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Combustible Dust National Emphasis Program: March 10, 2008
Combustible Dust National Emphasis Program: March 10, 2008
Dispersion Confinement
Deflagration
Explosion
FIRE
• Resources
Catastrophic Combustible Dust Incidents
since 1995
Combustible Dust Explosions History
Malden Mills
Methuen, MA
December 11, 1995
37 Injured
Nylon Fiber
Firefighting efforts following the explosion at
Malden Mills (Methuen, Massachusetts,
December 11, 1995).
Combustible Dust Explosions History
Jahn foundry
Springfield, MA
February 26,
1999
3 dead 9 Injured
Phenolic resin
dust
Combustible Dust Explosions History
Secondary
Coal Dust Explosion
February 1, 1999
• Agriculture
• Chemical
• Textile
• Forest and furniture products
• Metal Processing
• Paper products
• Pharmaceuticals
• Recycling operations (metal, paper, and plastic
recycling operations.)
CSB Recommendations To OSHA
Combustible Dust
Combustible Particulate Solid
Hybrid Mixture
Fugitive Grain Dust
Class II Locations
Deflagration
Detonation
Explosion
Minimum Explosible Concentration (MEC)
Lower Flammable Limit (LFL)
Upper Flammable Limit (UFL)
Minimum Ignition Temperature (MIT)
Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE)
Definitions and Terminology
1 micron (µ)
= 1.0 x 10-6 m = 1.0 x 10-4 cm = 1.0 x 10-3 mm
420 µ
= 420 x 10-4 cm = .042 cm
= 0.4mm
Class II Locations
Class II locations are those that are hazardous because of the presence of
combustible dust. The following are Class II locations where the combustible
dust atmospheres are present:
Explosion
Detonation
Definitions and Terminology
Source: Dust Explosions in the Process Industries, Second Edition, Rolf K Eckhoff
Definitions and Terminology
where:
St 0 0 No explosion
St 1 >0 and <=200 Weak explosion
St 2 >200 and <=300 Strong explosion
St 3 >300 Very strong explosion
The “Typical” Explosion
Event
Initial
Internal
Deflagration
Process
Equipment 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 300 325
Time, msec.
The “Typical” Explosion
Event
Initial
Internal
Deflagration
Shock Wave
Process
Equipment
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 300 325
Time, msec.
The “Typical” Explosion
Event
Initial
Internal Elastic Rebound
Deflagration Shock Waves
Process
Equipment
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 300 325
Time, msec.
The “Typical” Explosion
Event
Initial
Internal Dust clouds caused
Deflagration by Elastic Rebound
Process
Equipment 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 300 325
Time, msec.
The “Typical” Explosion
Event
Containment
Failure from Initial Dust Clouds Caused
Deflagration by Elastic Rebound
Process
Equipment
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 300 325
Time, msec.
The “Typical” Explosion
Event
Dust Clouds Caused
by Elastic Rebound
Grinders 35 9 51 17 56 13
Silos/Bunkers 27 7 19 6 86 13
Conveying System 32 9 33 11 43 10
Dryer/Oven 22 6 43 14 34 8
Source: Guidelines for Safe Handling of Powders and Bulk Solids, CCPS, AICHE
Blenders/Mixers
• Heat Generation due
to
– Rubbing of Solids
– Rubbing of internal
parts
• Electrostatic Charging
of the Solids
• Indirect–Heat Dryers
– Heat transfer by
Conduction
– Steam for Jacketed
Dryers
Source:www.barr-rosin.com/products/rotary-dryer.asp
Dust Collectors
• Cyclone Separators
• Electrostatic Precipitators
• Fabric Filters
• Wet Scrubbers
Dust Collectors
Figure source:www.flexicon.com/us/products/PneumaticConveyingSystems/index.asp?gclid=COa2kKWK4o8CFQGzGgodikc9Dg
Pneumatic conveying systems
(Cont.)
• Prevention and Protection systems
– Venting
– Suppression
– Pressure Containment
– Deflagration Isolation
– Spark detection and extinguishing system
– Use of inert conveying gas
Size Reduction System
• Size reduction equipment is regarded as a
possible ignition source because of friction
and hot surfaces arising from grinding
Dust control
Ignition source control
Damage control
Dust Control
does not replace the grain handling facility directive, OSHA Instruction
CPL 02-01-004, Inspection of Grain Handling Facilities, 29 CFR
1910.272.
• Use of Cameras
654 General
664 Wood
61 Agriculture
484 Metal
480 Magnesium
481 Titanium
482 Zirconium
485 Lithium
NFPA Standards – Electrical & Systems
• Any Questions?