28 Chapter2 Probability FIGURE 2.2: Sample space for Example 2.5. complements, Although the reader must surely be familiar with these terms, let us review briefly that, if A and B are any two subsets of a sample space 5, their union AUB is the subset of S that contains aif the elements that are either in A, in B, or in both; their intersection A B is the subset of S that contains all the elements that are in both A and B; and the complement A’ of A is the subset of S that contains all the elements of $ that are not in A. Some of the rules that control the formation of unions, intersections, and complements may be found in Exercises 2.1 through 2.4, Sample spaces and events, particularly relationships among events, are often depicted by means of Venn diagrams, in which the sample space is represented by a rectangle, while events are represented by regions within the rectangle, usually by Circles or parts of circles. For instance, the shaded regions of the four Venn diagrams of Figure 2.3 represent, respectively, event A, the complement of event A, the union of events A and B, and the intersection of events A and B. When we are dealing with three events, we usually draw the circles as in Figure 2.4. Here, the regions are numbered 1 through 8 for easy reference. To indicate special relationships among events, we sometimes draw diagrams like those of Figure 2.5. Here, the one on the left serves to indicate that events A and B are mutually exclusive; that is, the two sets have no elements in common (or the two events cannot both occur). When A and @ ate mutually exclusive, we write A B = 6, where @ denotes the empty set, which has no elements at all. The diagram on the right serves to indicate that A is contained in B, and symbolically we express this by writing AC B,