Characterization Pressure and Temperature Influenc

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CHARACTERIZATION, PRESSURE, AND TEMPERATURE INFLUENCE ON THE

COMPRESSIONAL AND SHEAR WAVE VELOCITY IN CARBONATE ROCK
Article · May 2012
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International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET Vol: 9 No: 10 80
CHARACTERIZATION, PRESSURE, AND TEMPERATURE INFLUENCE ON

THE COMPRESSIONAL AND SHEAR WAVE VELOCITY
IN CARBONATE ROCK
Jarot Setyowiyoto 1) and Ariffin Samsuri *)
Department of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering,

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
Abstract performance is slightly changed when

temperature increase from 28.73 oC to 62.07
o
C, generally both Vp and Vs value become
Rock characterization and acoustic lower. The results can be used for better
wave velocity analysis are very important seismic analysis performance, correspond to
stage in the petroleum reservoir increase hydrocarbon discovery from the
characterization and seismic exploration. carbonate rock in the future.
Meanwhile carbonate rocks are worthy of
attention since they contain at least 40% of
the world’s known hydrocarbon reserve and Keywords: Acoustic wave velocity; Carbonate
have some complexity in porosity, lithology rock; Petrophysic properties; Pressure and
facies and acoustic wave behavior. This temperature.
paper present detail relationship between
porosity and permeability, effect of pressure *) Corresponding author: Prof. Dr. Ariffin
and temperature to the acoustic wave Samsuri , Email address: ariffin@utm.my
Tel : +60122105171
parameters such as compressional and
shear wave velocities. Data collected 1) Permanent Address: Department of
includes petrography analysis, SEM image, Geological Engineering, Faculty of
detail core description, and laboratory Engineering, Gadjah Mada University,
experimental of acoustic wave velocities Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Email address:
measurements in variation of overburden j_setyowiyoto@yahoo.com
pressure and temperature. Some acoustic
wave parameters were simulated as close as
possible to the reservoir conditions. Based
on the petrophysical data and acoustic wave
measurement, the porosity is the main
controlling factor of acoustic wave
parameter. A plot of porosity versus velocity 1. Introduction
displays a clear inverse trend to porosity
which an increasing of porosity resulting in With the rapid development in seismic
decreasing of velocity. In addition, exploration and petroleum reservoir
increasing of permeability will results in characterization, detailed studies on acoustic
decreasing velocity value. The overburden wave velocity and its controls parameters
pressure causes compaction, porosity such as pressure and temperature are getting
reduction and increasing in velocity. This more attention. There are some researches
95510-9393 IJET-IJENS @ International Journals of Engineering and Sciences IJENS

focused on igneous rocks, sandstones, and sediments so that velocity inversions with
unconsolidated carbonate sediments but few increasing depth are common.
on carbonate rocks or core.
Reference [6] reported the effect of
Carbonate rock result mainly from temperature and pressure on sonic wave
biochemical and biological processes in velocities in sandstone. They showed that
warm shallow marine and lacustrine sonic velocity in the liquid saturated
environments and prone to rapid and sandstone increases with increased pressure
pervasive diagenetic alterations that change and decreasing velocity with increased
the mineralogy and pore type within temperature. Reference [7] investigated the
carbonate rocks. It is volumetrically a most effect of pressure on compressional and
significant part of the geological record and shear wave velocity in modern carbonate
possesses much of the fossil record of life on sediment and rock. They concluded that the
this planet. Their deposition involves a more wave velocities increase with increasing
complex suite of processes than many other pressure. More over, reference [8]
sediment types [1]. researched on the effect of pressure and
temperature to the acoustic wave velocity in
They hold more than half of the world’s marble and calc-schist. They reported that
petroleum reserves. However geophysical the velocity includes compressional and
applications in carbonate reservoirs are less shear waves will increase with increasing
mature and abundant than those associated pressure and decrease with increased
with siliciclastic reservoirs. It because temperature.
carbonate reservoirs offer unique
geophysical challenges with respects to The objective of this study includes detail
reservoir characterization and are relationship among pressure, temperature,
notoriously more difficult to characterize and petrophysisc parameters such as
than siliciclastic reservoirs [2]. Adding porosity and permeability to the acoustic
complexity to reservoir quality prediction is wave parameter, i.e compressional and shear
that carbonate which producing organism wave velocity in Miocene carbonate core
have evolved through time [3]. taken from around 2800 meter deep.
Carbonate diagenetic processes continuously

modify the pore structure to create or
destroy porosity. Cementation diagenetic 2. Method and Data Collection
processes for instance are prone to reduce
porosity while dissolution will enlarge Twenty one carbonate core samples have
porosity. All these modifications will effect been prepared for analysis of detail core
seismic wave velocity such as description, petrophysic, petrography, and
compressional wave velocity and shear Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).
wave velocity [4]. Twelve cylindrical core-plug samples from
those were analyzed in the Wave Inversion
Pressure and temperature strong influence in and Subsurface Fluid Imaging Research
determining the acoustic velocity in rocks. Laboratory to obtain the value of
Reference [5] has measured Vp and Vs on compressional wave velocity (Vp) and shear
unconsolidated carbonate mud to completely wave velocity (Vs) in variation of
lithified limestones under variable confining overburden pressure, pore pressure and also
and pore-fluid pressures. They reported that temperature. Some acoustic wave
pure carbonate rocks show, unlike parameters were simulated as close as
siliciclastic or shaly sediments, little direct possible to the reservoir conditions.
correlation between acoustic properties (Vp
and Vs) with age or burial depth of the

The samples were cleaned in methanol and Microscopy (SEM) analysis, it has identified
dried in a vacuum oven at 85oC for period of seven carbonate rock types.
twenty-four hours and than saturated with
brine/formation water of 16,271.67 mg/liter.
The acoustic velocity measurement on the 3.1.1 Bedded Large Forams Grainstone
carbonate samples have been performed
under brine saturated conditions at Large forams grainstone in general is a
frequencies of about 10 Hz, the overburden grayish white in colour. Inclined parallel
pressure range from 50 – 460 bar, the pore bedding indicated by changes in sediment
pressure range from 40-400 bar, and grain size may represent considerable
temperature range from 28-57oC. These periods of time when there was little
procedures were run in Wave Inversion and deposition, and then tilted due to endogenic
Subsurface Fluid Imaging Research uplifting force. The grain size ranges from
Laboratory, Institute Technology of 0.52mm – 1.8mm, dominantly point type
Bandung. grain contact, moderately sorted and mostly
abraded (rounded). It is composed mainly of
Petrographic analysis was undertaken on all skeletal grains such as large forams and red
the cores which had been impregnated with algae, and associated with minor amount of
araldite resin to maintain the existing natural echinoid, bryozoans, brachiopods, and
porosity and staining for carbonate minerals indeterminate bioclast. Pore system is
with solution of Alizarin Red-S. The dominated by vuggy porosity, some
carbonate coloration given by this staining is intercrystalline and intragranular pore types.
as follows; pink color for calcite, bluish pink Fig. 1, detail petrography analysis shows
to blue for ferroan calcite, dark blue to a grainstone mainly consist of large
greenish blue for ferroan dolomite and forams (C-I, 5-6; C-G, 2-4; K-L, 8-9)
unstained for dolomite. and less of red algae (F-G, 8-9; J-M, 6;
A-B, 4-5).
In order to obtain an understanding of
diagenetic fabrics, particularly clay and
micrite, and their roles with respect to
3.1.2 Cross-Bedded Large Foram
reservoir quality, SEM-EDX analysis was
Grainstone
also conducted. The samples were cleaned
using organic solvents and ultrasound
The carbonate rock of this type in general is
treatment, then were broken to create fresh
light grey to grey, commonly grainstone
surface and mounted on10 mm Cu-stub.
texture. Cross bedding sedimentary
They were air brushed free of dust and other
structures were observed in this rock. This
contaminants, placed under vacuum
sedimentary structure indicated that there
overnight to remove most remaining
are changes of flow velocity or depth during
volatile, and electrostatically coated with
their deposition. The grains size range 0.22
both carbon and gold alloy.
mm - 3.75 mm, point type grain contact, and
moderately sorted and mostly abraded
(rounded). This rock contains commonly
3. Results and Discussion
large forams, and less of red algae,
echinoderms, small benthonic forams,
3. 1 Rock Characterization
planktonic forams, and bryozoan. Moldic
pore type is dominant, mostly filled by
Detail descriptions of the carbonate core
mosaic calcite cement type which is
samples include rock texture, sedimentary
overgrowth on some echinoderms grains.
structure, composition and fossil content had
Diagenetic processes include micritization
been analyzed. Supported by integrated
petrography and Scanning Electron

of grains; also fill intraparticle voids and

cause reducing porosity.
3.1.5 Mollusc Corraline Rudstone

3.1.3 Red Algal Packstone
This rock type is dark grey in colour, has
Generally, the red algal packstone to grain-supported fabric, moderate sortation,
floatstone is grey in colour. Minor grain size range from 1.8mm – 6.2mm ,
discontinous thin laminae of detrital clay mostly abraded and point type grains. The
and carbonaceous materials are present in main composition of this rock is molusc and
this rock. The grain size ranges from 0.3 mm corral fragments and benthic forams. Other
- 3.75 mm, mostly abraded. Grain to grain components are forams and undetermined
contact is dominated by floating type and bioclasts. Calcite-sparite and micrite of
some of them are point type. Composition of carbonate mud distributed in the rock as
the rock is predominantly red algae and pore filling of vuggy and intercrystalline
larger forams. Other grain constituents are porosity are formed by recrystallization
minor amount of echinoderms, brachiopods, process.
coral debris and indeterminate bioclasts. The
porosity type is predominantly mouldic and
interparticle pores which are mostly filled by 3.1.6 Corraline Rudstone
calcite cement type. Detail petrography
analysis as shown in Fig. 2 reveals a In general this rock type is dark grey in
packstone mainly consist of red algae colour, has grain supporting fabric, grain
(D-I, 6-7; A-C, 6-9) and some of large size range from 0.14mm – 5.71mm, poor to
forams (A-F, 3-4; C-I, 4-5). moderate sortation and point type grain, and
dominantly the grains were abraded. Other
components are brachiopods, red algae, and
benthic forams. Porosity is dominated by
3.1.4 Bioclastic Grainstone
mouldic and vuggy pore types. Some of
them filled by carbonate mud and grain that
In general the rock type is light grey in
are underwent micritization process.
colour, common grainstone texture. The
rock shows grains-supported fabric, grain
size range from 0.8mm – 3.2mm, moderate
3.1.7 Red Algae Floatstone
sortation, abraded and point type grains as
shown in Fig. 3. Petrography analysis as
This rock type is dark grey in colour, has
presented in Fig. 4 reveal that the main
grain size ranging from 0.5mm – 11.42mm,
composition of this carbonate is
poor sortation, and dominantly the grains
indeterminate bioclasts grains / fragments
were abraded and floating in the mud
that is underwent neoformism diagenetic
carbonate, predominantly consists of red
changed into calcite-sparite and micrite.
algae fragments and undetermined
Other components are mollusk fragments
bioclastics. Other components are
and benthic forams. Petrography analysis
micritization of forams. Carbonate mud and
reveals that the forming of calcite-sparite
calcite sparite are underwent micritization
and micrite due to neomorfism diagenetic
and fill some of the porosity that is
process (A-D, 4-9; G-M, 1-9; photo A).
dominated by mouldic and intercrystalline
Calcite cement (G-M, 1-5; photo B) and
pore type.
calcite-sparite of carbonate mud (A-M, 1-9;
Foto B) are present in the rocks as pore
filling of intercrystalline pore types.

3.2 Correlation between Porosity and pressure increase from 50 Bar to 460
Permeability Bar. The overburden pressure causes
compaction, porosity reduction and
Correlation between porosity and increasing in velocity. This performance
permeability as shown in Fig. 5 show that
is slightly changed when temperature
porosity is directly proportional to the
permeability. The increasing of porosity
increase from 28.47 oC to 57.10 oC,
results in increasing permeability. All of the generally both Vp and Vs value become
carbonate samples studied show lower. The Vp increases with range from
heterogeneity in porosity and permeability 3480 m/s to 3820 m/s and Vs values
related to the preburial factors of range from 1780 m/s to 1950 m/s (Fig.
depositional texture and diagenesis process, 9).
including the compaction and creation of Fig. 10 shows that when pore
mouldic or vuggy porosity by leaching [5]. pressure increase from 40 Bar to 400
Bar, Vp decreased with range from 3950
m/s to 3600 m/s, and Vs also decreased
3.3 The Effect of Pressure on the slowly with range from 2015 m/s to
Acoustic Wave Velocity
1850 m/s. This behavior changed when
Fig. 6 shows the effect of overburden temperature increase from 28.47 oC to
pressure to the compressional wave velocity. 57.10 oC. Generally both Vp and Vs
Generally, the velocity increases with value become lower. The Vp decreased
increasing pressure. From the graph it can be with range from 3910 m/s to 3480 m/s
analyzed that velocity drastically increases and Vs values slightly decreased from
with pressure (3650 m/s to 3900 m/s) in the 1965 m/s to 1780 m/s (Fig. 11).
low pressure range (50 bar to 200 bar),
because the thinnest pores close at low
pressures and the compacted rocks will have
higher acoustic velocity. Further increasing 3.5 The Effect of Porosity and
of pressure in the higher pressure range has Permeability to the Acoustic Wave
less effect on the velocities because cracks Velocity
may have already been closed [4]. The effect
of overburden pressure to the shear wave Velocity is strongly dependent on
velocity is relatively similar to the rock-porosity [4]. A plot of porosity
compressional wave velocity. Fig. 7 versus compressional wave velocity (Vp), as
demonstrates shear velocity drastically shown in Fig. 12 displays a clear inverse
increases (1840 m/s to 1940 m/s) even in the trend; an increase in porosity from (5% to
lower pressure range (50 bar to 200 bar). At 20%) will resulting a decrease in velocity
higher pressure range, the velocities are from 4500m/s to 2000m/s. Increasing
slightly more gradually constant. porosity will create a mount of pore space
that cause slow of acoustic velocity [9]. For
the shear wave velocity (Vs), as illustrated
3.4 The Influence of Pressure and in Fig. 13 also demonstrated a clear inverse
Temperature on Acoustic Wave trend; an increase in porosity (5% to 20%)
Velocity will resulting a decrease in velocity
(2300m/s to 1000m/s).
Fig. 8 shows that Vp increases The same phenomenon also occurs in
range from 3660 m/s to 4100 m/s, and the correlation between permeability and
Vs also increases slowly with range from acoustic wave velocity. Fig. 14 shows an
1840 m/s to 2020 m/s when overburden increase in permeability (1.8mD to 10.2mD)

will cause a decrease in velocity from [2]. W. Dong, A. Tura, and G. Sparkman,
4600m /s to 2000m /s. For the shear wave An introduction - Carbonate geophysics.
velocity (Vs), as illustrated in Fig. 15 also The Leading Edge Journal. Society of
demonstrated a clear inverse trend; an Exploration Geophysics (SEG), 2003, pp.
increase in permeability (5% to 20%) will 637 – 638.
caused a decrease in velocity from 2300mD
to 1000mD. [3] J. L. Wilson, Carbonate Facies in
Geologic History, Springer-Verlag,
Newyork, 1975, pp. 471.
Conclusion [4]. Z. Wang, and A. Nur, Aspects of

Rockphysics in Seismic Reservoir
The porosity and permeability are the main Surveillance, Reservoir Geophysics, Edited
factor in determining acoustic wave velocity by Robert E. Sheriff, SEG, Tulsa,
in carbonate rocks. An increase in porosity Oklahoma, 1992.
and permeability will decrease in velocity
both compressional and shear waves. [5]. F. S. Anselmetti, and G. P. Eberli,
Velocity is also strong influenced by Rocks and Rock Properties: Control on
pressure and temperature. Increasing Sonic Velocity in Carbonates. The Leading
Edge Journal. Society of Exploration
overburden pressure will result in
Geophysics (SEG), 1993.
increasing of velocity, on the other hand
increasing of pore pressure produce [6]. S. A. Mobarak, and W. H. Somerton,
decreasing of velocity and increasing The Effect of Temperature and Pressure on
temperature will also resulting in Wave Velocities in Porous Rock, Fall
decreasing of velocity. Meeting Alternate, SPE 3571, 1971.
[7]. G. P. Eberli, G. T. Baechile, F. S.

Anselmetti, and M. L. Incze, Factors
Acknowledgments Controlling Elastic Properties in Carbonate
Sediments and Raocks, The Leading Edge,
We wish to thank Pertamina for their 2003, pp. 654-660.
permission to publish these data and
Laboratory of Wave Inversion and [8]. R. Punturo, H. Kem, R. Cirrincione, P.
Subsurface Fluid Imaging Research, Institut Mazzoleni, A. Pezzino, P- and S-wave
Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia for seiscore velocities and densities in silicate and
analysis, and we also extend our thanks to calcite rocks from the Peloritani Mountain,
IRPA Malaysia. Sicily (Italy): The effect of pressure,
temperature and the direction of wave
propagation, Journal of Tectonophysics,
Vol. 409, Elsevier, 2005, pp. 55-72.
[9]. J. H. Schon, Physical Properties of

Rocks: Fundamentals and Principles of
References Petrophysic, Vol. 18, Elsevier Science Ltd.
Oxford. U.K, 1996.
[1]. M. E. Tucker, V. P. Wright, and J. A.
D. Dickson, Carbonate Sedimentology,
Blackwell Science, UK, 2001.

Fig. 1. Core (A) and petrography analysis (B) of bedded large forams grainstone.

Fig. 2. Core (A) and petrography analysis (B) of red algal packstone.
Fig. 3. Bioclastic grainstone.

Fig. 4. Petrography analysis of bioclastic grainstone.
12
y = 0.5661x - 2.3622
10
R2 = 0.8342
Permeability (mD)
2 por vs. perm

Linear (por vs. perm)
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Porosity (%)
Fig. 5. Correlation between porosity and permeability.

4200
y = 221.59Ln(x) + 2719.2
4100
R2 = 0.9092
4000
Vp (m/s)
3900
3800
3700
Vp (m/s)
3600 Log. (Vp (m/s))
3500
0 100 200 300 400 500
Overburden pressure (bar)
Fig. 6. Effect of overburden pressure to the compressional wave velocity.
2050
2000 y = 82.469Ln(x) + 1498.7

R2 = 0.9591
Vs (m/s)
1950
1900
1850 Vs (m/s)
Log. (Vs (m/s))
1800
0 100 200 300 400 500
Fig. 7. Effect of overburden pressure to the shear wave velocity.

4200
4100
4000
Vp (m/s)
3900
3800
3700
3600
Vp at 28.47 degC
3500 Vp at 57.10 degC
3400
0 100 200 300 400 500
Fig. 8. The effect of overburden pressure to compressional wave velocity in different

temperatures.
2050
2000
1950
Vs (m/s)
1900
1850
Vs at 28.47 degC
1800
Vs at 57.10 degC
1750
0 100 200 300 400 500
Fig. 9. The effect of overburden pressure to shear wave velocity (Vs) in different
temperatures.

4000
3900
3800
Vp (m/s)
3700
3600
Vp at 28.47 degC
3500 Vp at 57.10 degC
3400
0 100 200 300 400 500
Pore pressure (bar)
Fig. 10. The effect of pore pressure to compressional wave velocity in different
temperatures.
2050
2000
1950
Vs (m/s)
1900
1850
Vs at 28.47 degC
1800
Vs at 57.10 degC
1750
0 100 200 300 400 500
Pore pressure (bar)
Fig. 11. The effect of pore pressure to shear wave velocity in different temperatures.

5250
4500
3750
y = -147.15x + 5400.5
Vp (m/s)
3000
R2 = 0.9126
2250
1500
Vp (m/s)
750
Linear (Vp (m/s))
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Porosity (%)
Fig. 12. Cross plot between porosity and compressional wave velocity.
2500
2000
y = -61.423x + 2584.7
Vs (m/s)
1500
R2 = 0.7969
1000
Vs (m/s)
500
Linear (Vs (m/s))
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Porosity (%)
Fig. 13. Cross plot between porosity and shear wave velocity.

5000
4000
Vp (m/s)
3000 y = -221.25x + 4525.9

R2 = 0.7104
2000
1000 Vp (m/s)
Linear (Vp (m/s))
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Permeability (mD)
Fig. 14. Correlation between permeability and compressional wave velocity.
2500
2000
Vs (m/s)
1500
y = -105.25x + 2288.8
R2 = 0.8057
1000
500 Vs (m/s)
Linear (Vs (m/s))
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Permeability (mD)
Fig. 15. Correlation between permeability and shear wave velocity.
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CHARACTERIZATION, PRESSURE, AND TEMPERATURE INFLUENCE ON THE

Article · May 2012

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

CHARACTERIZATION, PRESSURE, AND TEMPERATURE INFLUENCE ON

Jarot Setyowiyoto 1) and Ariffin Samsuri *)

Department of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering,

Abstract performance is slightly changed when

95510-9393 IJET-IJENS @ International Journals of Engineering and Sciences IJENS

Carbonate diagenetic processes continuously

95510-9393 IJET-IJENS @ International Journals of Engineering and Sciences IJENS

95510-9393 IJET-IJENS @ International Journals of Engineering and Sciences IJENS

of grains; also fill intraparticle voids and

3.1.5 Mollusc Corraline Rudstone

95510-9393 IJET-IJENS @ International Journals of Engineering and Sciences IJENS

95510-9393 IJET-IJENS @ International Journals of Engineering and Sciences IJENS

Conclusion [4]. Z. Wang, and A. Nur, Aspects of

[7]. G. P. Eberli, G. T. Baechile, F. S.

[9]. J. H. Schon, Physical Properties of

95510-9393 IJET-IJENS @ International Journals of Engineering and Sciences IJENS

95510-9393 IJET-IJENS @ International Journals of Engineering and Sciences IJENS

Fig. 3. Bioclastic grainstone.

95510-9393 IJET-IJENS @ International Journals of Engineering and Sciences IJENS

Fig. 4. Petrography analysis of bioclastic grainstone.

2 por vs. perm

Fig. 5. Correlation between porosity and permeability.

95510-9393 IJET-IJENS @ International Journals of Engineering and Sciences IJENS

Overburden pressure (bar)

Fig. 6. Effect of overburden pressure to the compressional wave velocity.

2000 y = 82.469Ln(x) + 1498.7

Overburden pressure (bar)

Fig. 7. Effect of overburden pressure to the shear wave velocity.

95510-9393 IJET-IJENS @ International Journals of Engineering and Sciences IJENS

Overburden pressure (bar)

Fig. 8. The effect of overburden pressure to compressional wave velocity in different

Overburden pressure (bar)

95510-9393 IJET-IJENS @ International Journals of Engineering and Sciences IJENS

Pore pressure (bar)

Pore pressure (bar)

95510-9393 IJET-IJENS @ International Journals of Engineering and Sciences IJENS

95510-9393 IJET-IJENS @ International Journals of Engineering and Sciences IJENS

3000 y = -221.25x + 4525.9

Fig. 14. Correlation between permeability and compressional wave velocity.

Fig. 15. Correlation between permeability and shear wave velocity.

95510-9393 IJET-IJENS @ International Journals of Engineering and Sciences IJENS

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