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Cell Physiology - If endocrine system fails, you are not
capable of procreation
Cell - Purely involuntary
- Basic unit of the body
- Maintains Homeostasis Structure of the Cell

Homeostasis

- maintains the constancy of the extracellular

components
- Maintains the normal values of all the substances in
the extracellular

**Extracellular is the internal environment (Body Fluids,

environment of the cell)

Regulating systems

1. Nervous system
- Made up mostly of neurons
- Produce Nerve impulses – Action Golgi Apparatus – responsible for packaging of
Potentials products of cellular activity
- Rapid Onset Mitochondria – powerhouse
- Short Duration
- Localized – specific part or close to part of PLASMA MEMBRANE
stimulation
- Muscles and Secretory Cells Needed by Cell – inward
- Voluntary (Skeletal Muscles) Not Needed by the cell – outward
- Involuntary (Smooth, Cardiac Cells,
Secretory Cells) - composed of Lipids and Proteins
- Mostly affects Mechanical or Secretory
mechanism of the body

2. Endocrine system

- Hormones
- Hormonal Control/ Humoral
- Slow/Delayed Onset
- Diffused – several parts of the body is
affected
- Growth Hormone (slow)
- Long Duration
- Mostly affects all cells capable of
metabolic activities
- Primary Role of Endocrine System =
Regulate/ Control metabolic activities of Polar Ends
the body/ Major regulating system § Outer and inner surfaces of the cell
responsible of cellular metabolism membrane
- Reproduction = dependent mostly on the § Hydrophilic, Lipophobic
normal functioning of the Endocrine
System

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Non Polar 2. Regulates cellular transport (Surface Antigens) –
- Middle part of the cell membrane cell or non cell
- Hydrophobic, Lipophilic 3. Site of signal transduction – cell communication;
presence of receptors
Lipid Soluble Substances 4. Acts as an anchor for structural proteins
- can easily pass through the lipid bilayer 5. Providing cellular stability
- Can easily Penetrate 6. Anchors one cell to neighboring cells
7. Maintains Cell Shape
Water Soluble Particles
– Utilized membrane lined by proteins Absorption – intake/ inwards
– Proteins can function as channels or barriers Secretion – Releases needed substances
Excretion – Releases not needed substances
Lipids
- Are amphipathic **Cell Membrane is not a solid membrane, it is a
- Can combine with Water and Fats functioning membrane

Cholesterol
- present in the inner bilayer

Semi Permeable Membrane – Solvent

Selectively Permeable – Solvent and a selection in the
transport of solutes/ Human Cell Membrane

IONS K+, Cl-

Tight Junctions = Zona Occludens

Desmosomes = Zona Adherens
§ Mostly for Anchoring only

Gap Junctions = Conexones

§ Anchoring
§ Can also serve as an area of
Aquaphorins – water channel/ water is easily communication/ transport of
transported substances
Basal Region
**You can change the membrane permeability, for -Has Hemidesmosomes which anchor cell to the
example, glucose, if needed by cell, you can basal region
change the permeability and allow the membrane
to transport glucose – Insulin (Hormone) – Ligand **If there are many tight junctions, it is hard to
Gating Mechanism transport
**There are many tight junctions in the cerebral
Functions of the cell membrane: capillaries

1. Maintains the composition of ICF & ECF Activities at the different parts of the cell:

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Apex – Release/Secretion of Agent/ Absorption - Source of enzymes
Lateral – Cell Contact, - Skeletal framework
- Cell Adhesion - Stability
- Communication
Base – Release if Absorbed substances
- Generation of Ion Gradients (can eventually alter
the electrical activity of the cells

Composition of the cell membrane:

1. Lipids = 50-60%
2. Proteins = 40-50%
3. Carbohydrates
- Minute amounts
- Combined with a protein or a lipid
(glycoprotein/glycolipid)
- No pure Carbohydrate
- It would be easier to recognize non
- C. CARBOHYDRATES
cell antigen
- Never present on the inner surface
- Cell wall of the bacteria have pure
- mostly incorporated with lipid or proteins
carbohydrates
- Glycolipid/ Glycoproteins – mostly present on
the extracellular surface
Composition:
Functions:
A. LIPIDS (50-6O%)
1. Cell Identity Markers
2. Cell Communications
* Phospholipids = phosphatidylcholine,
3. Acts as channels
phosphatidylserine,
phosphatidylethonolamine,
TRANSPORT ACTIVITIES
phosphatidylinositol
* Cholesterol = “moderator molecule”
Passive transport
- provides mechanical stability as well as
1. Along a gradient
flexibility
- common gradients= pressure,
- makes the membrane less permeable to
concentration gradients
water
- consider electrical charge of the
- prevents lipid crystallization
substance and the charge of the area
* Glycolipids
-Na+ going a (-) gradient = Passive
2. “Downhill”
B. B. PROTEINS (40-50%)
3. No ATP consumption
-
4. Usually no “carrier”
1. Integral Proteins/ Transmembrane Proteins
5. Glycoprotein channels
§ Amphipathic
6. No inhibition
§ Mostly utilized as channels, pores, or
- almost always non specific
fenestrations
7. Equilibrium
2. Peripheral Proteins
8. Bidirectional transport
§ Present in the inner or outer surface
9. Hydrophilic CHON channels
§ Do not traverse the membrane
(gated/non-gated)
10. Living/Non-living cells
Functions of Peripheral Proteins:
11. Water CHON carrier
- Act as channels/carriers
12. “Carrier” facilitated diffusion
- Cell identity markers (antigens)
- enhance the rate of passive
- Receptors (hormones/NTA)
transport
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- To produce a carrier protein, you
need energy
- Never seen in non living cells
- Transport of Fructose
13. Lipophilic lipid bilayer
14. Specific/ non specific
- based on the size or molecular
weight

Active Transport
1. Against a gradient
- Na+ going to a + gradient = same
charge repel (Active)
2. “Uphill” (pump)
3. ATP utilization (mitochondria)
- dependent on the normal
functioning mitochondria
4. Always involves “carrier”
- it is the carrier that is directly
utilizing energy
5. Glycoprotein channels
6. Undergoes inhibition
7. Saturation
- number of carrier
- activity of cell is continuous
provided uou have a normal,
functioning mitochondria/
continuous production of energy
- if you utilized all the carriers, it
will stop at maximum (still
continuous) but there is no
additional increase
8. Unidirectional
9. Hydrophilic CHON carriers
(transporters)
10. Living cells
11. Always specific

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