below, determine the deflection at For the beam and loading shown below, determine the reaction at 𝐵.
the end 𝐴 Find the slope at 𝐴, 𝐵, and 𝐶
 5/11/2020

We also know that,

Load Deflection Differential Equation 𝑑 𝑦
𝑀 = 𝐸𝐼
We know that, when a body is loaded it deform, and if the 𝑑𝑥
deformation is within the elastic limit, then a body will store energy The rate of change of bending moment is equal to the rate of shear
known as strain energy. force at the section.
𝑑 𝑦
Recall: 𝑑 𝐸𝐼
𝑑𝑀 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑦
𝑉= = = 𝐸𝐼
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑀 The rate of change of bending moment, is equal to The rate of change of shearing force is equal to the rate of loading, 𝑉 =
= −𝜔 = −𝑞 the rate of shear force at the section.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑦
𝑑𝑀 The rate of change of bending moment, is equal to the 𝑑 𝐸𝐼
𝑉= 𝑑𝑉 𝑑 𝑀 𝑑𝑥 𝑑 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 rate of shear force at the section. = = = 𝐸𝐼 = −𝜔
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Work done Conservative System

Work done is the force times perpendicular distanced moved in the When work is done by an external force on a certain system their
direction of the applied force. internal geometric states are altered in such a way that they have
potential to give back the equal amounts of work whenever they are
𝑊 = 𝐹 . 𝑑̅ 𝑠 = 𝐹 cos 𝜃 . 𝑑𝑠 returned to the their original configuration, such system is called
Where, “Conservative System”
According to Hooke’s law (1678)
𝐹 = Define the force vector
“the extension is proportional to the
𝑑̅ 𝑠 = Define displacement vector force”
𝜃 = Angle between 𝐹 and 𝑑̅ 𝑠 𝐹 ∝ 𝛿 𝐹 = 𝑘𝛿
Total Work done = ∫ 𝐹 . 𝑑̅ 𝑠 𝑘 is a constant factor called stiffness
 5/11/2020

Non-conservative System
A system is said to be non-conservative when the work done against it,
is not conserved by the body which is moved by the force.
Work done = 𝐹 × 𝑑𝛿
 The work done is not coverable, common example is frictional force.
𝛿 = 𝑘𝛿 × 𝑑𝛿 When a body is moved against friction, work is required to overcome
the friction. Friction is an opposing force, and the work done against
Total work done = ∫ 𝑘𝛿 × 𝑑𝛿 friction depends on the initial, final position and the length of the path
Before 1 traversed.
After 𝑈=𝑊 = 𝑘𝛿 =
2 The work is energy and cannot be lost. When the two bodies are rubbed
Stiffness is the extent to which an object resists deformation in response against each other, the heat is natural generated. And therefore the work
to an applied force done against friction force cannot be recoverable

Potential Energy: Conservative System

BLOCK
The work done on the system by the external applied forces will be
stored in the form of energy called “Potential Energy”

Potential Energy stored in the spring

is due to the action of force 𝐹
When the force is removed, the block will never return to it’s original
position (energy is not recoverable). This system is called “ non-
𝑈= 𝐹. 𝑑𝛿
conservative system”.
 5/11/2020

When the body is strained, the energy is absorbed in the body.

Resilience:
This energy absorbed in the body due to straining effect is called
strain energy. Is a total strain energy stored in a body

Straining effect may be due to:

 Gradually applied load
 Suddenly applied load or
 Load with impact
The strain energy will be stored in the
body when the load is applied
gradually, suddenly or with impact.
Whenever the strain energy is removed from strained body, the body
is capable of doing work.
Resilience can be defined as the capacity of a strained for doing
work on the removal of the strain force.

Proof Resilience: Modulus of Resilience:

Is a maximum strain energy stored in a body

Is defined as the Proof Resilience of a material per unit volume.

The strain energy stored in a body is maximum when the body is

stressed up to elastic limit. It is important property of the material.

Hence, proof resilience is the quantity of strain energy stored in a Modulus of resilience =
body when strained up to elastic limit.
 5/11/2020

𝑃
If the deformation is within the elastic limit, then the stress is directly 𝑃 𝑃
proportional to its strain. The type of system is called “Linear System” 𝛿 𝑃
𝑃 𝛿 𝛿
𝛿
𝛿
For nonlinearly elastic system, the stress is not direct proportional to its
strain. For the elastic bodies, the strain displacement become large.
𝑃
𝐴 Now, the total potential energy will be,
The total area under the curve represents
the total strain energy stored by the body 𝑈= 𝑃 . 𝑑𝛿 + 𝑃 . 𝑑𝛿 + 𝑃 . 𝑑𝛿 +. . 𝑃 . 𝑑𝛿
during deformation. The area 𝐴𝑂𝐵.
𝐵
𝑂 𝑑𝛿 𝛿
= 𝑃 . 𝑑𝛿

Complementary Energy The complimentary energy is given by,

When the point of application of a variable force 𝐹, undergo a
displacement 𝑠, then the work is known as complementary work.
𝐶𝐸 = 𝑈 ∗ = 𝛿. 𝑑𝐹
When the complimentary work is done on certain system their
internal force states are altered in a such away that they are capable
of giving up equal amount of complimentary work when they are Now, the total complimentary energy
returned to their original force states.
𝑃 𝐶 Complimentary Energy (𝐶𝐸) 𝑈∗ = 𝛿 . 𝑑𝑃 + 𝛿 . 𝑑𝑃 + 𝛿 . 𝑑𝑃 +. . 𝛿 . 𝑑𝑃
𝐴
𝑑𝐹
Strain Energy (𝑈)
(Work done on the system) = 𝛿 . 𝑑𝑃
𝐵
𝑂 𝑑𝛿 𝛿
 5/11/2020

The complimentary energy has no physical meaning, and is just for Recall:
mathematical convenience, defined in the year of 1889 by
"𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑖 𝐸𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟" For the strain energy on the body is,
𝑑𝑈
𝐶𝐸 = 𝑈 ∗ = 𝛿. 𝑑𝑃 𝑈= 𝑃. 𝑑𝛿 𝑑𝑈 = 𝑃. 𝑑𝛿 =𝑃
𝑑𝛿

Now, the total complimentary energy Differential of potential energy is a Load (Castigliano’s 1st theorem)
The partial derivative of the strain energy with respect to any
𝑈∗ = 𝛿 . 𝑑𝑃 + 𝛿 . 𝑑𝑃 + 𝛿 . 𝑑𝑃 +. . 𝛿 . 𝑑𝑃 displacement 𝛿 is equal to the corresponding force 𝑃 provided that the
strain energy is expressed as a function of the displacements.

= 𝛿 . 𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑈
=𝑃
𝑑𝛿

Non-linear Elastic Material

For the complimentary energy,
For non-linear elastic material, we assume load-deflection curve as
follow.

𝑑𝑈 ∗ Let, the load 𝑃 represented by

𝑈∗ = 𝛿. 𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑈 ∗ = 𝛿. 𝑑𝑃 =𝛿
𝑑𝑃
𝑃 = 𝑏𝛿

For strain energy, non-linearity is

Differential of complimentary energy is a deflection (Crotti-Engesser
theorem) 𝛿
𝑈= 𝑃. 𝑑𝛿 = 𝑏𝛿 . 𝑑𝛿 = 𝑏
𝑛+1
 5/11/2020

For complimentary energy, non-linearity is Linear Elastic Material

𝑃 For linear elastic material, 𝑛 = 1

𝑃 = 𝑏𝛿
𝛿=
𝑏 𝛿 𝛿 𝑑𝑈
𝑈=𝑏 =𝑏 = 𝑏𝛿 = 𝑃
𝑛+1 2 𝑑𝛿
𝑃 𝑛 𝑃 𝑛 𝑃 ×𝑃
𝑈∗ = 𝛿. 𝑑𝑃 = . 𝑑𝑃 = = 𝑑𝑈 ∗
𝑏
𝑏
𝑛+1
𝑏
𝑛+1 𝑈∗ = 𝛿 = = 𝑏𝛿 = 𝑃
𝑑𝛿
𝑑𝑈 𝑑𝑈 ∗ 𝑑𝑈 𝑑𝑈 ∗
∗
𝑛 𝑏𝛿 × 𝑏𝛿 𝑛𝑏 = = 𝑏𝛿 = 𝑃 = =𝛿
𝑈 = = 𝛿 𝑑𝛿 𝑑𝛿 𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑃
𝑛+1 𝑛+1
𝑏

If we consider a small increment ∆𝑃 to the load 𝑃 with other force Conclusion

remains fixed, the complementary energy at equilibrium will be For linear elastic material quantity of complimentary energy is equal to
changed to ∆𝑈 ∗ that of strain energy, 𝑈 ∗ = 𝑈
∆𝑈 ∗ For linear elastic materials, Crotti-Engesser theorem reduced to
∆𝑈 ∗ = 𝛿 ∆𝑃 =𝛿
∆𝑃
Castigliano’s second theorem, =𝛿
∆𝑈 ∗ 𝜕𝑈 ∗
lim → 0 , = =𝛿
∆ ∆𝑃 𝜕𝑃 𝑃 𝐶 Complimentary Energy (𝐶𝐸)
𝐴
𝛿 represents the deflection along force 𝑃
𝑑𝐹 Strain Energy (𝑈)
∗
, the partial derivatives are introduced instead of total derivative to (Work done on the system)
𝐵
show that only force 𝑃 is altered while other forces remains fixed. 𝑂 𝑑𝛿 𝛿
 5/11/2020

Castigliano’s theorem 2nd theorem (1873) The statement of the theorem

In case of external forces acting on a system subjected to deflection If the strain energy of a linearly elastic structure is expressed in terms
which are small, if the total complementary energy of the elastic system of the system of the external loads. The partial derivative of strain
is expressed in terms of the load, then the inline deflection at any energy with respect to a concentrated load is the deflection of the
particular loading point is obtained by differentiating 𝑈 ∗ with respect to structure at the point of application and in the direction of that load.
the load acting at that point.
𝜕𝑈 ∗ 𝜕𝑈 ∗ 𝜕𝑈
=𝛿 = =𝛿
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃
For a linear system, For the applied moment, Castigliano’s theorem can
PE, area under ∆𝐴𝑂𝐵 = CE, area under ∆𝐴𝑂𝐶 be valid for the applied moment, and resulting
∗
∗ rotations of the structure, = =𝜃
𝑈=𝑈

The potential energy is equal to the area under the curve

For Spring
1
𝑈 = 𝑃𝐸 = × 𝑃 × 𝛿 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑂𝐴𝐵
2 For spring, 𝐹 = 𝑘𝛿
1
𝑈 ∗ = 𝐶𝐸 = × 𝑃 × 𝛿 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑂𝐴𝐶 1
2 𝑈=𝑊 = 𝐹𝛿
2
The energy stored by the system due to the deformation, is called strain
energy. 1 𝐹
𝑈= 𝑘𝛿 =
𝜕𝑈 ∗ 𝜕𝑈 ∗ 2 2𝑘
=𝛿 =𝜃
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑈 𝐹
=
Moment creates rotation, while force causes deflection 𝜕𝐹 𝑘
 5/11/2020

For a uniform rod Elastic Energy for Elastic Body

𝑦 𝐶

𝑃 𝑃 𝐷 𝑑𝑦
𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑥
𝐿 𝐵

𝐿 + 𝛿𝐿 𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑥
𝑃𝐿 𝐴𝐸𝛿 𝐴
Longitudinal strain 𝛿= 𝑃= 𝑥
𝐴𝐸 𝐿 𝑂
𝑧
1 𝑃 𝐿 𝐴𝐸𝛿 𝜕𝑈 𝑃𝐿
𝑈 = 𝑃𝛿 = = = Consider an infinitesimal element of dimension shown above,
2 2𝐸𝐴 2𝐿 𝜕𝑃 𝐴𝐸
and let the element be subjected to normal stress 𝜎

𝛿𝑥 The force acting on the face 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷

= 𝜎 . 𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑧 = 𝜎 . 𝑑𝐴

The strain in the x-direction

𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝛿
∈ = = 𝛿 =∈ . 𝑑𝑥
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑥

For the linear deformation, 𝜎 ∝ ∈

𝛿𝑥 Hence the average force on the element is equivalent to the work done
or strain energy stored by the element due deformation caused by an
Lateral contraction external applied force.
 5/11/2020

Elastic Energy for Elastic Body due to shear

1 1
𝑑𝑈 = 𝑃𝑑𝑥 = × 𝜎 . 𝑑𝑦. 𝑑𝑧 ×∈ . 𝑑𝑥 𝑃
2 2 𝐵 ∆𝑙 𝐵 𝐶 ∆𝑙 𝐶
𝐺 𝐹
1 1 𝑑𝑧 𝑃 ∅ ∅
𝑑𝑈 = . 𝜎 ∈ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = 𝜎 ∈ 𝑑𝑉 𝐵 𝐶
2 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦
The total energy for the entire element, is obtained by integrating the 𝐸
above equation, 𝐴 𝐷
𝐷 𝑃
𝐴 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1
𝑈= 𝜎 ∈ 𝑑𝑉
2
The rectangular block, Length, 𝑑𝑥, Height, d𝑦, and breadth 𝑑𝑧

The shear stress 𝜏 is

1 1
𝑑𝑈 = 𝑃𝑑𝑥 = × 𝜏 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 × 𝜙 . 𝑑𝑦
𝑃 2 2
𝜏 = 𝑃=𝜏 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥. 𝑑𝑧
1 1
𝑑𝑈 = . 𝜏 𝜙 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = 𝜏 𝜙 𝑑𝑉
Deflection Φ is 2 2
∆
tan 𝜙 = =
For the entire beam, we have,
For a very small angle, tan 𝜙 ≅𝜙 𝛿𝐿 = 𝜙 . 𝑑𝑦
1
If the shear force is applied gradually, then the average load will be 𝑈= 𝜏 𝜙 𝑑𝑉
2
equal to
 5/11/2020

For all six components of stress acting on the body, the strain energy is, The strain Energy due to Torsion
1
𝑑𝑈 = 𝜎 ∈ +𝜎 ∈ +𝜎 ∈ +𝜏 𝜙 + 𝜏 𝜙 + 𝜏 𝜙 𝑑𝑉 1
2 𝑈= 𝜏 𝜙 𝑑𝑉
2
For the total strain energy,
1 The shear strain is given by, 𝜙 =
𝑈= 𝜎 ∈ +𝜎 ∈ +𝜎 ∈ +𝜏 𝜙 + 𝜏 𝜙 + 𝜏 𝜙 𝑑𝑉
2 The shear stress due to torsion, 𝜏 =
1 𝑇𝑟
𝑈= 𝜎 ∈ +𝜎 ∈ +𝜎 ∈ +𝜏 𝜙 +𝜏 𝜙 +𝜏 𝜙 𝑑𝑉
2 𝜏 𝐽 𝑇 𝑟 𝑇
𝑈= 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑥. 𝑟 𝑑𝐴
2𝐺 2𝐺 2𝐺𝐽 2𝐺𝐽
For plane strain or stress (𝑥𝑦 - plane)
1 𝑇 𝑇
𝑈= 𝜎 ∈ +𝜎 ∈ +𝜏 𝜙 + 𝑑𝑉 𝑈= × 𝐽 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥
2 2𝐺𝐽 2𝐺𝐽

The strain Energy due to pure bending The strain Energy for both bending and shear
1 𝑀 𝑇
𝑈= 𝜎 ∈ 𝑑𝑉 𝑈= 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑈 +𝑈
2 2𝐸𝐼 2𝐺𝐽
If the deformation is within the elastic limit, ∈= For slender members the contribution of the 𝑈 is always negligible as
1 𝜎 𝜎 compared to 𝑈 . Hence it is common practice to neglect the
𝑈= 𝜎 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑉 contribution of the shear energy due to the transverse shear stress.
2 𝐸 2𝐸
If the slender member carries a force 𝑓(𝑥), a twisting moment 𝑇(𝑥)
For the pure bending, stress is given by, 𝜎 = and the bending moment 𝑀 (𝑥), then the total shear energy is,
𝑀 𝑦 𝑀 𝑀 𝐹 𝑇 𝑀
𝑈= 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 . 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑈= 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
2𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐼 2𝐸𝐴 2𝐺𝐽 2𝐸𝐼
 5/11/2020

As per Castigliano’s 1st and 2nd theorem Example

1st theorem:
A cantilever of uniform section carries a point load at the free end. Find
𝜕𝑈 ∗
𝜕𝑈 the strain energy stored by the cantilever and hence calculate the
= =𝛿 deflection at the free end.
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑃

2nd theorem

𝑀 𝜕𝑈 𝑀 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑈 𝑀 𝜕𝑀
𝑈= 𝑑𝑥 =𝛿= 𝑑𝑥 =𝜃= 𝑑𝑥
2𝐸𝐼 𝜕𝑃 𝐸𝐼 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑀 𝐸𝐼 𝜕𝑀

Example Example

A cantilever of length 𝐿 carries a uniformly distributed load of 𝜔 per A simply supported beam of span 𝐿 carries a point load 𝑊 at the mid-
unit run. Find the strain energy stored by the cantilever. span. Find the strain energy stored by the beam, and the center
deflection
 5/11/2020

Example Example

A beam of length 𝐿 is simply supported at its ends. The beam carries a Find the deflection and the slope at the free end of a cantilever carrying
uniformly distributed load of 𝜔 per unit run over the whole span. Find a concentrated load at the free end. Assuming uniformly flexural
the strain energy stored by the beam. rigidity

Example Example

Find the deflection and the slope at center of a cantilever carrying a Find the central deflection of a simply supported beam carrying a
concentrated load at the free end. Assuming uniformly flexural rigidity concentrated load at mid span. Assume uniform flexural rigidity. Find
the slope at 𝐴 and 𝐵.

Example
Find the deflection and slope at point 𝐷 for a simply supported beam
carrying a concentrated load at mid span. Assume uniform flexural
rigidity.
Example
A cantilever of length 𝐿 carries a uniformly distributed load of 𝜔 per
unit run. Find the slope and deflection at point 𝐶
5/11/2020
Example
A cantilever of length 𝐿 carries a uniformly distributed load of 𝜔 per
unit run. Find the slope and deflection at point 𝐵
Example
A beam of length 𝐿 is simply supported at its ends. The beam carries a
uniformly distributed load of 𝜔 per unit run over the whole span. Find
the deflection at the mid point.
 5/11/2020

Example Example

A simply supported beam carries a point load 𝑊 eccentrically on the

Find the deflection and slope at point 𝐶 . Given 𝐸 = 232 ×
span. Find the deflection under the load. Assume uniformly flexural
10 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚 , 𝐼 = 8.789 × 10 𝑚
rigidity. Find the slope at 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶

Fixed Beams For a fixed beam, the slope 𝜃 & 𝜃 and deflection 𝑦 & 𝑦 are zero at
both ends.
Fixed beams, are the beams that are prevented from rotation at both
ends. Sometimes called encastre or built-in beams.

𝜔 ⁄𝑚 𝑀 𝑃 𝑀
𝑀 𝑀 𝑎 𝑏
𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵
For a fixed beam, the end moments are not zero 𝑀 ≠ 0 & 𝑀 ≠ 0
𝐿 𝐿
To set the slope back to zero, 𝑀 acts anti-clockwise while 𝑀 acts
Fixed Beam carrying Fixed Beam clockwise
udl over the entire length carrying an eccentric loading The slopes are zero, because at the ends the deflection curve is
horizontal
 5/11/2020

For Fixed Beams For a Simply Supported Beams

MOMENT DIAGRAM MOMENT DIAGRAM
2000 3500

1500
3000
1000
500 2500

0
2000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
-500
-1000 1500

-1500 1000
-2000
500
-2500
-3000 0
-3500 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

SLOPE DEFLECTION
SLOPE SLOPE 0.0006 0.0002
0.0002 0.0002 0
0.0004 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0.00015 0.00015 -0.0002

-0.0004
0.0001 0.0001 0.0002
-0.0006
0.00005 0.00005
0 -0.0008
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0 0 -0.001
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 -0.0002
-0.00005 -0.00005 -0.0012

-0.0014
-0.0001 -0.0001 -0.0004
-0.0016
-0.00015 -0.00015
-0.0006 -0.0018

-0.0002 -0.0002

For a simply supported beams, deflection and moments are zero at both If the bending moment diagram for a fixed beams are well defined,
ends, but slopes are not zero at the ends. then the area method is adopted to find the slope and deflection along
the beam.
But if the loading is not well defined, then we use singularity or
integration method to find the slope and deflection along the beam
length.
We use area method to find the moments at the fixed ends and apply
singularity or integration method to find the slope and deflection at any
point along the fixed beam.
Sometime, singularity alone is enough the end moments, slope and
deflection for the entire beam upon various loading condition.
 5/11/2020

𝑃 𝑃
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
The Bending Moment for Fixed Beams 𝐴 𝐶 𝐷 𝐵 (i) Fixed Beam

To understand better the effect of the vertical loading on the fixed 𝑃 𝑃

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
beam, then divide the beam into two segments using the principle
(ii) Simply Supported Beam under loading
of superposition. 𝐴 𝐶 𝐷 𝐵
𝐿

 Simply Supported Beam under vertical loadings 𝑀 𝑀

𝐴 𝐵 (iii) Simply Supported Beam under BM only
𝐿
 Simply Supported Beam under subjected to end moments only

The effects are obtained by drawing the two moments or combine A = Reaction at A for a simply supported beam under vertical loading
the moments on the same side of base 𝐴𝐵
B = Reaction at B for a simply supported beam under vertical loading
 Assuming 𝑃 > 𝑃 and 𝑀 > 𝑀 A = Reaction at A for a simply supported beam under bending moment only
𝐺
B = Reaction at B for a simply supported beam under bending moment only
M = Fixed end moment at A
𝐻 + 𝐹 M = Fixed end moment at B

− R A = Ay − A′y R B = By +By′
𝐸 𝑀
− The reactions due to vertical loading A & B are easily found
𝑀
But the reactions due to due to bending moment A & B are
𝐴 𝐶 𝐷 𝐵
Resultant BMD easily found only if M & M are known to us.
 5/11/2020

To find M & M , let us assume

Using superposition, the resultant moment at any section from 𝐴 is,
 𝑀 the BM due to the vertical loading at any section and a distance
𝑥 from 𝐴 𝐵𝑀𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝑀𝑥 − 𝑀𝑥′

But we know that, the bending moment is given by,

𝑑2 𝑦
𝐵𝑀 = 𝐸𝐼
𝑑𝑥 2

Combine the two equations, we have,

𝑑2 𝑦
 𝑀𝑥′ the BM due to end moments at any section and a distance 𝑥 from 𝐸𝐼 = 𝑀𝑥 − 𝑀𝑥′
𝐴 𝑑𝑥 2

𝐿
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 ∫0 𝑀𝑥 𝑑𝑥 represents the area of BM diagram due to vertical loading
𝐸𝐼 = 𝑀𝑥 − 𝑀𝑥′ 𝐸𝐼𝑑 = 𝑀𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑀𝑥′ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐿
∫0 𝑀𝑥′ 𝑑𝑥 represents the area of the BM diagram due to end moments.
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 Let:
𝐸𝐼𝑑 = 𝑀𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑀𝑥′ 𝑑𝑥 𝐸𝐼 = 𝑀𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑀𝑥′ 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑑𝑥 0 0 𝑑𝑥 0 0 0
𝑎 = represents the area of bending moment diagram due to vertical
loading
But represents the slope and for the fixed ends, slopes are zero.
𝐿 𝐿 𝑎′ = represents the area of bending moment diagram due to end
𝐸𝐼 𝜃𝑎𝑡 𝑥=𝐿 − 𝜃𝑎𝑡 𝑥=0 = 𝑀𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑀𝑥′ 𝑑𝑥 moments
0 0
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 Then, we have,
𝐸𝐼 0 − 0 = 𝑀𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑀𝑥′ 𝑑𝑥 𝑀𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑀𝑥′ 𝑑𝑥 = 0
0 0 0 0 𝑎 = 𝑎′
 5/11/2020

𝐿
Multiply the equation below by 𝑥 on both sides, we have, 𝑑2 𝑦
𝐸𝐼 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥̅ 𝑎 − 𝑥̅ ′ 𝑎′
𝑑2 𝑦 0 𝑑𝑥 2
𝐸𝐼 = 𝑀𝑥 − 𝑀𝑥′
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑2 𝑦
The value of 𝑥 is modified to:
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦
𝐸𝐼 𝑥 2 = 𝑥𝑀𝑥 − 𝑥𝑀𝑥′ 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑥 + −
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Multiply again the equation by 𝑑𝑥 on both side and integrate, we have,
𝐿
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝑑𝑦
𝑑2 𝑦 𝐸𝐼 𝑥 −𝑦 = 𝑥̅ 𝑎 − 𝑥̅ ′ 𝑎′
𝐸𝐼 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑀𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑀𝑥′ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑑𝑥 0 0 0

𝐿 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥𝑀𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥̅ 𝑥𝑀 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥̅ ′ 𝑎′ 𝐸𝐼 𝑥 −𝑦 − 𝑥 −𝑦 = 𝑥̅ 𝑎 − 𝑥̅ ′ 𝑎′
0
𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑥=𝐿
𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑥=0

𝐸𝐼 𝐿𝜃𝐵 − 𝑦𝐵 − 0 ∗ 𝜃𝐴 − 𝑦𝐴 = 𝑥̅ 𝑎 − 𝑥̅ ′ 𝑎′ Example

For the fixed ends, 𝜃 = 0, 𝜃 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 0,

Find the fixed end moments for a fixed beam carrying a point load at
the center. Find the deflection and slope equation along the beam.
𝑥̅ 𝑎 − 𝑥̅ ′ 𝑎′ = 0 𝑥̅ 𝑎 = 𝑥̅ ′ 𝑎′
𝐿 𝐿
𝑊
But, if 𝑎 = 𝑎 , then we have, 2 2
𝐴 𝐵

𝐿
𝑥̅ = 𝑥̅ ′
 5/11/2020

Example Example

Find the fixed end moments for a fixed beam carrying an eccentric Find the fixed end moments for a fixed beam carrying a udl over the
point load. Find the deflection and slope equation along the beam. entire length. Find the deflection and slope equation along the beam.

𝑊 𝜔
𝑎 𝑏
𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵

𝐿 𝐿

Example
Find the fixed end moments for a fixed beam carrying a udl at a given
distance from 𝐴. Find the deflection and slope equation along the beam.
Example
Find the fixed end moments for a fixed beam with ends at different
levels. Find the deflection and slope equation along the beam.

𝜔
𝐴 𝐵
𝑎 𝑏
𝐿
 5/11/2020

Continuous Beams For a continuous simply supported beams, 𝑀 = 𝑀 = 0

Continuous Beams are the beams supported on more than one

support.

But for the continuous fixed beams, 𝑀 ≠ 0 , 𝑀 ≠ 0

The dotted lines shows the deflection curve when the beam is
subjected to an external system of loading, at point 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷 and 𝐸

Let us cut the beam into four segment as shown below Combing the two simply supported beams, we have,

After the cut, the beam is now divided into four simply supported
beam carrying udl over the entire length
Two simply supported beams equals to continuous beam
 5/11/2020

Consider span 𝐵𝐶, the resultant bending moment at any section at a

Assuming, 𝑀 > 𝑀 , and 𝑀 > 𝑀 𝐿 𝐿 distance 𝑥 from 𝐵 is (use principle of superposition)
𝑥̅ 𝑥̅
𝐵𝑀𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝑀𝑥 − 𝑀𝑥′
BM diagram due to vertical loads 𝑀 + +
But we know that, the bending moment is given by,
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥̅ 𝐺 𝑥̅ 𝑑2 𝑦
𝐻 𝐹 𝐵𝑀 = 𝐸𝐼
𝑀 𝑑𝑥 2
BM diagram due to support moments 𝑀 𝑀 − − 𝑀

𝐵 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐶 𝐷 Combine the two equations, we have,

+ +
− 𝑑2 𝑦
Resultant BM diagram 𝑀
− 𝑀 − 𝐸𝐼 = 𝑀𝑥 − 𝑀𝑥′
𝑀
𝑑𝑥 2
𝐵 𝐶 𝐷

Multiply the bending moment equation by 𝑥 on both sides, we have, 𝑑2 𝑦

The value of 𝑥 is modified to:
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦
𝐸𝐼 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑀𝑥 − 𝑥𝑀𝑥′ 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑥 + −
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Multiply by 𝑑𝑥 and integrate for the entire length, 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 𝐿 , we get,
𝑑𝑦
𝑑 𝑦 𝐸𝐼 𝑥 −𝑦 = 𝑥̅ 𝑎 − 𝑥̅ 𝑎
𝐸𝐼 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑀 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑀 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 0
𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝐸𝐼 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥̅1 𝑎1 − 𝑥̅1′ 𝑎1′ 𝐸𝐼 𝑥 −𝑦 − 𝑥 −𝑦 = 𝑥̅ 𝑎 − 𝑥̅ 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑥=
𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑡 𝑥=0
0
 5/11/2020

𝑥̅ ′ = Centroidal distance of area 𝐵𝐶𝐺𝐻

𝐸𝐼 𝐿 𝜃 − 𝑦 − 0∗𝜃 −𝑦 = 𝑥̅ 𝑎 − 𝑥̅ 𝑎
𝐿1 𝑀𝐵 + 2𝑀𝐶
𝑥̅1′ =
For the fixed ends, 𝜃 ≠ 0, 𝜃 ≠ 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 3 𝑀𝐵 + 𝑀𝐶
Now, substituting the value of 𝑎 and 𝑥̅ , we get,
𝐸𝐼𝐿 𝜃 = 𝑥̅ 𝑎 − 𝑥̅ 𝑎
𝐿1 𝑀𝐵 + 2𝑀𝐶 𝐿1
𝐸𝐼𝐿1 𝜃𝐶 = 𝑥̅ 𝑎1 − ∗ 𝑀𝐵 + 𝑀𝐶
3 𝑀𝐵 + 𝑀𝐶 2
𝑎′ represents the area of BM diagram due to support moments which is
equal to the area of trapezium, 𝐵𝐶𝐺𝐻 𝐿21 𝑀𝐵 + 2𝑀𝐶
𝐸𝐼𝐿1 𝜃𝐶 = 𝑥̅1 𝑎1 −
6
𝐿1
𝑎1′ = 𝑀𝐵 + 𝑀𝐶 6𝑥̅1 𝑎1
2 6𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐶 = − 𝐿1 𝑀𝐵 + 2𝑀𝐶
𝐿1

Similarly, consider segment 𝐷𝐶 and take 𝐷 as the origin and 𝑥 is 6𝑥̅1 𝑎1 6𝑥̅2 𝑎2
− 𝐿1 𝑀𝐵 + 2𝑀𝐶 + − 𝐿2 𝑀𝐷 + 2𝑀𝐶 = 0
positive to the right. 𝐿1 𝐿2

6𝑥̅2 𝑎2 6𝑥̅1 𝑎1 6𝑥̅2 𝑎2

6𝐸𝐼 −𝜃𝐶 = − 𝐿2 𝑀𝐷 + 2𝑀𝐶 𝐿1 𝑀𝐵 + 2𝑀𝐶 + 𝐿2 𝑀𝐷 + 2𝑀𝐶 = +
𝐿2 𝐿1 𝐿2

The slope at 𝐶 due to span 𝐷𝐶 is negative, since the direction of 𝑥 from 6𝑥̅1 𝑎1 6𝑥̅2 𝑎2
𝑀𝐵 𝐿1 + 2𝐿1 𝑀𝐶 + 𝑀𝐷 𝐿2 + 2𝐿2 𝑀𝐶 = +
𝐵 for span 𝐵𝐶 and from 𝐷 for span 𝐷𝐶 are in opposite direction 𝐿1 𝐿2

Adding the two equations, we get, 6𝑥̅1 𝑎1 6𝑥̅2 𝑎2

𝑀𝐵 𝐿1 + 2𝑀𝐶 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 + 𝑀𝐷 𝐿2 = +
𝐿1 𝐿2
6𝑥̅1 𝑎1 6𝑥̅2 𝑎2
6𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐶 − 6𝐸𝐼𝜃𝐶 = − 𝐿1 𝑀𝐵 + 2𝑀𝐶 + − 𝐿2 𝑀𝐷 + 2𝑀𝐶
𝐿1 𝐿2 The above equation is called Clapeyron’s equation
 5/11/2020

𝐴 𝐶
𝐵
𝑥̅ 𝑥̅

BM diagram due to vertical loads + +

𝐴
Special Case: Continuous simply 𝐿
𝐵
𝐿
𝐶

supported beam carrying uniformly distributed load. 𝐻

𝐺
𝐹
− 𝑀
BM diagram due to support moments 𝑀 − 𝑀

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶

+ +
−
Resultant BM diagram 𝑀
− 𝑀 −
𝑀
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶

𝑀 =
1
𝜔 𝐿 +𝜔 𝐿
Slope Deflection Equation
8𝐿
The slope deflection equation is the method used to analyze
𝜔 𝐿 − 2𝑀 structural beams and frame.
𝐴𝑦 =
2𝐿
The method relates the rotation of an element to the total moment at
𝜔2 𝐿22− 2𝑀𝐵 either end, i.e., rotation at the ends and rigid body rotation.
𝐶𝑦 =
2𝐿2 In statically indeterminate structure, the beam axis rotates due to
support yielding, and this would induce reactions and stresses in the
𝜔 𝐿 +𝜔 𝐿 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 𝑀𝐵
𝐵 = + structure.
2 𝐿1 𝐿2
Hence, the beam fixed end moment (FEM) are related to rotation,
Find the reactions if 𝐿 = 𝐿 = 𝐿 and 𝜔 = 𝜔 = 𝜔 applied loads, and beam axes rotation.
 5/11/2020

The slope deflection equation involves the system of equation End moments that are applied
by the rest of the structure past
Arbitrary External Loading between 𝐴 and 𝐵
which need to be equilibrium solved. the cut

Equilibrium equation relates the equation of each nodes, and the

𝑀
unknowns are the rotation and translation for the nodes.
𝑀 𝐴 𝐵
 First, find the expression for the moment at each end of a random 𝐿
member in an indeterminate structure in terms of the translation Beam Cut Beam Cut

and rotation of the nodes, and Beam continues left and right past cut
+ +
+
 Finally, consider the effect of vertical loading, i.e., udl or point
+ Unknown reactions (positive counterclockwise)
loads along the member length.
(Not internal moment sign conversion ) Not this one

Structural portion 𝑀
based on positive
sing convention
𝑀 means moment is applied at node 𝐴 the member 𝐴𝐵 𝐵
𝜓
𝜃
𝜃 𝜃
𝑀 means moment is applied at node 𝐵 the member 𝐵𝐴
Δ
𝜃
The first letter 𝐴 & 𝐵 represents the nodes that the moment is 𝜓 Chord Rotation

applied to, and the second letter 𝐵 & 𝐴 represents the second nodes 𝐴 𝐵
at the other end of the beam. 𝑀
𝐿 +
+ +
All counterclockwise moments will be considered positive, whereas
negative to all clockwise moments + Unknown reactions (positive counterclockwise)
(Not internal moment sign conversion ) Not this one
 5/11/2020

Consider ∆𝐴𝐵𝐵 𝑀 𝐴 X 𝐵
Δ
tan 𝜓 = 𝐿
𝐿
𝑀 𝑀
For a very small rotation ,tan 𝜓 = 𝜓 𝐴 = 𝐵 =
𝐿 𝐿
Δ For 𝑡 /
𝜓=
𝐿 2𝐿
The relative rotation between the beam end and the chord at point 𝐴 is, 𝐴
3 𝐵 𝑡 /
Δ
𝜃𝐴,𝑟𝑒𝑙 = θ𝐴 − 𝜓 = θ − 𝑡
𝐿 /
Similarly, at point 𝐵 𝑀 𝜃 𝜃
Δ 𝐸𝐼 𝐿 𝐴 𝐵
𝜃 ,𝑟𝑒𝑙 = θ − 𝜓 = θ − For 𝑡 /
𝐿 3

𝐴 X 𝐵 𝑀

𝐴 X 𝐵
𝐿
𝑀 𝑀 𝐴 𝐿 𝐵
𝐴 = For 𝑡 𝐵 =
𝐿 /
𝐿 For 𝑡
𝐿 /
𝑥̅
3 𝑀 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴 𝐵
𝑥̅
𝐸𝐼 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
𝑥̅
𝑡 / 𝑡 /

𝑡 / 𝐴 𝑡 /
𝐴 𝐵 𝑥̅
𝑥̅
𝐵
2𝐿
𝑥̅
3
For 𝑡 / For 𝑡 /
 5/11/2020

So there will be three different rotations at each end, that will add up to
the total rotation at each end based on superposition principle.
𝜃𝐴,𝑟𝑒𝑙 = 𝜃𝐴,𝑟𝑒𝑙1 + 𝜃𝐴,𝑟𝑒𝑙2 + 𝜃𝐴,𝑟𝑒𝑙3
𝜃𝐵,𝑟𝑒𝑙 = 𝜃𝐵,𝑟𝑒𝑙1 + 𝜃𝐵,𝑟𝑒𝑙2 + 𝜃𝐵,𝑟𝑒𝑙3
The tangential deviation of 𝐴 with respect to 𝐵 and tangential deviation
(𝑎) Moment in Portion due to End Moment 𝑀 (𝑏) Moment in Portion due to End Moment 𝑀 of 𝐵 with respect to 𝐴 due to end moment 𝑀 are,
𝐿
𝑥̅𝐴 ∫0 𝑚 𝑑𝑥 𝐿 1 𝑀𝐴𝐵 𝑀𝐴𝐵 𝐿2
𝑡𝐴/𝐵 = = ∗ ∗𝐿∗ =
(𝑐) Moment in Portion due to arbitrary external
𝐸𝐼 3 2 𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼
loading between 𝐴 and 𝐵 (assuming no moments 𝐿
restrained at the ends) 𝑥̅𝐵 ∫0 𝑚 𝑑𝑥 2𝐿 1 𝑀𝐴𝐵 𝑀𝐴𝐵 𝐿2
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 = = ∗ ∗𝐿∗ =
𝐸𝐼 3 2 𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼

𝑀𝐴𝐵 𝐿2 𝑀𝐵𝐴 𝐿2
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 𝑀𝐴𝐵 𝐿 𝑡𝐵/𝐴 𝑀𝐵𝐴 𝐿
𝜃𝐴,𝑟𝑒𝑙1 = = 3𝐸𝐼 = 𝜃𝐴,𝑟𝑒𝑙2 =− = 6𝐸𝐼 = −
𝐿 𝐿 3𝐸𝐼 𝐿 𝐿 6𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐴𝐵 𝐿 2
𝑡𝐴/𝐵 𝑀𝐴𝐵 𝐿 𝑀𝐵𝐴 𝐿2
𝜃𝐵,𝑟𝑒𝑙1 = − = − 6𝐸𝐼 = − 𝜃𝐵,𝑟𝑒𝑙2 =
𝑡𝐴/𝐵
= 3𝐸𝐼 =
𝑀𝐵𝐴 𝐿
𝐿 𝐿 6𝐸𝐼 𝐿 𝐿 3𝐸𝐼
Similarly, tangential deviation of 𝐴 w.r.t 𝐵 and tangential deviation of
Finally, tangential deviation of 𝐴 w.r.t 𝐵 and tangential deviation of 𝐵
𝐵 w.r.t 𝐴 due to end moment 𝑀𝐵𝐴 are
w.r.t 𝐴 due to external loading between the end nodes 𝐴 and 𝐵 are
𝐿
𝑥̅𝐴 ∫0 𝑚 𝑑𝑥 2𝐿 1 𝑀𝐵𝐴 𝑀𝐵𝐴 𝐿2 𝑡𝐵/𝐴𝑒𝑥𝑡
𝑡𝐴/𝐵 = = ∗ ∗𝐿∗ = 𝜃𝐴,𝑟𝑒𝑙3 = −
𝐸𝐼 3 2 𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼 𝐿
𝐿
𝑥̅𝐵 ∫0 𝑚 𝑑𝑥 𝐿 1 𝑀𝐵𝐴 𝑀𝐵𝐴 𝐿2 𝑡𝐴/𝐵𝑒𝑥𝑡
𝑡𝐵/𝐴 = = ∗ ∗𝐿∗ = 𝜃𝐵,𝑟𝑒𝑙3 =
𝐸𝐼 3 2 𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 𝐿
 5/11/2020

Now, the total relative rotation at both nodes are, Similarly,

𝑀𝐴𝐵 𝐿 𝑀𝐵𝐴 𝐿 𝑡𝐵/𝐴𝑒𝑥𝑡 𝜃 ,𝑟𝑒𝑙 =θ −𝜓

𝜃𝐴,𝑟𝑒𝑙 = − −
3𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 𝐿 𝑀 𝐿 𝑀 𝐿 𝑡 /
θ −𝜓 =− + +
𝑀𝐴𝐵 𝐿 𝑀𝐵𝐴 𝐿 𝑡𝐴/𝐵𝑒𝑥𝑡 6𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼 𝐿
𝜃𝐵,𝑟𝑒𝑙 = − + +
6𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼 𝐿 The task is to find the moment 𝑀 and 𝑀 in terms of nodal
translation and rotation by solving the two equation simultaneously
But, we already know that,
𝑀 𝐿 𝑀 𝐿 𝑡 /
𝜃𝐴,𝑟𝑒𝑙 = θ𝐴 − 𝜓 θ −𝜓 = − −
3𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 𝐿
𝑀 𝐿 𝑀 𝐿 𝑡 / 𝑀 𝐿 𝑀 𝐿 𝑡 /
θ𝐴 − 𝜓 = − − θ −𝜓=− + +
3𝐸𝐼 6𝐸𝐼 𝐿 6𝐸𝐼 3𝐸𝐼 𝐿

After, solving simultaneously equation, the final equation becomes.

2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐴𝐵 = 2θ𝐴 + θ𝐵 − 3𝜓 + 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐴𝐵
𝐿
2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝐵𝐴 = θ𝐴 + 2θ𝐵 − 3𝜓 + 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝐵𝐴
𝐿

The general equation is written as,

2𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝑖𝑗 = 2θ𝑖 + θ𝑗 − 3𝜓 + 𝐹𝐸𝑀𝑖𝑗
𝐿
Where 𝑖 stands near a node and 𝑗 stand for far nodes.