4.

The field in AI
Based on the basic characteristics, artificial intelligence is divided into the
following areas:

Robotic

Artificial Neural
Network computer Vision

Aritificial
intelligence

Natural
Expert System Language
processing

Understanding

4.1. Robotics
Robotics is an interdisciplinary research area at the interface of computer
science and engineering Robotics involves design, construction, operation, and use
of robots. The goal of robotics is to design intelligent machines that can help and assist
humans in their day-to-day lives and keep everyone safe. Robotics draws on the
achievement of information engineering, computer engineering, mechanical
engineering, electronic engineering and others. ---(
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics)----
Robotics develops machines that can substitute for humans and replicate human
actions. Robots can be used in many situations and for many purposes, but today many
are used in dangerous environments (including inspection of radioactive
materials, bomb detection and deactivation), manufacturing processes, or where
humans cannot survive (e.g. in space, underwater, in high heat, and clean up and
containment of hazardous materials and radiation). Robots can take on any form but
some are made to resemble humans in appearance. This is said to help in the
acceptance of a robot in certain replicative behaviors usually performed by people.
Such robots attempt to replicate walking, lifting, speech, cognition, or any other human
activity. Many of today's robots are inspired by nature, contributing to the field of bio-
inspired robotics.
Today, Robotics is a rapidly growing field, as technological advances continue;
Research, design and manufacture new robots for various practical purposes, whether
at home, commercial or military.
 • In industry: Robots and co-
bots (bots work with humans) work to
effectively test and assemble products,
such as cars and industrial equipment,
especially in the industrial era. 4.0. In
particular, automation and robotics
companies shipped a total of 35,880
robots to customers in 2018, nearly 7%
higher than in 2017. Of which, the car
manufacturing industry accounted for
19,178 - down about 11, 8% (in 2017,
car companies ordered 21,732 robots). Robots in production applications

 Logistics: Transport, handling and quality control robots are becoming a must-
have for most retailers and logistics companies. Because we now expect our
packages to be fast, logistics companies use robots in stock, and even on the
road, to help maximize the efficiency of time. Transport robots help automate the
process of storing and transporting goods in the supply chain, and are often used
to organize and move goods in the warehouse. This robot helps the process of
transporting goods faster than traditional manual methods, while bringing high
productivity and profit for
companies. According to the
report of the World Robot
Federation, in 2017, about
69,000 transport robots were
sold, an increase of 162%
compared to 2016; In 2018,
revenue reached USD 3.9 billion
and increased by 66%. From
2019 to 2021, it is estimated that
about 485,000 robots will be
marketed with an annual
compound growth rate of 18%.
Robotics in Logistics application

In addition, robots are used to

replace humans handling dangerous and toxic things such as handling mines ... or used
in the family as vacuum cleaners, etc.

4.2. Expert System

According to E.Feigenbaum: “Expert System is an intelligent computer program that
uses knowledge and inference procedures to solve relatively difficult problems requiring
new experts solve” ------- ( EXPERT SYSTEMS IN THE 1980s , Edward Feigenbaum) ---------
Expert system is a computer system that applies deductive abilities to reach a
conclusion.-----( https://voer.edu.vn/m/gioi-thieu-he-chuyen-gia/6a7d954c)----------- An expert
system can process large amounts of known information and draw conclusions based
on that information. From there it is possible to simulate (emulates) the ability to make
decisions and actions (making abilily) of an expert (human). The expert system uses the
knowledge of experts to solve various lhasc problems in all fields. Knowledge in the
expert system reflects the expertise accumulated from books, magazines, from experts
or scientists.

An expert system consists of 3 main components: knowledge base, deductive engine or

deductive motor, and the system to communicate with users. Knowledge base contains
the knowledge from which the deductive creates the answer for the user through the
communication system.
The user provides facts that are known, real or otherwise useful for the expert system,
and receive answers as expertise advice or suggestions.
The operation of a knowledge-based expert system is illustrated as follows:

Operation of expert systems

Depending on user requirements, there are many different views on an expert system.
Type of user The problem is posed
administrator What can I use it for?
Technicians How do I best operate it?
Researchers How can I expand it?
End user What will it help me with?
Is it troublesome and expensive?
Is it reliable?

 speciality:
  high performance: Ability to respond with a level of expertise equal
or higher than that of an expert (person) in the same field
 adequate response time: Reasonable response time, equal to or
faster than the expert (person) to arrive at the same decision.
Expert system is a real time system.
 good reliability: There is no problem or reliability degradation during
use.
 understandable: The system of experts explains the deductive
steps in an easy to understand and consistent manner, unlike the
mysterious answer of black boxes.
 Advantages:
 increased availability:
 reduced cost.
 reduced dangers.
 Permanance.
 multiple expertise.
 increased relialility.
 explanation.
 fast reponse.
 steady, une motional, and complete response at all times.
 intelligent -tutor.
 intelligent database.
 Disadvantages: The most common disadvantage cited for expert systems in the academic
literature is the knowledge acquisition problem. Obtaining the time of domain experts for any
software application is always difficult, but for expert systems it was especially difficult
because the experts were by definition highly valued and in constant demand by the
organization. Next Performance could be especially problematic because early expert
systems were built using tools (such as earlier Lisp versions) that interpreted code
expressions without first compiling them. This provided a powerful development
environment, but with the drawback that it was virtually impossible to match the efficiency of
the fastest compiled languages (such as C). nother major challenge of expert systems
emerges when the size of the knowledge base increases. This causes the processing
complexity to increase. ….

4.3.  computer vision

Computer vision is an interdisciplinary

scientific field that deals with
how computers can gain high-level
understanding from digital
images or videos. From the perspective
of engineering, it seeks to understand and
automate tasks that the human visual system can do. .-----(
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_vision)---------
Computer vision tasks include methods for acquiring, processing, analyzing and
understanding digital images, and extraction of high-dimensional data from the real
world in order to produce numerical or symbolic information. Understanding in this
context means the transformation of visual images (the input of the retina) into
descriptions of the world that make sense to thought processes and can elicit
appropriate action. This image understanding can be seen as the disentangling of
symbolic information from image data using models constructed with the aid of
geometry, physics, statistics, and learning theory.
The scientific discipline of computer vision is concerned with the theory behind artificial
systems that extract information from images. The image data can take many forms,
such as video sequences, views from multiple cameras, multi-dimensional data from a
3D scanner or medical scanning device. The technological discipline of computer vision
seeks to apply its theories and models to the construction of computer vision systems.

Applications range from tasks such as industrial machine vision systems which, say,

inspect bottles speeding by on a production line, to research into artificial intelligence
and computers or robots that can comprehend the world around them. The computer
vision and machine vision fields have significant overlap. Computer vision covers the
core technology of automated image analysis which is used in many fields. Machine
vision usually refers to a process of combining automated image analysis with other
methods and technologies to provide automated inspection and robot guidance in
industrial applications. In many computer-vision applications, the computers are pre-
programmed to solve a particular task, but methods based on learning are now
becoming increasingly common. Examples of applications of computer vision include
systems for:

 Facial recognition system: Social media platforms have adopted facial

recognition capabilities to diversify their functionalities in order to attract a wider
user base amidst stiff competition from different applications.
Apple introduced Face ID on the flagship iPhone X as a biometric authentication
successor to the Touch ID, a fingerprint based system….
 License plate recognition: parking lots are equiped wwith camaras and machine
vision algorithms to read license plates automatically
 Medicine: One of the most prominent application fields is medical computer
vision, or medical image processing, characterized by the extraction of
information from image data to diagnose a patient.
 Autonomous vehicles: One of the newer application areas is autonomous
vehicles, which include submersibles, land-based vehicles (small robots with
wheels, cars or trucks), aerial vehicles, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV).
The level of autonomy ranges from fully autonomous (unmanned) vehicles to
vehicles where computer-vision-based systems support a driver or a pilot in
various situations. Fully autonomous vehicles typically use computer vision for
 navigation, it can also be used for detecting certain task specific events. Several
car manufacturers have demonstrated systems for autonomous driving of cars,
but this technology has still not reached a level where it can be put on the
market.
 Military: Military applications are probably one of the largest areas for computer
vision. The obvious examples are detection of enemy soldiers or vehicles
and missile guidance. More advanced systems for missile guidance send the
missile to an area rather than a specific target, and target selection is made when
the missile reaches the area based on locally acquired image data.
4.4. natural language processing (NLP)
Natural language processing (NLP) is a branch of artificial intelligence that helps
computers understand, interpret and manipulate human language. NLP draws from
many disciplines, including computer science and computational linguistics, in its pursuit
to fill the gap between human communication and computer understanding ------
(https://www.sas.com/en_us/insights/analytics/what-is-natural-language-
processing-nlp.html)------

While natural language processing isn’t a new science, the technology is rapidly
advancing thanks to an increased interest in human-to-machine communications, plus
an availability of big data, powerful computing and enhanced algorithms. 

As a human, you may speak and write in English, Spanish or Chinese. But a computer’s
native language – known as machine code or machine language – is largely
incomprehensible to most people. At your device’s lowest levels, communication occurs
not with words but through millions of zeros and ones that produce logical actions. 

Natural language processing helps computers communicate with humans in their own
language and scales other language-related tasks. 

Natural language processing includes many different techniques for interpreting human
language, ranging from statistical and machine learning methods to rules-based and
algorithmic approaches. We need a broad array of approaches because the text- and
voice-based data varies widely, as do the practical applications. 
 Basic NLP tasks include tokenization and parsing, lemmatization/stemming, part-of-
speech tagging, language detection and identification of semantic relationships. If you
ever diagramed sentences in grade school, you’ve done these tasks manually before. 

In general terms, NLP tasks break down language into shorter, elemental pieces, try to
understand relationships between the pieces and explore how the pieces work together
to create meaning.

These underlying tasks are often used in higher-level NLP capabilities, such as:

 Content categorization. A linguistic-based document summary, including

search and indexing, content alerts and duplication detection.

 Topic discovery and modeling. Accurately capture the meaning and themes in

text collections, and apply advanced analytics to text, like optimization and forecasting.

 Contextual extraction. Automatically pull structured information from text-based

sources.

 Sentiment analysis. Identifying the mood or subjective opinions within large

amounts of text, including average sentiment and opinion mining. 

 Speech-to-text and text-to-speech conversion. Transforming voice commands

into written text, and vice versa. 

 Document summarization. Automatically generating synopses of large bodies

of text.

 Machine translation. Automatic translation of text or speech from one language

to another.

NLP and text analytics are used together for many applications, including:

 Investigative discovery. Identify patterns and clues in emails or written reports to

help detect and solve crimes.

 Subject-matter expertise. Classify content into meaningful topics so you can take
action and discover trends.

 Social media analytics. Track awareness and sentiment about specific topics and
identify key influencers. 
Examples

 a statistical NLP technique that compares the words in spam to valid emails to
identify junk mail.
 Read the automatic transcript of the voicemail in your email inbox or smartphone
app when I missed a phone call. That’s speech-to-text conversion, an NLP
capability.
 navigated a website by using its built-in search bar, or by selecting suggested
topic, entity or category tags. That’s NLP methods for search, topic modeling,
entity extraction and content categorization.

4.5 Artificial Neural Network (ANN)

An artificial neural network (ANN) is the piece of a computing system designed
to simulate the way the human brain analyzes and processes information. It is the
foundation of artificial intelligence (AI) and solves problems that would prove
impossible or difficult by human or statistical standards. ANNs have self-learning
capabilities that enable them to produce better results as more data becomes
available. ----(https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/artificial-neural-networks-ann.asp)-----

Artificial neural networks are built like the human brain,

with neuron nodes interconnected like a web. The human
brain has hundreds of billions of cells called neurons. Each
neuron is made up of a cell body that is responsible for
processing information by carrying information towards
(inputs) and away (outputs) from the brain.

An ANN has hundreds or thousands of artificial neurons called

processing units, which are interconnected by nodes. These processing units are made
up of input and output units. The input units receive various forms and structures of
information based on an internal weighting system, and the neural network attempts to
learn about the information presented to produce one output report. Just like humans
need rules and guidelines to come up with a result or output, ANNs also use a set of
learning rules called backpropagation, an abbreviation for backward propagation of
error, to perfect their output results.
Danh sách tham khảo

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_vision

https://longvan.net/thi-giac-may-tinh-la-gi-ung-dung-thi-giac-may-tinh.html

https://azcomvn.com/tin-tuc/tin-tuc-ky-thuat/tong-quan-ve-thi-giac-may-tinh/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expert_system

https://voer.edu.vn/m/gioi-thieu-he-chuyen-gia/6a7d954c