Lab 2 :The cell

Al-Rafidain University College

Department Of Pharmacy

First stage

‫ عهود احسان صبري كاظم‬B1

Supervised by Dr. Ola Hataf

 Introduction to Cell

The introduction to cell began back in the year 1655 when a revolutionary
observation was made by an English scientist Robert Hooke. This
observation made by him was so huge that it went on to change the basic
biological theory and research forever. So, how was the cell discovered?

Robert Hooke was examining a dried section of the cork tree using a
crude light microscope. In this analysis, he observed multiple small
chambers which he named the cells. Thereafter, over the next 175 years,
several kinds of research were made which led to the formation of the cell
theory that we know today.

The first such theory was proposed by the German botanist Matthias
Jacob Schleiden and the German physiologist Theodore Schwann in
1838. This theory was formalized in the year 1858 by the German
researcher Rudolf Virchow.
Cell Structure
Cell structure have changed considerably over the years. Early
biologists saw cells as simple membranous sacs containing fluid
and a few floating particles. Today's biologists know that cells
are infinitely more complex than this.

There are many different types, sizes, and shapes of cells in the
body. For descriptive purposes, the concept of a "generalized
cell" is introduced. It includes features from all cell types. A cell
consists of three parts: the cell membrane the nucleus, and,
between the two, the cytoplasm. Within the cytoplasm lie
intricate arrangements of fine fibers and hundreds or even
thousands of miniscule but distinct structures called organelles.

Cell membrane
Every cell in the body is enclosed by a cell
(plasma) memberane. The cell membrane separates the
material outside the cell, extracellular, from the material inside
the cell, intracellular. It maintains the integrity of a cell and
controls passage of materials into and out of the cell. All
materials within a cell must have access to the cell membrane
(the cell's boundary) for the needed exchange.

Nucleus and Nucleolus

The nucleus, formed by a nuclear membrane around a
fluid nucleoplasm, is the control center of the cell. Threads
of chromatin in the nucleus contain deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA), the genetic material of the cell. The nucleolus is a
dense region of ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the nucleus and is
the site of ribosome formation. The nucleus determines how
the cell will function, as well as the basic structure of that cell.

Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is the gel-like fluid inside the cell. It is the
medium for chemical reaction. It provides a platform upon
which other organelles can operate within the cell Cytoplasmic
organelles.

Cytoplasmic organelles
are "little organs" that are suspended in the cytoplasm of the
cell. Each type of organelle has a definite structure and a
specific role in the function of the cell. Examples of cytoplasmic
organelle are mitochondrion, ribosomes, endoplasmic
reticulum, golgi apparatus, and lysosomes.
 Cell types
Prokaryotic cells
include bacteria and archaea, two of the three domains of life.
Prokaryotic cells were the first form of life on Earth, characterized by
having vital biological processes including cell signaling. They are simpler
and smaller than eukaryotic cells, and lack a nucleus, and other
membrane-bound organelles. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell consists of a
single circular chromosome that is in direct contact with the cytoplasm.

Eukaryotic cells
Plants, animals, fungi, slime moulds, protozoa, and algae are all
eukaryotic. These cells are about fifteen times wider than a typical
prokaryote and can be as much as a thousand times greater in volume.
Cell shapes

Cell size
Surface area to volume hypothesis
 Reference
1. ^ Becker, Wayne M.; et al. (2008). The world of the cell.
Pearson Benjamin Cummings. p. 480. ISBN 978-0-321- 55418-5.
2. ^Chimileski, Scott; Kolter, Roberto (2017). Life at the Edge of
Sight: A Photographic Exploration of the Microbial World2.
Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674975910.
3. ^abc Lyons, Nicholas A.; Kolter, Roberto (April 2015). "On the
evolution of bacterial multicellularity"L. Current Opinion in
Microbiology. 24: 21-28. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2014.12.007 2. ISSN
1879-0364Ľ. PMC 43808223. PMID 25597443 Ľ.
4. ^S. M. Miller (2010). "Volvox, Chlamydomonas, and the
evolution of multicellularity". Nature Education. 3 (9): 65.
5. ^ ab Brian Keith Hall; Benedikt Hallgrímsson; Monroe W.
Strickberger (2008). Strickberger's evolution: the integration of
genes, organisms and populations 2 (4th ed.).
Hall/Hallgrímsson. p. 149 C. ISBN 978-0-7637-0066-9.