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RFPFRMCJ of (RFPFRMCJ of (: Trn-Wnna Jctns 846 Trn-Wnna Jctns 846
RFPFRMCJ of (RFPFRMCJ of (: Trn-Wnna Jctns 846 Trn-Wnna Jctns 846
RFPFRMCJ of (RFPFRMCJ of (: Trn-Wnna Jctns 846 Trn-Wnna Jctns 846
RFPFRMCJ OF[
Trn-wnna Jctns 846=
FEFBNIMEU ECIIMRRNN
Jcj-stcea, jcj-prclmt `cspmtfos1 EMX vs. Ut. Efpmtfo Kfmjs Rfx1 Uuprnin
Uuprnin Rrfjsomjnr
Rrfjsomjnr vs.
Ouan”s Inbmefo
Inbmefo Enjtnr HTM Lfimoy
Lfimoy Ufvmjks
Ufvmjks
Fot`cuk` f jcj-stcea, jcj-prclmt `cspmtfo Mj f lcrneocsurn cl rnfo nstftn icrtkfkn, t`n EKR
crkfjmznb lcr e`frmtfhon purpcsns, ms knjnrfooy feeruns cjoy fltnr t`n ofpsn cl t`n rnbniptmcj
r nbniptmcj pnrmcb
nxnipt lrci mjecin tfx, mt hnecins tfxfhon cj hnefusn mt ms
m s cjoy t`nj t`ft t`nrn nxmsts f trfjslnr cl
mjecin bnrmvnb lrci fetmvmtmns ecjbuetnb lcr prclmt. prcpnrty.
Unrvmens rnjbnrnb tc pfymjk pftmnjts frn ecjsmbnrnb
fetmvmtmns ecjbuetnb lcr prclmt w`me` frn suhgnet tc Uuhstmtutnb Lmomjk1 XX Jc. 5-8448 mj rn7 Une.
mjecin tfx, rnkfrbonss cl t`n bmspcsmtmcj cl sfmb >6, RXFMJ
mjecin. R`n `cspmtfo ms suhgnet tc mjecin tfx cl Cjoy fj mjbmvmbufo rnenmvmjk purnoy ecipnjsftmcj
64% cl mts jnt mjecin bnrmvnb lrci t`n pfymjk mjecin, rnkfrbonss cl ficujt, lrci cjoy cjn
pftmnjts ecjsmbnrmjk t`ft t`n mjecin nfrjnb nipocynr mj t`n T`momppmjns lcr t`n efonjbfr ynfr, t`n
fppnfrs tc hn bnrmvnb sconoy lrci `cspmtfo-rnoftnb mjecin tfx cl w`me` `fs hnnj wmt``nob ecrrnetoy hy
fetmvmtmns. t`n sfmb nipocynr s`foo qufomly lcr suhstmtutnb lmomjk
cl mjecin tfx rnturj.
Jcj-stcea, jcj-prclmt nbueftmcjfo
mjstmtutmcjs7 EMX v. Bn of Ufoon ^jmvnrsmty Mjecin tfx efrrycvnr7 Fsmfwcrob
Fsmfwcrob Trcpnrtmns
Trcpnrtmns
Frtmeon PM\, Unetmcj 2(5) cl t`n 6=0; Ecjstmtutmcj T`momppmjn
T`momppmjn Ecrpcrftmcj
Ecrpcrftmcj v. EMX
prcvmbns t`ft t`n fssnts cl f jcj-stcea, jcj-prclmt Unetmcj ;< cl t`n JMXE cl 6==; eonfroy stftns7 ‟Cjen
nbueftmcjfo mjstmtutmcj s`foo hn nxnipt lrci tfxns t`n cptmcj tc efrry-cvnr fjb fppoy t`n nxenss
fjb butmns cjoy ml t`n sfin frn usnb fetufooy, qufrtnroy mjecin tfx fkfmjst mjecin tfx bun lcr t`n
bmrnetoy, fjb nxeousmvnoy lcr nbueftmcjfo purpcsns. tfxfhon qufrtnrs cl t`n sueennbmjk tfxfhon ynfrs `fs
R`n tnst cl nxniptmcj lrci tfxftmcj ms t`n usn cl t`n hnnj ifbn, sue` cptmcj s`foo hn ecjsmbnrnb
prcpnrty lcr purpcsns injtmcjnb mj t`n mrrnvcefhon lcr t`ft tfxfhon pnrmcb fjb jc fppomeftmcj
Ecjstmtutmcj. lcr efs` rnlujb cr mssufjen cl f tfx ernbmt enrtmlmeftn
s`foo hn foocwnb t`nrnlcrn’. Unetmcj ;< nxprnssoy
Unetmcj 54 cl t`n JMXE, w`me` prcvmbns t`n stftns t`ft t`n cptmcj
c ptmcj s`foo hn ecjsmbnrnb mrrnvcefhon
stftutcry nxniptmcj lcr jcj-stcea jcj-prclmt lcr t`ft tfxfhon pnrmcb rnlnrrmjk tc t`n pnrmcb
nbueftmcjfo mjstmtutmcjs, prcvmbns t`ft eciprmsmjk t`n sueennbmjk tfxfhon ynfrs. Mt lurt`nr
‟Jctwmt`stfjbmjk
‟Jctwmt`stfjbmjk t`n prcvmsmcjs mj Une. 54, t`n stftns t`ft jc fppomeftmcj lcr efs` rnlujb cr mssufjen
mjecin cl w`ftnvnr amjb fjb e`frfetnr cl t`n cl f tfx ernbmt enrtmlmeftn s`foo hn foocwnb t`nrnlcrn
lcrnkcmjk crkfjmzftmcjs lrci fjy cl t`nmr rnlnrrmjk tc t`ft tfxfhon pnrmcb eciprmsmjk t`n
prcpnrtmns, rnfo cr pnrscjfo, cr lrci fjy cl t`nmr sueennbmjk tfxfhon ynfrs.
fetmvmtmns ecjbuetnb lcr prclmt rnkfrbonss cl t`n
bmspcsmtmcj ifbn cl sue` mjecin s`foo hn suhgnet tc Lfmr Ifrant \foun bntnrimjftmcj lcr rnfo
tfx mipcsnb ujbnr t`n JMXE.’ prcpnrtmns R`n LI\ cl f prcpnrty ms t`n `mk`nr
hntwnnj t`n LI\ fs bntnrimjnb hy t`n EMX, cr t`n
@cwnvnr, sue` efjjct cvnrecin f ecjstmtutmcjfooy- LI\ fs s`cwj mj t`n se`nbuon cl vfouns lmxnb hy t`n
krfjtnb nxniptmcj. Feecrbmjkoy, t`n ofst pfrfkrfp` prcvmjemfo fjb emty fssnsscrs.
cl Unetmcj 54 cl t`n Rfx Ecbn ms wmt`cut lcren fjb
nllnet wmt` rnspnet tc jcj-stcea, jcj-prclmt Bcjcr”s Rfx1 HMX X uomjk
uomjk BF Jc. 555-4;
nbueftmcjfo mjstmtutmcjs, prcvmbnb, t`ft t`n jcj- R`n knjnrfo rnjujemftmcj cl t`n wmln”s s`frn mj t`n
stcea, jcj-prclmt nbueftmcjfo mjstmtutmcjs prcvn mj`nrmtfjen burmjk t`n snttoninjt cl t`n nstftn ms jct
t`ft mts fssnts fjb rnvnjuns frn usnb fetufooy, f tfxfhon kmlt ecjsmbnrmjk t`ft t`n prcpnrty ms
bmrnetoy fjb nxeousmvnoy lcr nbueftmcjfo purpcsns.
purpcsns. futciftmefooy trfjslnrrnb tc t`n ct`nr `nmrs hy
cpnrftmcj cl ofw bun tc `nr rnpubmftmcj cl `nr
Icrncvnr, t`n tfx-nxniptmcj ecjstmtutmcjfooy- mj`nrmtfjen. @cwnvnr, t`n rnjujemftmcj cl t`n wmln c l
krfjtnb tc jcj-stcea, jcj-prclmt nbueftmcjfo `nr s`frn mj t`n ecjgukfo prcpnrty ms tfxfhon hnefusn
mjstmtutmcjs, ms jct suhgnet tc omimtftmcjs mipcsnb mt ujbnrtfans f trfjslnr cl prcpnrty wmt`cut fjy
hy ofw. ecjsmbnrftmcj w`me` tfans nllnet burmjk t`n omlntmin
cl t`n trfjslnrcr ― `njen, f tfxfhon kmlt.
Rfx fijnsty fjb tfx nxniptmcj,
bmstmjkums`nb Bcjcr”s Rfx, Ecjtrmhutmcjs tc Tcomtmemfjs
Rfx fijnsty ms miiujmty lrci foo ermimjfo, emvmo R`n ecjtrmhutmcjs tc pcomtmemfjs burmjk t`n efipfmkj
fjb fbimjmstrftmvn omfhmomtmns frmsmjk lrci pnrmcb wmoo hn nxnipt lrci bcjcr”s tfx ml t`ny frn
Rfxftmcj Ofw
fjb bcns jct rnlnr tc pnrmcb wmt`mj w`me` tc nonvftn qufrtnr w`nj t`n znrc-rftnb cr nllnetmvnoy znrc-rftnb
t`n eofmi tc t`n ERF. sfons wnrn ifbn.
Uiukkomjk, bnlmjmtmcj
bnlmjmtmcj (8) R`n EMX `fs 684 bfys lrci t`n bftn cl
Uiukkomjk ms eciimttnb hy fjy pnrscj w`c s`foo suhimssmcj cl ecipontn bceuinjts mj suppcrt cl t`n
lrfubuonjtoy mipcrt cr hrmjk mjtc t`n T`momppmjns cr fbimjmstrftmvn eofmi wmt`mj w`me` tc bnembn w`nt`nr
fssmst mj sc bcmjk, fjy frtmeon, ecjtrfry tc ofw, cr tc krfjt f rnlujb cr mssun f tfx ernbmt enrtmlmeftn. R`n
s`foo rnenmvn, ecjenfo, huy, snoo cr mj fjy ifjjnr 684-bfy pnrmcb ify nxtnjb hnycjb t`n twc-ynfr
lfemomtftn t`n trfjspcrtftmcj, ecjenfoinjt cr sfon cl pnrmcb lrci t`n lmomjk cl t`n fbimjmstrftmvn eofmi ml
sue` frtmeon fltnr mipcrtftmcj, ajcwmjk t`n sfin t`n eofmi ms lmonb mj t`n oftnr pfrt cl t`n twc-ynfr
tcc `fvn hnnj mipcrtnb ecjtrfry tc ofw. pnrmcb. Ml t`n 684-bfy pnrmcb nxpmrns wmt`cut fjy
bnemsmcj lrci t`n EMX, t`nj t`n fbimjmstrftmvn eofmi
Ocefo Kcvnrjinjt Ecbn1 Fppnfo tc t`n ify hn ecjsmbnrnb tc hn bnjmnb hy mjfetmcj.
Unerntfry cl Gustmen
Fjy qunstmcj cj t`n onkfomty cl t`n tfx crbmjfjen (5) F gubmemfo eofmi iust hn lmonb wmt` t`n ERF
efj cjoy hn rfmsnb cj fppnfo wmt` t`n Une. cl Gustmen wmt`mj 54 bfys lrci t`n rnenmpt cl t`n
t`n EMX”s
EM X”s bnemsmcj
fjb t`n fppnfo s`foo jct `fvn t`n nllnet cl bnjymjk t`n fbimjmstrftmvn eofmi cr lrci t`n
suspnjbmjk t`n nllnetmvmty cl t`n crbmjfjen fjb t`n nxpmrftmcj cl t`n 684- bfy pnrmcb wmt`cut fjy fetmcj
feerufo fjb t`n pfyinjt cl t`n tfx onvmnb t`nrnmj. lrci t`n EMX.
Rfx Xninbmns1 Une. 880 cl t`n JMXE (2) Foo tfxpfynrs, `cwnvnr, efj rnoy cj
c j HMX Xuomjk
[`nj t`n lmjbmjk cl f bnlmemnjey
bnlmemnjey tfx ms t`n rnsuot cl Jc. BF- 20=-45 lrci t`n tmin cl mts mssufjen cj 64
ift`niftmefo nrrcr mj t`n eciputftmcj cl t`n tfx Bnenihnr 8445 up tc mts rnvnrsfo hy t`ms Ecurt mj
fppnfrmjk cj t`n lfen cl t`n rnturj, f prn- Fme`m cj < Cetchnr 8464, fs fj nxenptmcj tc t`n
fssnssinjt jctmen s`foo jct hn rnqumrnb. ifjbftcry fjb gurmsbmetmcjfo 684+54 bfy pnrmcbs.
Xuon 0, Une. 6 cl t`n Xnvmsnb Xuons cl ERF [fmvnr cl stftutn cl omimtftmcjs7 T`momppmjn
T`momppmjn
Hnlcrn t`n ERF nj hfje ecuob tfan eckjmzfjen cl Gcurjfomsts
Gcurjfomsts Mje. v. EMX
t`n pntmtmcj lcr rnvmnw ecjenrjmjk f efsn lfoomjk Knjnrfooy, f vfomb wfmvnr cl t`n stftutn cl omimtftmcjs
ujbnr mts nxeousmvn fppnooftn gurmsbmetmcj, t`n lcr t`n fssnssinjt fjb ecoonetmcj cl tfxns iust hn
omtmkfjt iust sullmemnjtoy s`cw t`ft mt scuk`t prmcr nxneutnb hy t`n tfxpfynr fjb feenptnb hy t`n HMX
rnecjsmbnrftmcj cr icvnb lcr f jnw trmfo wmt` t`n prmcr tc t`n nxpmrftmcj cl t`n pnrmcb w`me` mt snnas tc
ecjenrjnb ERF Bmvmsmcj. nxtnjb. R`n sfin iust fosc hn nxneutnb hy t`n
tfxpfynr cr `ms buoy fut`crmznb rnprnsnjtftmvn, cr mj
Ecipomfjen Xnqumrninjts1 Unetmcj t`n efsn cl f ecrpcrftmcj, mt iust hn smkjnb hy fjy cl
665(h)(8)(e), JMXE mts rnspcjsmhon cllmenrs.
Ml t`n sfon ms suhgnet tc znrc pnrenjt \FR, t`n tnri
‟znrc- rftnb sfon’ s`foo hn wrmttnj cr prmjtnb Tnrmcb cl Fssnssinjt fjb Ecoonetmcj
prcimjnjtoy cj t`n mjvcmen cr rnenmpt. Lfmourn tc R`n stftutn cl omimtftmcjs cj fssnssinjt fjb
ecipoy wmt` t`ms mjvcmemjk rnqumrninjt ms lftfo tc f ecoonetmcj cl jftmcjfo mjtnrjfo rnvnjun tfxns wfs
eofmi lcr rnlujb cl mjput tfxns fttrmhutfhon tc t`n s`crtnjnb tc t`rnn (5) ynfrs. R`us, pntmtmcjnr `fs
znrc-rftnb sfon. t`rnn (5) ynfrs lrci t`n bftn cl fetufo lmomjk cl t`n tfx
rnturj tc fssnss f jftmcjfo mjtnrjfo rnvnjun tfx cr tc
Xnfo Trcpnrty Rfx7 Rfxfhmomty eciinjen ecurt prcennbmjks lcr t`n ecoonetmcj
Fetufo hnjnlmemfo usn cl t`n ofjb s`foo hn t`n t`nrncl wmt`cut fj fssnssinjt. @cwnvnr, w`nj mt
bntnrimjmjk lfetcr w`nt`nr sue` ofjb ms tfxfhon cl vfomboy mssuns
mssuns fj fssnssinjt wmt`mj t`n
t`n t`rnn (5)-ynfr
jct, nvnj t`cuk` mt ms cwjnb hy t`n Iujmempfomty. pnrmcb, mt `fs fjct`nr t`rnn (5) ynfrs wmt`mj w`me` tc
ecoonet t`n tfx bun hy bmstrfmjt, onvy, cr ecurt
Rfx Xninbmns7 684-bfy pnrmcb prcennbmjk. R`n fssnssinjt cl t`n tfx ms bnninb
Fs prcvmbnb hy Unetmcj 668(E), 6==; JMXE, fs ifbn fjb t`n t`rnn (5)-ynfr pnrmcb lcr ecoonetmcj cl
finjbnb, cjn cl t`n ecjbmtmcjs lcr f gubmemfo eofmi t`n fssnssnb tfx hnkmjs tc ruj cj t`n bftn t`n
cl rnlujb cr ernbmt ujbnr t`n \FR Uystni ms fssnssinjt jctmen `fb hnnj rnonfsnb, ifmonb cr snjt
ecipomfjen wmt` t`n 684+54 bfy ifjbftcry fjb tc t`n tfxpfynr. (EMX
(EMX vs ^jmtnb Ufovfkn fjb Rcwfkn
gurmsbmetmcjfo pnrmcbs.
pnrmcbs. R`us, strmet ecipomfjen
ecipomfjen wmt` (T`mos), KX 6=;>6>, G. Tnrfotf, Guoy 8, 8462)
8462 )
t`n 684+54 bfy pnrmcbs ms jnenssfry lcr sue` f
eofmi tc prcspnr. R`nj, ml t`n Eciimssmcjnr bcns Nxenptmcjs tc R`rnn-]nfr Tnrmcb cl
jct fet
fet cj t`n tfxpfynr”s eofmi wmt`mj t`n 684-bfy
684 -bfy Fssnssinjt fjb Ecoonetmcj
pnrmcb, t`n tfxpfynr ify fppnfo tc t`n ERF wmt`mj R`n 5-ynfr pnrmcb cl omimtftmcj lcr t`n fssnssinjt cl
54 bfys lrci t`n nxpmrftmcj cl t`n 684-bfy pnrmcb. mjtnrjfo rnvnjun tfx omfhmomtmns rneacjnb lrci t`n ofst
bfy prnsermhnb hy ofw lcr t`n lmomjk cl t`n rnturj s`foo
^UR OF[ TXN-[NNA JCRNU 846=
Trnsnrvftmcj cl Hccas cl Feecujts fjb Bcetrmjn cl [mooluo Homjbjnss ms w`nj f pnrscj, kmvnj
Ct`nr Feecujtmjk Hccas (Unetmcj 85>, `ms nxpnrmnjen mj `ms husmjnss cr mjbustry, eciimts
JMXE) fj fet cr cimssmcj
c imssmcj tfjtficujt tc krcss jnkomknjen mj
Fs f ruon, f tfxpfynr iust hn suhgnet tc fttnjbmjk tc `ms cr `nr tfx chomkftmcjs w`me` ify onfb
nxfimjftmcj fjb mjspnetmcj hy mjtnrjfo rnvnjun tc snrmcus vmcoftmcj cl tfx ofws oman tfx nvfsmcj.
cllmenrs cjoy cjen mj f tfxfhon ynfr. R`ms wmoo jct ( Tncpon v. Amjtfjfr, ERF N.H. Ermi. Jc. 44<,
fppoy ml t`nrn ms lrfub, mrrnkuofrmty cr imstfans fs Bnenihnr 5, 8464
8464))
bntnrimjnb hy t`n EMX.
Rfx Rfx Rfx Fijnsty
Ecjbcjftmcj Nxniptmcj
TFXR M7 KNJNXFO TXMJEMTONU CL
RFPFRMCJ Rfx Rfx Rfx Fijnsty
Ecjbcjftmcj ms Nxniptmcj ms ms fj fet cl
V7 [`ft ms t`n jfturn
jf turn cl t`n tfxmjk pcwnr cl t`n wfy t`n fj nxmstmjk Ecjkrnss,
Ecjkrnss,
t`n Utftn3 EMX cr t`n stftutcry t`ru erfltmjk
Unerntfry cl krfjt fjb pfssmjk f
F7 R`n tfxmjk pcwnr cl t`n Utftn ms fj mj`nrnjt Lmjfjen
Lmjfjen ify fppoymjk tc ofw
pcwnr fjb t`n pncpon jnnb jct ecjlnr mt tc t`n nxnremsn, mj mts spnemlme spnemlmefooy
kcvnrjinjt t`rcuk` t`n Ecjstmtutmcj cr ofw lcr mt bmserntmcj, fjb pnrscjs, tc lcrnkc tfx
tc `fvn t`ms pcwnr. ecjsmbnrmjk t`n njtmtmns, cr omfhmomtmns
fttnjbfjt lfets prcpnrtmns fornfby
Mt ms fosc onkmsoftmvn mj e`frfetnr fs t`n Ecjkrnss `fs cl t`n pfrtmeuofr lfoomjk wmt`mj mjeurrnb hy
mjeurrnb hy f
t`n prmifry pcwnr tc onvy tfxns. Hut tfxftmcj ms efsn, tc lcrkmvn t`n bnlmjmtmcj eofss cl
suhgnet tc mts cwj mj`nrnjt omimtftmcjs fjb f tfx bnht cl
bnht cl f cl t`nsn tfxpfynrs.
Ecjstmtutmcjfo omimtftmcjs sc fs tc tnipnr sue` pfrtmeuofr nxniptnb
kcvnrjinjtfo pcwnr. njtmty cr pnrscj lrci tfx, t`us
cr tc ont kc cl mts jc mjeurrnb
R`ms iust fosc hn lcr puhome purpcsn fs t`n tfx omfhmomty. tfx
prcennbs cl tfxftmcj efjjct mjurn tc t`n hnjnlmt cl chomkftmcj tc
prmvftn njtmtmns cr pnrscjs. hnkmj wmt`
ujoman mj tfx
Mt ms fosc knjnrfooy jcj-bnonkfhon sfvn lcr mjstfjens fijnstmns.
foocwnb hy Ecjstmtutmcj fjb ofw (sue` fs t`n
bnonkftmcj cl pcwnr tc fbgust tfrmll rftns tc t`n V7 Uuprnin Ecrpcrftmcj wfs fhon tc mjmtmfooy
Trnsmbnjt, fjb pcwnr cl OK^s tc knjnrftn sneurn f HMX ruomjk t`ft wcuob nxnipt mts
rnvnjun). mipcrtftmcj cl enrtfmj rfw iftnrmfos.
Uuhsnqunjtoy, t`n HMX mssunb fjct`nr ruomjk
Mt ms fosc tnrrmtcrmfo mj cpnrftmcj, pneujmfry mj suhgnetmjk smimofr prcbuets tc enrtfmj tfx.
jfturn, fjb ms fj njlcrenb e`frkn cr ecjtrmhutmcj. R`nrnfltnr, t`n HMX fssnssnb Uuprnin
Ecrpcrftmcj lcr bnlmemnjey tfxns cj foo cl mts
V7 [`ft ms t`n purpcsn cl Ecjstmtutmcjfo rfw iftnrmfos prnvmcusoy mipcrtnb. Ms t`n
prcvmsmcjs cj tfxftmcj3 fssnssinjt vfomb3
V7 [`ft frn t`n mj`nrnjt omimtftmcjs cl t`n V7 [`ft frn HMX Xuomjks3
pcwnr cl tfxftmcj3
F7 HMX Xuomjks frn ruomjks t`ft ecjtfmj t`n cllmemfo
Mt iust hn lcr f puhome purpcsn1 pcsmtmcj cl t`n HMX rnkfrbmjk t`n tfx qunrmns cl f
Rfxftmcj Ofw
^jmvnrsmty, f lccb ecurt wfs ecjstruetnb ft mts HMX rnqumrns lcr fj fssnssinjt. R`n HMX iust fosc
krcujb loccr w`me` wnrn rnjtnb tc lccb s`cw t`ft mt wfs bmomknjt mj rnqunstmjk lcr t`nsn
ecjenssmcjfmrns. Nfe` cl t`nsn rnecrbs.
ecjenssmcjfmrns wnrn e`frknb wmt` f rnjtfo
lnn cl 84,444 pnscs pnr icjt`. Lcr ynfr 846>, Hy s`cwmjk t`nsn lfets, t`n HMX efj jcw usn t`n
t`n ^jmvnrsmty wfs fssnssnb lcr fj foonknb Hnst Nvmbnjen Chtfmjfhon ruon mj t`n fssnssinjt cl
bnlmemnjey mjecin tfx cl 844,444 pnscs t`n ecipfjy.
frmsmjk lrci sfmb rnjtfo mjecin lrci mts lccb
ecjenssmcjfmrns. V7 Rrmb`frif Ifrantmjk Ecrpcrftmcj (RIE)
rnenmvnb f Trnomimjfry Fssnssinjt Jctmen
Ms t`nrn onkfo hfsms lcr t`n fssnssinjt3 Frn (TFJ) lrci t`n HMX fssnssmjk mt wmt` vfrmcus
t`nrn fjy Ecjstmtutmcjfo prcvmsmcjs t`ft bnlmemnjey tfxns tctfomjk T2,<24,5=2,45=.=6,
ify rnlutn sue` fssnssinjt3 mjeousmvn cl sure`frkn fjb mjtnrnst. RIE lmonb
f Ictmcj lcr Uuspnjsmcj cl Ecoonetmcj cl Rfx
]ns. ^jbnr tc Une. 8; cl t`n JMXE, prcprmntfry w`me` t`n ERF krfjtnb prcvmbnb t`n
nbueftmcjfo mjstmtutmcjs frn mipcsnb f 64% tfx rftn pntmtmcjnr bnpcsmts wmt` t`n ecurt fj
cj t`nmr mjecin. Utc. Jmjc Eft`come ^jmvnrsmty, fs f feenptfhon surnty hcjb nqumvfonjt tc 6>4% cl
prcprmntfry nbueftmcjfo mjstmtutmcj, ify hn t`n fssnssinjt mj t`n ficujt cl
mipcsnb f 64% tfx rftn lcr mts mjecin lrci t`n T<,;46,40;,088.<2. Bmb t`n ERF eciimt
rnjtfo lnns. krfvn fhusn cl bmserntmcj mj rnqumrmjk RIE tc
lmon f surnty hcjb bnspmtn t`n suppcsnboy
Jnvnrt`nonss, Frt. PM\, Une. 2 cl t`n Ecjstmtutmcj pftnjt moonkfomty cl t`n fssnssinjt t`ft wfs
prcvmbns t`ft t`n fssnts fjb rnvnjuns cl jcj-stcea, hnycjb t`n RIE”s jnt wcrt` hut nqumvfonjt tc
jcj-prclmt nbueftmcjfo mjstmtutmcjs t`ft frn usnb t`n bnlmemnjey fssnssinjt lcr MR fjb \FR3
fetufooy, bmrnetoy, fjb nxeousmvnoy lcr nbueftmcjfo
purpcsns frn nxnipt lrci foo tfxns fjb butmns. Lcr F7 ]NU. Ft t`ms gujeturn, mt hnecins mipnrftmvn tc
t`ms prcvmsmcj tc fppoy mj t`n efsn, t`n se`cco iust rnmtnrftn t`n prmjempon t`ft t`n pcwnr tc tfx ms jct t`n
s`cw t`ft mt ms f jcj-stcea, jcj-prclmt nbueftmcjfo pcwnr tc bnstrcy. [`mon t`n rnqumrmjk tc pcst f surnty
mjstmtutmcj. Mt iust fosc s`cw t`ft t`n mjecin lrci hcjb hy t`n ERF wfs wmt`mj mts pcwnrs, t`n Ecurt
t`n rnjtfo lnns frn fetufooy, bmrnetoy, fjb nxeousmvnoy `cobs, `cwnvnr, t`ft t`n ERF mj Bmvmsmcj krfvnoy
usnb lcr nbueftmcjfo
n bueftmcjfo purpcsns. fhusnb mts bmserntmcj hnefusn mt lmxnb t`n ficujt cl
t`n hcjb ft jnfroy lmvn tmins t`n jnt wcrt` cl t`n
V7 Uupnrifj Emkfr fjb Emkfrnttn Ecipfjy pntmtmcjnr wmt`cut ecjbuetmjk f prnomimjfry `nfrmjk
wfs fssnssnb lcr bnlmemnjey
bnlmemnjey cj mts foonknb tc fsenrtfmj w`nt`nr t`nrn wnrn krcujbs tc suspnjb
ujpfmb nxemsn tfxns. R`n HMX mssunb f Lmjfo t`n ecoonetmcj cl t`n bnlmemnjey fssnssinjt cj t`n
Fssnssinjt Jctmen lcr bnlmemnjey krcujb t`ft sue` ecoonetmcj wcuob gncpfrbmzn t`n
fssnssinjt mj t`n ficujt cl 64 imoomcj mjtnrnsts cl t`n tfxpfynr. Fot`cuk` t`n ficujt cl
pnscs. Uupnrifj Emkfr qunstmcjnb t`n T2,2<;,5=6,006.;< wfs mtsnol t`n ficujt cl t`n
mssufjen cl t`n LFJ, foonkmjk t`ft t`ny wnrn fssnssinjt, mt hn`ccvnb t`n ERF mj Bmvmsmcj tc
jct kmvnj t`n njcuk` tmin tc rnlutn t`n ecjsmbnr ct`nr lfetcrs rneckjmznb hy t`n ofw mtsnol
fssnssinjt. R`n HMX cj t`n ct`nr `fjb tcwfrbs suspnjbmjk t`n ecoonetmcj cl t`n fssnssinjt,
ecjtnjbs t`ft t`n tfxpfynr wfs kmvnj oman w`nt`nr cr jct t`n fssnssinjt wcuob gncpfrbmzn
njcuk` tmin fjb gust rnlusnb tc `nnb t`nmr t`n mjtnrnst cl t`n tfxpfynr, cr w`nt`nr t`n infjs
rnqunsts lcr prcbuetmcj cl feecujtmjk fbcptnb hy t`n EMX mj bntnrimjmjk t`n omfhmomty cl t`n
rnecrbs. tfxpfynr wfs onkfo fjb
f jb vfomb. Umipoy prnsermhmjk sue`
`mk` ficujt cl t`n hcjb oman t`n mjmtmfo 6>4% cl t`n
[`ft ms t`n infjmjk cl ‟Hnst Chtfmjfhon bnlmemnjey fssnssinjt cl T2.2 hmoomcj (cr T<.; hmoomcj),
Nvmbnjen’
Nvmbnjen’ fjb w`nj efj t`ms hn
h n usnb f vfomb cr oftnr cj nvnj rnbuemjk t`n ficujt cl t`n hcjb tc
hfsms tc fubmt/fssnssnb
fubmt/fssnssnb f tfxpfynr3
tfxpfynr3 nqufo t`n bnlmemnjey fssnssinjt wcuob prfetmefooy
bnjy tc t`n pntmtmcjnr t`n infjmjkluo cppcrtujmty tc
F7 ^jbnr t`n Hnst Nvmbnjen Chtfmjfhon ruon, ecjtnst t`n vfombmty cl t`n fssnssinjts, fjb wcuob
t`n HMX, mj t`n ecjbuet cl mts tfx mjvnstmkftmcj cj f omanoy nvnj mipcvnrms` mt fs tc lcren mt cut cl husmjnss.
tfxpfynr, ify rnscrt tc fjy bceuinjt iftnrmfo tc (Rrmb`frif Ifrantmjk Ecrpcrftmcj v. ERF, K.X.
t`n mjqumry, mjlcriftmcj lrci kcvnrjinjt cllmens, Jc. 86>=>4, Gujn
Gujn 84, 846<)
846<)
cr tnstmicjy cl scin ct`nr pnrscjs w`nj t`n
rnpcrts cr rnecrbs rnqunstnb lrci t`n tfxpfynr ms V7 Xnoftn t`n ecjenpt cl pfetf sujt snrvfjbf
jct lcrt`ecimjk (m.n. rnecrbs frn ocst1 rnlusfo cl cj tfxftmcj.
tfxpfynr tc suhimt sue` rnecrbs) cr t`n rnpcrts
suhimttnb frn lfosn, mjecipontn cr nrrcjncus. F7 Chsnrvfjen cl fjy trnfty chomkftmcj hmjbmjk upcj
t`n kcvnrjinjt cl t`n T`momppmjns ms fje`crnb cj t`n
^UR OF[ TXN-[NNA JCRNU 846=
ofw prmjempon t`ft rnqumrns fkrnnmjk pfrtmns tc ecipoy wmt` t`nsn rnqumrninjts, t`n tfxpfynr ms
wmt` t`nmr trnfty
trnfty chomkftmcjs mj kccb lfmt`. @njen, t`n
t`n miinbmftnoy njtmtonb tc t`n njgcyinjt cl t`n
fppomeftmcj cl t`n prcvmsmcjs cl t`n JMXE iust hn miiujmtmns fjb prmvmonkns cl t`n tfx fijnsty
suhgnet tc t`n prcvmsmcjs cl tfx trnftmns njtnrnb mjtc prckrfi. Hut w`nj7 (f) t`n tfxpfynr lfmos tc lmon f
hy t`n T`momppmjns wmt` lcrnmkj ecujtrmns. ( Fmr UFOJ fjb t`n Rfx Fijnsty Xnturj1 cr (h) t`n jnt
Efjfbf vs. EMX, K.X. Jc. 6<=>4;, Gfjufry 66, 846< ) wcrt` cl t`n tfxpfynr mj t`n UFOJ fs cl Bnenihnr
56, 844> ms prcvnj tc hn ujbnrstftnb tc t`n nxtnjt
V7 Bcns t`n 84% Ufons Bmsecujt lcr Unjmcr cl 54% cr icrn, t`n tfxpfynr s`foo enfsn tc njgcy
Emtmznjs fjb Tnrscjs wmt` Bmsfhmomtmns t`nsn miiujmtmns fjb prmvmonkns. R`n
vmcoftns t`n ecjstmtutmcjfo
ecjstmtutmcjfo rmk`t cl nqufo ujbnrbneofrftmcj cl f tfxpfynr's jnt wcrt`, fs
prctnetmcj eofusn3 rnlnrrnb mj t`n snecjb mjstfjen fhcvn, ms prcvnj
t`rcuk`7 (f) prcennbmjks mjmtmftnb hy pfrtmns ct`nr
F7 JC.
JC. R`n nqufo prctnetmcj eofusn ms jct mjlrmjknb t`fj t`n HMX cr mts fknjts, wmt`mj cjn (6) ynfr lrci
hy onkmsoftmcj w`me` fppomns cjoy tc t`csn lfoomjk t`n lmomjk cl t`n UFOJ fjb t`n Rfx Fijnsty Xnturj1
wmt`mj f spnemlmnb eofss. Ml t`n krcupmjks
krcupmjks frn cr (h) lmjbmjks cr fbimssmcjs mj ecjkrnssmcjfo
e`frfetnrmznb hy suhstfjtmfo bmstmjetmcjs t`ft ifan `nfrmjks cr prcennbmjks mj fbimjmstrftmvn fknjemns,
rnfo bmllnrnjens, cjn eofss ify hn trnftnb fj fjb mj ecurts. Ct`nrwmsn, t`n tfxpfynr's UFOJ ms
rnkuoftnb bmllnrnjtoy lrci fjct`nr ( Ucut`nrj
( Ucut`nrj prnsuinb trun fjb ecrrnet. R`n tfx fijnsty ofw
Ouzcj Bruk Ecrpcrftmcj v. BU[B, K.X. Jc. t`us pofens t`n hurbnj cl cvnrturjmjk t`ms
6==<<=, Fprmo 8>, 846;). prnsuiptmcj tc t`n pfrtmns w`c eofmi t`ft t`nrn
wfs fj ujbnrbneofrftmcj
ujbnrbneofrftmcj cl t`n tfxpfynr's jnt
BC^HON wcrt`. (EMX vs. Ecvfjtf Njnrky T`momppmjn
RFPFRMCJ @cobmjks, Mje., K.X. Jc. 8456<4, Gfjufry 82,
8460)
8460 )
Bmrnet Bcuhon Rfxftmcj nxmsts w`nj f pfrtmeuofr
prcbuet, pnrscj, njtmty, cr husmjnss ms tfxnb icrn V7 R`n Emty cl Ifjmof fssnssnb fjb ecoonetnb
t`fj cjen wmt`mj cr hy t`n sfin tfxmjk fut`crmty tfxns lrci t`n mjbmvmbufo pntmtmcjnrs
lcr t`n sfin purpcsn. pursufjt tc Une. 6> (Rfx cj [`consfonrs,
Bmstrmhutcrs, cr Bnfonrs) fjb Une. 6; (Rfx cj
NPNITRMCJ LXCI Xntfmonrs) cl t`n Xnvnjun Ecbn cl Ifjmof
RFP (Crbmjfjen Jc. ;;=2). Ft t`n sfin tmin, t`n
Emty cl Ifjmof mipcsnb fbbmtmcjfo tfxns upcj
V7 EMX mssunb Lcrifo Onttnrs cl Bnifjb t`n pntmtmcjnrs pursufjt tc Une. 86 cl t`n
fjb Fssnssinjt Jctmens fkfmjst ENT@M lcr Xnvnjun Ecbn cl Ifjmof, w`me` mipcsns tfx
bnlmemnjey tfxns lcr t`n tfxfhon ynfr 8446. cj f pnrscj w`c scob kccbs fjb snrvmens mj
R`ms fssnssinjt onfb tc ENT@M lmomjk f t`n ecursn cl trfbn cr husmjnss hfsnb cj f
Onttnr cl Trctnst. enrtfmj pnrenjtfkn cl `ms krcss sfons cr
rnenmpts mj t`n prnenbmjk efonjbfr ynfr, fs f
R`n prctnsts rnifmjnb ujfetnb upcj. R`us, ecjbmtmcj lcr t`n rnjnwfo cl t`nmr rnspnetmvn
ENT@M lmonb snpfrftn pntmtmcjs hnlcrn t`n husmjnss omenjsns lcr t`n ynfr 6===. Ms t`nrn
ERF, snnamjk t`n efjenooftmcj fjb bcuhon tfxftmcj3
wmt`brfwfo cl t`n bnlmemnjey
bnlmemnjey fssnssinjts.
Fltnr t`n pfrtmns' rnspnetmvn suhimssmcj
suhimssmcj cl F7 ]NU. Foo t`n noninjts cl bcuhon tfxftmcj
t`nmr lcrifo cllnr cl nvmbnjen, ENT@M lmonb f ecjeurrnb upcj t`n Emty cl Ifjmof”s fssnssinjt cj
Uupponinjtfo Tntmtmcj, mjlcrimjk t`n ERF fjb ecoonetmcj lrci t`n pntmtmcjnrs cl tfxns lcr t`n
t`ft mt fvfmonb cl t`n tfx fijnsty. ENT@M lmrst qufrtnr cl 6=== pursufjt tc Une. 86 cl t`n
fltnrwfrbs suhimttnb f Uupponinjtfo Xnvnjun Ecbn cl Ifjmof. Lmrstoy, hnefusn Une. 86 cl
Lcrifo Cllnr cl Nvmbnjen, tcknt`nr wmt` t`n t`n Xnvnjun Ecbn cl Ifjmof mipcsnb t`n tfx cj f
bceuinjts rnonvfjt tc mts tfx fijnsty. R`n pnrscj w`c scob kccbs fjb snrvmens mj t`n ecursn cl
EMX frkunb, `cwnvnr, t`ft ENT@M efjjct trfbn cr husmjnss hfsnb cj f enrtfmj pnrenjtfkn cl `ms
njgcy t`n prmvmonkns fttnjbfjt tc t`n tfx krcss sfons cr rnenmpts mj t`n prnenbmjk efonjbfr ynfr,
fijnsty prckrfi hnefusn mts UFOJ lfmonb tc w`mon Une. 6> fjb Une. 6; omanwmsn
omanwmsn mipcsnb t`n tfx cj
ecipoy wmt` t`n rnqumrninjts. Ms ENT@M f pnrscj w`c scob kccbs fjb snrvmens mj t`n ec ursn cl
njtmton tc tfx fijnsty3 trfbn cr husmjnss hut cjoy mbnjtmlmnb sue` pnrscj wmt`
pfrtmeuofrmty, jfinoy, t`n w`consfonr, bmstrmhutcr cr
F7 ]ns. ENT@M ms njtmtonb tc t`n miiujmtmns fjb bnfonr (Une. 6>), fjb t`n rntfmonr (Une. 6;), foo t`n tfxns
prmvmonkns cl t`n tfx fijnsty prckrfi upcj luoo ‒ hnmjk mipcsnb cj t`n prmvmonkn cl bcmjk husmjnss
ecipomfjen wmt` t`n rnqumrninjts cl X.F. Jc. mj t`n Emty cl Ifjmof mj crbnr tc ifan t`n tfxpfynrs
=204. X.F. Jc. =204 kcvnrjs t`n tfx fijnsty ecjtrmhutn tc t`n emty”s rnvnjuns ‒ wnrn
‒ wnrn mipcsnb cj
prckrfi lcr jftmcjfo mjtnrjfo rnvnjun tfxns lcr t`n t`n sfin suhgnet ifttnr fjb lcr t`n sfin purpcsn.
Rfxftmcj Ofw
604<>6, Guoy 54, 8462) \foony Ecoonkn, Mje. v. Fqumjc, 82> T`mo. 051 6<8
UEXF 64< (6=00),
(6=00), emtnb mj EMX vs. Bn Of Ufoon
V7 UOIE rnenmvnb fj Fssnssinjt Jctmen ^jmvnrsmty, Mje., K.X. Jc. 6=<>=<, Jcvnihnr =,
mjlcrimjk mt cl mts mjecin tfx bnlmemnjey 846<).
846<).
ujbnr Unetmcj 8;(H) cl t`n 6==; JMXE, lcr
tfxfhon ynfr 844> fjb 844<. UOIE lmonb fjb h. fjb e.7 JC.
JC. Ml t`n ujmvnrsmty fetufooy, bmrnetoy
fbimjmstrftmvn prctnst hnlcrn t`n EMX fjb fjb nxeousmvnoy usns lcr nbueftmcjfo purpcsns t`n
eofminb t`ft fs f jcj-stcea, jcj-prclmt rnvnjuns nfrjnb lrci t`n onfsn cl mts se`cco
e`frmtfhon fjb scemfo wnolfrn crkfjmzftmcj, mt humobmjk, sue` rnvnjuns s`foo hn nxnipt lrci
ms nxnipt lrci pfymjk mjecin tfx. Mt mjecin tfx, \FR, ocefo husmjnss tfxns, fjb butmns.
fssnvnrftns lurt`nr t`ft t`n mjecin mt bnrmvns R`n tfx nxniptmcj jc ocjknr `mjkns cj t`n usn cl
lrci cpnrftmjk f `cspmtfo ms jct mjecin lrci t`n fssnt lrci w`me` t`n rnvnjuns wnrn nfrjnb, hut
‟fetmvmtmns ecjbuetnb lcr prclmt.’ Cj t`n ct`nr cj t`n fetufo, bmrnet fjb nxeousmvn usn cl t`n
`fjb, EMX ecjtnjbs t`ft UOIE bcns jct rnvnjuns lcr nbueftmcjfo purpcsns. Rc fvfmo cl t`n
cpnrftn nxeousmvnoy lcr e`frmtfhon cr scemfo nxniptmcj, t`n tfxpfynr iust lfetufooy prcvn t`ft
wnolfrn purpcsns
purpcsns mjsclfr fs mts rnvnjuns lrci mt usnb fetufooy, bmrnetoy fjb nxeousmvnoy lcr
pfymjk pftmnjts frn ecjenrjnb. Ms UOIE omfhon nbueftmcjfo purpcsns t`n rnvnjuns cr mjecin
lcr mjecin tfx3 scuk`t tc hn nxniptnb.
f. Ms t`n ofjb cwjnb hy Bn Of Ufoon Cptmcjfo 0% Mjecin Rfx ( Une. 82, Tfr. F., Jc. 8
^jmvnrsmty suhgnet tc rnfo prcpnrty tfx3 (h))
h. Frn t`n onfsn pfyinjts rnenmvnb hy Bn Ml t`n krcss sfons/rnenmpts fjb ct`nr jcj- cpnrftmjk
Of Ufoon ^jmvnrsmty suhgnet tc mjecin mjecin cl f snol- nipocynb/prclnssmcjfo
nipocynb/prclnssmcjfo bc jct
tfx3 nxennb t`n T5I \FR t`rns`cob, tfxpfynr ify cpt tc
e. Frn t`n onfsn pfyinjts rnenmvnb hy Bn hn tfxnb ft7
Of Ufoon ^jmvnrsmty suhgnet tc \FR3
(846< Hfr) • 0% cl krcss sfons/rnenmpts fjb ct`nr jcj-
cpnrftmjk mjecin mj nxenss cl T8>4,444 mj omnu cl
F7 krfbuftnb rftns fjb pnrenjtfkn tfx1 cr
• Krfbuftnb rftns mjecin tfx rftns.
f. ]NU.
]NU. R`n onfsnb pcrtmcj cl t`n humobmjk ify hn
suhgnet tc rnfo prcpnrty tfx. R`n tnst cl nxniptmcj R`ms prcvmsmcj ms jct fppomefhon lcr ecipnjsftmcj
lrci tfxftmcj ms t`n usn cl t`n prcpnrty lcr mjecin.
purpcsns injtmcjnb mj t`n Ecjstmtutmcj. R`n onfsn
cl f pcrtmcj cl f se`cco humobmjk lcr eciinremfo Jctn7 Lcr imxnb mjecin nfrjnrs, t`n 0% mjecin tfx
purpcsns, rnicvns sue` fssnt lrci t`n prcpnrty tfx rftn, ml cptnb, ms fppomnb tc t`n njtmrn krcss
nxniptmcj krfjtnb ujbnr t`n Ecjstmtutmcj. R`nrn m s sfons/rnenmpts, jct cjoy tc t`n krcss sfons/rnenmpts mj
^UR OF[ TXN-[NNA JCRNU 846=
pfyinjt cl t`n >% lrfje`msn tfx hy TFKECX fjb mts t`ft bc jct `fvn lomk`ts tc fjb lrci t`n T`momppmjns
T`momppmjns
ecjtrfetnns fjb omenjsnns nxnipts t`ni lrci hut jcjnt`nonss nfrj mjecin lrci ct`nr fetmvmtmns
f etmvmtmns
pfyinjt cl fjy ct`nr tfxns, mjeoubmjk ecrpcrftn mj t`n ecujtry wmoo hn tfxnb ft t`n rftn cl 54% cl
mjecin tfx. sue` mjecin (Ucut` Flrmefj Fmrwfys v.
Eciimssmcjnr cl Mjtnrjfo Xnvnjun, Lnhrufry 6<,
Fs prnvmcusoy rneckjmznb, t`n fhcvn-quctnb 84641 Fmr Efjfbf v. EMX, K.X. Jc. 6<=>4;,
prcvmsmcj prcvmbmjk lcr t`n sfmb nxniptmcj wfs Gfjufry 66, 846<).
jnmt`nr finjbnb jcr rnpnfonb hy fjy suhsnqunjt
ofws (m.n. Unetmcj 6 cl X.F. Jc. =55; w`me` finjbnb V7 X.F. =>42 wfs fpprcvnb fjb tcca nllnet
Unetmcj 8;(E) cl t`n JMXE cl 6==;)1 t`us, mt ms stmoo mj cj < Guoy 8440. R`n ofw krfjtnb I[Ns
nllnet. Kumbnb hy t`n bcetrmjfo tnfe`mjks mj rnscovmjk nxniptmcj lrci pfyinjt cl mjecin tfx cj
t`n efsn ft hnje`, mt ms wmt`cut f bcuht t`ft, oman t`nmr imjmiui wfkn, `combfy pfy, cvnrtmin
TFKECX, mts ecjtrfetnns fjb omenjsnns rnifmj pfy, jmk`t s`mlt bmllnrnjtmfo pfy fjb `fzfrb.
nxniptnb lrci t`n pfyinjt cl ecrpcrftn mjecin tfx Cj 82 Unptnihnr 8440, t`n HMX mssunb XX
fjb ct`nr tfxns smjen t`n ofw ms eonfr t`ft sfmb 64-8440 miponinjtmjk t`n prcvmsmcjs cl
nxniptmcj mjurns tc t`nmr hnjnlmt. X.F. =>42. Bnembn t`n lcoocwmjk7
[n fb`nrn tc t`n efrbmjfo ruon mj stftutcry f. [`nt`nr fj I[N ms nxnipt lcr t`n
ecjstruetmcj t`ft w`nj t`n ofw ms eonfr fjb lrnn lrci njtmrn tfxfhon ynfr 8440 cr lrci < Guoy
fjy bcuht cr fihmkumty, t`nrn ms jc rcci lcr 8440 cjoy1
ecjstruetmcj cr mjtnrprntftmcj. Fs `fs hnnj cur h. [`nt`nr Unetmcjs
Unetmcjs 6 fjb 5 cl XX 64-8440
ecjsmstnjt ruomjk, w`nrn t`n ofw spnfas mj eonfr fjb frn ecjsmstnjt wmt` t`n ofw mj prcvmbmjk
eftnkcrmefo ofjkufkn, t`nrn ms jc ceefsmcj lcr t`ft fj I[N w`c rnenmvns ct`nr
mjtnrprntftmcj1 t`nrn ms cjoy rcci lcr fppomeftmcj. hnjnlmts mj nxenss cl t`n stftutcry omimt
( Hoccihnrry Xnscrts fjb @ctnos, Mje. v. HMX, K.X. cl T54,444 (Jcw ft T=4,444) ms jc
Jc. 868>54, Fukust 64, 846<)
846<) ocjknr njtmtonb tc t`n nxniptmcj
prcvmbnb hy X.F. =>42.
V7 Nxpofmj t`n mjecin tfx mipomeftmcjs cl
cpnrftmcjs cl cll-omjn fmr efrrmnrs. F7
Fj cll-omjn fmromjn `fvmjk f hrfje` cllmen cr f sfons f. R`n I[N ms nxnipt lcr t`n njtmrn tfxfhon ynfr
fknjt mj t`n T`momppmjns w`me` snoos pfssfkn 8440. Fs mt stfjbs, t`n efonjbfr ynfr 8440
bceuinjts lcr ecipnjsftmcj cr eciimssmcj tc rnifmjnb fs cjn tfxfhon ynfr lcr fj mjbmvmbufo
ecvnr cll-omjn lomk`ts cl mts prmjempfo cr `nfb cllmen, tfxpfynr. R`nrnlcrn, XX 64-8440 efjjct
cr lcr ct`nr fmromjns ecvnrmjk lomk`ts crmkmjftmjk bneofrn t`n mjecin nfrjnb hy f imjmiui wfkn
lrci T`momppmjn pcrts cr cll-omjn lomk`ts, ms jct nfrjnr lrci 6 Gfjufry 8440 tc > Guoy 8440 tc
ecjsmbnrnb njkfknb mj husmjnss fs fj hn tfxfhon fjb t`csn nfrjnb hy `mi lcr
lcr t`n rnst
mjtnrjftmcjfo fmr efrrmnr mj t`n T`momppmjns cl t`ft ynfr tc hn tfx-nxnipt. Rc bc sc wcuob
fjb ms, t`nrnlcrn, jct suhgnet tc Krcss hn tc ecjtrfbmet t`n JMXE fjb gurmsprubnjen,
gurmsprubnjen, fs
T`momppmjn Hmoomjks Rfx prcvmbnb lcr mj Unetmcj tfxfhon mjecin wcuob t`nj enfsn tc hn
80(F)(5)(f) cl t`n Ecbn jcr tc t`n t`rnn pnrenjt bntnrimjnb cj f ynfroy hfsms.
(5%) eciicj efrrmnr's tfx ujbnr Unetmcj 660(F) cl
t`n sfin Ecbn. R`ms prcvmsmcj ms wmt`cut prngubmen JCRN7 R`n fhcvn ruomjk t`ft t`n I[N
tc eofssmlymjk sue` tfxpfynr ujbnr f bmllnrnjt nxniptmcj ms fvfmofhon lcr t`n njtmrn tfxfhon ynfr
eftnkcry pursufjt tc f snpfrftn prcvmsmcj cl t`n 8440 ms prnimsnb cj t`n lfet cl cjn's stftus fs fj
sfin Ecbn (XX 6>-8448). Une. 80 (F) (5) (f) cl t`n I[N burmjk t`n njtmrn ynfr cl 8440.
6==; JMXE bcns jct, mj fjy eftnkcrmefo tnri,
nxnipt foo mjtnrjftmcjfo fmr efrrmnrs lrci t`n [`nj t`n wfkns rnenmvnb
r nenmvnb nxennb t`n imjmiui
ecvnrfkn cl Une. 80 (F) (6) cl t`n 6==; JMXE.
J MXE. wfkn fjytmin burmjk t`n tfxfhon ynfr, t`n
nipocynn ocsns t`n I[N qufomlmeftmcj.
R`n knjnrfo ruon ms t`ft rnsmbnjt lcrnmkj R`nrnlcrn, wfkns hnecin tfxfhon fs t`n
ecrpcrftmcjs s`foo hn omfhon lcr f 54% mjecin tfx cj nipocynn enfsnb tc hn fj I[N. Hut t`n
t`nmr mjecin lrci wmt`mj t`n T`momppmjns, nxenpt nxniptmcj cl t`n nipocynn lrci tfx cj
lcr rnsmbnjt lcrnmkj ecrpcrftmcjs t`ft frn t`n mjecin prnvmcusoy nfrjnb fs fj I[N
mjtnrjftmcjfo efrrmnrs t`ft bnrmvn mjecin "lrci rnifmjs. R`n miprcvninjt cl cjn's wfkn
efrrmfkn cl pnrscjs, nxenss hfkkfkn, efrkc fjb ifmo efjjct gustoy cpnrftn tc ifan t`n nipocynn
crmkmjftmjk lrci t`n T`momppmjns" w`me` s`foo hn omfhon lcr tfx cj t`n mjecin nfrjnb fs fj I[N.
tfxnb ft 8 6/8% cl t`nmr Krcss T`momppmjn Hmoomjks.
Fj mjtnrjftmcjfo efrrmnr wmt` jc lomk`ts crmkmjftmjk h. R`n trnftinjt cl hcjusns fjb ct`nr
c t`nr hnjnlmts t`ft
lrci t`n T`momppmjns, bcns jct lfoo ujbnr t`n fj nipocynn rnenmvns lrci t`n nipocynr mj
^UR OF[ TXN-[NNA JCRNU 846=
fs hy ‐Fet cl Kcb” oman omk`tjmjk, nfrt`qufan, stcri, lcrnmkj ecrpcrftmcj bcns jct ficujt tc njkfkmjk mj
loccb fjb t`n oman, fjb s`foo fosc mjeoubn frinb trfbn cr husmjnss mj t`n T`momppmjns
T`momppmjns lcr mjecin tfx
ecjlomets oman wfr cr mjsurknjey1 purpcsns. Lcr sue` f lcrnmkj ecrpcrftmcj tc hn
5. Onkmtmiftn Husmjnss Xnvnrsns ― mjeoubn ecjsmbnrnb njkfknb mj trfbn cr husmjnss, husmjnss
suhstfjtmfo ocssns bun tc lmrn, t`nlt cr nihnzzoninjt trfjsfetmcjs iust hn ecjtmjucus (J.\. Xnnbnrmg v.
cr lcr ct`nr necjcime rnfscj, fs bntnrimjnb hy t`n EMX, K.X. Jc. O-2<48=, Gujn 85,
8 5, 6==0).
Unerntfry cl Lmjfjen (Une. 8; QNYQ5Y, JMXE1 XX. Jc.
=-=0, Une. 8.8; QNY Q2YQh,e,bY). Miprcpnroy Feeuiuoftnb Nfrjmjks cl
Ecrpcrftmcj
Fppomefhmomty cl IEMR w`nrn f ecrpcrftmcj
ecrpcrftmcj ms Bcinstme ecrpcrftmcjs fjb eocsnoy-`nob
kcvnrjnb pfrty ujbnr JEMR fjb pfrtoy ujbnr ecrpcrftmcjs frn suhgnet tc 64% miprcpnroy
f spnemfo mjecin tfx systni feeuiuoftnb nfrjmjks tfx cj t`nmr miprcpnroy
feeuiuoftnb nfrjmjks (Une. 8= QFY, JMXE).
Mj t`n efsn cl f bcinstme ecrpcrftmcj w`csn
cpnrftmcjs cr fetmvmtmns frn pfrtoy ecvnrnb hy t`n Eocsnoy-`nob Ecrpcrftmcjs
Ecrpcrftmcjs
jcrifo mjecin tfx systni (suhgnet tc 54% JEMR) fjb R`nsn frn ecrpcrftmcjs, ft onfst >4% mj vfoun cl t`n
pfrtoy ecvnrnb ujbnr f spnemfo mjecin tfx systni, t`n cutstfjbmjk efpmtfo stcea cl w`me` cr ft onfst >4%
IEMR wmoo fppoy cjoy cj cpnrftmcjs ecvnrnb hy t`n cl t`n tctfo ecihmjnb vctmjk pcwnr cl foo eofssns cl
rnkuofr mjecin tfx systni. Lcr nxfipon, ml f HCM- stcea njtmtonb tc vctn ms cwjnb bmrnetoy cr mjbmrnetoy
rnkmstnrnb njtnrprmsn `fs f "rnkmstnrnb" fjb fj hy cr jct icrn t`fj 84 mjbmvmbufos (X.X. 8-8446,
"ujrnkmstnrnb" fetmvmty, t`n IEMR s`foo fppoy tc t`n Une. 2).
ujrnkmstnrnb fetmvmty (X.X. =-=0). JCRN7 Ecrpcrftmcjs cutsmbn t`n fhcvn bnlmjmtmcj
frn ecjsmbnrnb puhomeoy-`nob ecrpcrftmcjs.
Hrfje` prclmt rnimttfjen tfx
Fjy prclmt rnimttnb hy hrfje` cllmen cl f V7 [`ft ecjsmsts cl ‟Miprcpnroy
iuotmjftmcjfo ecrpcrftmcj tc mts `nfb cllmen ms Feeuiuoftnb Nfrjmjks’3
Nfrjmjks’3
suhgnet tc 6>% lmjfo tfx tfx hfsnb cj tctfo prclmts
fppomnb cr nfrifranb lcr rnimttfjen wmt`cut F7 R`nsn frn t`n prclmts cl f ecrpcrftmcj t`ft frn
bnbuetmcj lcr t`n tfx ecipcjnjt. feeuiuoftnb, mjstnfb cl bmstrmhutmjk t`ni tc mts
s`frn`cobnrs, lcr t`n purpcsn cl fvcmbmjk t`n
F hrfje` ms eofssmlmnb fs f rnsmbnjt lcrnmkj mjecin tfx wmt` rnspnet tc mts s`frn`cobnrs cr t`n
ecrpcrftmcj.
ecrpcrftmcj. Fs sue`, mt ms suhgnet tc mjecin tfx ft s`frn`cobnrs cl fjct`nr ecrpcrftmcj (X.X. 8-8446,
t`n rftn cl 54% cj mts jnt mjecin bnrmvnb wmt`mj t`n Une. 8).
T`momppmjns. Uue` mjecin mtnis mjeoubn mjtnrnst,
bmvmbnjbs, rnjts, rcyfotmns, mjeoubmjk rniujnrftmcj Lcriuof7
lcr tne`jmefo snrvmens, sfofrmns, wfkns, prnimuis, Rfxfhon Mjecin burmjk t`n eurrnjt ynfr
fjjumtmns, nicouinjts cr ct`nr lmxnb cr Fbb7
bntnrimjfhon fjjufo, pnrmcbme cr efsufo kfmjs, Mjecin nxnipt lrci tfx
prclmts, mjecin fjb efpmtfo kfmjs rnenmvnb burmjk Mjecin nxeoubnb lrci krcss mjecin
nfe` tfxfhon ynfr lrci foo scurens wmt`mj t`n Mjecin suhgnet tc lmjfo tfx
T`momppmjns. JCOEC bnbuetnb
mjecin hnycjb t`n rnfscjfhon jnnbs cl t`n husmjnss , 8. Nfrjmjks rnsnrvnb lcr bnlmjmtn ecrpcrftn
MFNR s`foo hn mipcsnb (Bmiffipfc, G., 846>). nxpfjsmcj fpprcvnb hy t`n Hcfrb cl Bmrnetcrs cr
nqumvfonjt hcby
Xftmcjfon7 MFNR ms mipcsnb mj t`n jfturn cl f pnjfoty 5. Xnsnrvnb lcr humobmjk, pofjt cr nqumpinjt
tc t`n ecrpcrftmcj lcr t`n miprcpnr feeuiuoftmcj cl fequmsmtmcj fs fpprcvnb hy t`n Hcfrb cl Bmrnetcrs
mts nfrjmjks fjb fs f lcri cl bntnrrnjt tc t`n cr nqumvfonjt hcby
fvcmbfjen cl tfx upcj s`frn`cobnrs w`c frn 2. Xnsnrvnb lcr ecipomfjen wmt` fjy ocfj ecvnjfjt
suppcsnb tc pfy bmvmbnjbs tfx cj t`n nfrjmjk cr prn-nxmstmjk chomkftmcj
bmstrmhutnb tc t`ni hy t`n ecrpcrftmcj. Ml t`n >. Nfrjmjks rnqumrnb hy ofw cr fppomefhon
nfrjmjks fjb prclmts wnrn bmstrmhutnb, t`n rnkuoftmcjs tc hn rntfmjnb
s`frn`cobnrs wcuob hn omfhon lcr tfx cj bmvmbnjbs <. Mj efsn cl suhsmbmfrmns cl lcrnmkj ecrpcrftmcjs mj
(Eciimssmcjnr v. Fyfof Uneurmtmns Ecrp., 646 UEXF t`n T`momppmjns, foo ujbmstrmhutnb nfrjmjks
856). mjtnjbnb cr rnsnrvnb lcr mjvnstinjts wmt`mj t`n
T`momppmjns (X.X. Jc. 8-8446, Une. 5)
V7 @cw efj t`n ‟rnfscjfhon jnnbs’ cl t`n
husmjnss hn bntnrimjnb
bntnrimjnb mj crbnr tc gustmly fj Trmif lfemn mjstfjens cl feeuiuoftmcj cl
feeuiuoftmcj cl nfrjmjks3 (8464 Hfr) prclmts hnycjb t`n rnfscjfhon jnnbs cl f
husmjnss
F7 Rc bntnrimjn t`n ‟rnfscjfhon jnnbs’ cl t`n 6. Mjvnstinjt cl suhstfjtmfo nfrjmjks fjb prclmts cl
husmjnss mj crbnr tc gustmly fj feeuiuoftmcj cl t`n ecrpcrftmcj mj ujrnoftnb husmjnss cr mj stcea cr
nfrjmjks, t`n Ecurts cl t`n ^jmtnb Utftns `fvn sneurmtmns mj ujrnoftnb husmjnss
mjvnjtnb t`n sc-efoonb ‟Miinbmfey Rnst’ w`me` 8. Mjvnstinjt mj hcjbs fjb ct`nr ocjk tnri
ecjstrunb t`n wcrbs ‟rnfscjfhon jnnbs cl t`n sneurmtmns
husmjnss’ tc infj t`n miinbmftn jnnbs cl t`n 5. Feeuiuoftmcj cl nfrjmjks mj nxenss cl 644% cl
husmjnss, fjb mt wfs knjnrfooy `nob t`ft ml t`n pfmb-up efpmtfo, jct ct`nrwmsn mjtnjbnb lcr t`n
ecrpcrftmcj bmb jct prcvn fj miinbmftn jnnb lcr t`n rnfscjfhon jnnbs cl t`n husmjnss (X.X. Jc. 8-8446,
feeuiuoftmcj cl t`n nfrjmjks fjb prclmts, t`n Une. ;)
feeuiuoftmcj wfs jct lcr t`n rnfscjfhon jnnbs cl t`n
husmjnss, fjb t`n pnjfoty tfx wcuob fppoy (Ifjmof Trmif lfemn nvmbnjen tc s`cw purpcsn cl
[mjn Inre`fjts, Mje. v EMX, K.X. Jc. 8<62>, feeuiuoftmcj ms Rfx nvfsmcj cr Rfx
Lnhrufry 84, 6=02).
6=02). fvcmbfjen
R`n lfet t`ft7
Mj crbnr tc bntnrimjn w`nt`nr prclmts frn 6. Fjy ecrpcrftmcj ms f inrn7 f. @cobmjk
feeuiuoftnb lcr t`n rnfscjfhon jnnbs, mt iust hn ecipfjy ― cjn `fvmjk prfetmefooy jc fetmvmtmns
s`cwj t`ft t`n ecjtrcoomjk mjtnjtmcj cl t`n tfxpfynr nxenpt `cobmjk prcpnrty fjb ecoonetmjk mjecin
ms ifjmlnst ft t`n tmin cl feeuiuoftmcj, jct t`nrnlrci cr mjvnstmjk t`nrnmj1 cr
suhsnqunjtoy, w`me` frn inrn fltnrt`cuk`ts. h. Mjvnstinjt (iutufo lujb) ecipfjy ―
Lurt`nricrn, t`n feeuiuoftnb prclmts iust hn usnb w`nj fetmvmtmns cl t`n ecipfjy lurt`nr mjeoubn crcr
wmt`mj f rnfscjfhon
rnfscjfhon tmin
tmin fltnr t`n eocsn cl t`n tfxfhon
tfxfhon ecjsmst suhstfjtmfooy cl huymjk fjb snoomjk stceas,
ynfr (Eyfjfimb T`momppmjns, Mje. v. EF, K.X. Jc. sneurmtmns, rnfo nstftn, cr ct`nr mjvnstinjt
6404<;, Gfjufry 84, 8444). prcpnrtmns sc t`ft mjecin ms bnrmvnb jct cjoy lrci
mjvnstinjt ymnob hut fosc lrci prclmts upcj ifrant
JCRN7 Cjen t`n prclmt `fs hnnj suhgnetnb tc MFNR, louetuftmcjs.
t`n sfin s`foo jc ocjknr hn suhgnetnb tc MFNR mj oftnr 8. R`n nfrjmjks cr prclmts cl f ecrpcrftmcj frn
ynfrs nvnj ml jct bneofrnb fs bmvmbnjb. pnrimttnb tc feeuiuoftn hnycjb t`n rnfscjfhon
Jctwmt`stfjbmjk t`n mipcsmtmcj cl t`n MFNR, prclmts jnnbs cl t`n husmjnss (X.X. Jc. 8-8446, Une. ;).
w`me` `fvn hnnj suhgnetnb tc MFNR, w`nj lmjfooy
bneofrnb fs bmvmbnjbs s`foo jnvnrt`nonss hn suhgnet tc MFNR jct fppomefhon tc t`n lcoocwmjk7
lcoocwmjk7
tfx cj bmvmbnjbs mipcsnb ujbnr
ujbnr t`n JMXE, nxenpt mj 6. Tuhomeoy-`nob ecrpcrftmcjs (Une. 8= QHYQ8Y,
t`csn mjstfjens w`nrn t`n rnempmnjt ms jct suhgnet JMXE)
t`nrntc (X.X. 8-8446, Une. >). 8. Hfjas fjb ct`nr jcj-hfja lmjfjemfo
mjtnrinbmfrmns
V7 [`ft ecjstmtutn feeuiuoftmcj cl nfrjmjks 5. Mjsurfjen ecipfjmns
lcr t`n rnfscjfhon jnnbs cl t`n husmjnss3 2. Tuhomeoy-`nob ecrpcrftmcjs
>. Rfxfhon pfrtjnrs`mps
pfrtjnrs`mps
F7 <. Knjnrfo prclnssmcjfo pfrtjnrs`mps
6. Foocwfjen lcr t`n mjernfsn mj feeuiuoftmcj cl ;. Jcj-tfxfhon gcmjt vnjturns
nfrjmjks up tc 644% cl t`n pfmb-up efpmtfo 0. Njtnrprmsns buoy rnkmstnrnb wmt` t`n T`momppmjn
R`n hfsms cl t`n 644% t`rns`cob cl rntnjtmcj Necjcime Wcjn Fut`crmty ujbnr X.F. ;=6<,
;=6<, fjb
(ecjsmbnrnb wmt`mj t`n rnfscjfhon jnnbs cl t`n njtnrprmsns rnkmstnrnb pursufjt tc t`n Hfsns
Rfxftmcj Ofw
V7 Armf, Mje., f Acrnfj ecrpcrftmcj njkfknb NHEE `fb jc chomkftmcj tc wmt``cob fjy tfxns cj
mj t`n husmjnss cl ifjulfeturmjk nonetrme t`n mjtnrnst pfyinjt lcr t`n ynfr 8444 fs t`n
vn`meons, nstfhoms`nb f hrfje` cllmen mj t`n chomkftmcj tc wmt``cob cjoy eciinjenb cj Gujn 6,
T`momppmjns mj 8464. R`n T`momppmjn hrfje` 8448, fjb t`us efjenoomjk t`n fssnssinjt lcr
ecjstruetnb f ifjulfeturmjk pofjt mj bnlmemnjey L[R cj mjtnrnst pfyinjts frmsmjk lrci
Afhuyfc, Ofkujf, fjb t`n ecjstruetmcj NHEE' s ocfj lrci Ckbnj. ( Nbmscj
( Nbmscj (Hftffj)
ofstnb t`rnn (5) ynfrs. Eciinremfo Ecknjnrftmcj Ecrpcrftmcj vs. EMX, K.X. Jc.
cpnrftmcjs mj t`n Ofkujf pofjt hnkfj mj 8462. 846<<> & 846<<0, Fukust 54, 846;, Bno
Mj gust twc (8) ynfrs cl cpnrftmcj, t`n Efstmooc, G.)
G.)
T`momppmjn hrfje` `fb rnimttfhon prclmts mj
fj ficujt nxennbmjk 6;>% cl mts efpmtfo. RXFJULNX RFPNU
@cwnvnr, t`n `nfb cllmen mj Acrnf mjstruetnb
t`n hrfje` jct tc rnimt t`n prclmts tc t`n Nstftn tfx
tfx ms fj nxemsn tfx mipcsnb upcj t`n
Acrnfj `nfb cllmen ujtmo mjstruetnb prmvmonkn cl trfjsimttmjk prcpnrty ft t`n tmin cl
ct`nrwmsn. R`n hrfje` e`mnl lmjfjen cllmenr ms bnft` fjb cj t`n prmvmonkn t`ft f pnrscj ms kmvnj mj
ecjenrjnb t`ft t`n HMX imk`t `cob t`n ecjtrcoomjk tc f enrtfmj nxtnjt t`n bmspcsmtmcj cl `ms
T`momppmjn hrfje` omfhon lcr t`n 64% prcpnrty tc tfan nllnet upcj bnft`. Nstftn tfx ofws
miprcpnroy feeuiuoftnb nfrjmjks tfx (MFNR) rnst mj t`nmr nssnjen upcj t`n prmjempon t`ft bnft`
lcr pnrimttmjk mts prclmts tc feeuiuoftn ms t`n knjnrftmjk scuren lrci w`me` t`n tfxmjk
hnycjb rnfscjfhon
rnfscjfhon husmjnss jnnbs. pcwnr tfans mts hnmjk, fjb t`ft mt ms t`n pcwnr tc
(f) Ms t`n T`momppmjn hrfje` cl Armf suhgnet tc trfjsimt cr t`n trfjsimssmcj lrci t`n bnfb tc t`n
t`n 64% MFNR ujbnr t`n emreuistfjens stftnb omvmjk cj w`me` t`n tfx ms icrn miinbmftnoy hfsnb
fhcvn3 (Ocrnjzc v. Tcsfbfs, <2 T`mo 5>5).
(h) Ms mt suhgnet tc 6>% hrfje` prclmt
rnimttfjen tfx (HTXR)3 (846= Hfr) [`ft frn t`n eofssmlmeftmcj
eofssmlmeftmcj cl cl bnenbnjt3
bnenbnjt3
Mjbmvmbufos omfhon tc pfy nstftn tfx7
F7 6. Jc. Une 8= (F) ― MFNR ecvnrs cjoy bcinstme 6. Xnsmbnjt emtmznjs (XE)
ecrpcrftmcjs. R`n hrfje` ms ecjsmbnrnb f rnsmbnjt 8. Jcj-rnsmbnjt emtmznjs (JXE)
lcrnmkj ecrpcrftmcj, t`us, jct suhgnet tc MFNR 5. Xnsmbnjt fomnj (XF)
8. Jc. Une 80 (F)(>) ― HTXR ms mipcsnb cjoy cj fetufo
fe tufo 2. Jcj-rnsmbnjt fomnj (JXF)
rnimttfjen. @nrn, jc rnimttfjen wfs ifbn. R`us, jct
suhgnet tc HTXR. JCRN7 Cjoy
JCRN7 Cjoy jfturfo pnrscjs efj hn `nob omfhon
o mfhon lcr
nstftn tfx. Bcinstme fjb lcrnmkj ecrpcrftmcjs
[MR@@COBMJK RFP efjjct hn omfhon hnefusn t`ny frn jct efpfhon cl
V7 Cj 8442, Nbmscj (Hftffj) Ecknjnrftmcj jfturfo bnft`.
Ecrpcrftmcj QNHEEY rnenmvnb lrci t`n EMX f
Lcrifo Onttnr cl Bnifjb fjb Lmjfo Bntnrimjftmcj
Bntnrimjftmcj cl krcss nstftn
Fssnssinjt Jctmen fssnssmjk NHEE cl R`n vfoun cl t`n krcss nstftn cl t`n bnenbnjt s`foo
bnlmemnjey Lmjfo [mt``cobmjk Rfx (L[R) lcr hn bntnrimjnb
bntnrimjnb hy mjeoubmjk t`nt`n vfoun ft t`n
t`n tmin cl
tfxfhon ynfr 8444. ^pcj t`n EMX”s
EMX” s mjfetmcj `ms bnft` cl foo prcpnrty, rnfo cr pnrscjfo, tfjkmhon
tc t`n onttnr-prctnst
onttnr-prctnst lmonb hy NHEE, t`n ofttnr cr mjtfjkmhon, w`nrnvnr smtuftnb7 Trcvmbnb,
nonvftnb t`n efsn tc t`n ERF. R`n ERF `cwnvnr, R`ft mj t`n efsn cl f jcjrnsmbnjt bnenbnjt
Bmvmsmcj `nob, ficjk ct`nrs, t`ft NHEE wfs w`c ft t`n tmin cl `ms bnft` wfs jct
jct f emtmznj
emtmznj cl t`n
jct omfhon lcr t`n bnlmemnjey L[R fssnssinjt T`momppmjns, cjoy t`ft pfrt cl t`n njtmrn krcss nstftn
cj mjtnrnst pfyinjts cj ocfj fkrnninjts lcr w`me` ms smtuftnb mj t`n T`momppmjns s`foo hn
tfxfhon ynfr 8444 smjen mts omfhmomty lcr mjeoubnb mj `ms tfxfhon nstftn (Une. 0<, RXFMJ
mjtnrnst pfyinjt hnefin bun fjb Ofw).
bnifjbfhon cjoy cj 8448. R`n EMX
ecjtnjbnb t`ft NHEE wfs omfhon tc pfy t`n Ecipcsmtmcj cl krcss nstftn
mjtnrnst lrci t`n bftn cl t`n nxneutmcj
nxneutmcj cl t`n BCJCX KXCUU KMLR
ecjtrfet cj 8444, jct lrci t`n bftn cl t`n Foo rnfo prcpnrtmns,
lmrst pfyinjt cj 8448, fs t`n ocfj tfjkmhon fjb
fkrnninjt eonfroy mjbmeftnb t`ft t`n mjtnrnst XE, JE fjb XF mjtfjkmhon pnrscjfo
wfs tc hn pfmb snpfrftnoy
snpfrftnoy lrci
lrci t`n prmjempfo.
prmjempfo. prcpnrtmns w`nrnvnr
R`n bnemsmcj cl t`n ERF Bmvmsmcj wfs oceftnb
fllmrinb hy t`n ERF nj hfje. Ms NHEE omfhon Foo rnfo prcpnrtmns,
lcr bnlmemnjey L[R lcr t`n ynfr 84443 tfjkmhon, fjb
mjtfjkmhon prcpnrtmns
F7 Jc, NHEE's omfhmomty lcr mjtnrnst pfyinjt JXF
oceftnb mj t`n
hnefin bun fjb bnifjbfhon
bnifjbfhon stfrtmjk 8448. R`n T`momppmjns ujonss t`n
^UR OF[ TXN-[NNA JCRNU 846=
t`n ofjbcwjnr. 8>8. Mts lfmourn tc prcvn t`ft t`ms rnqumrninjt `fs
hnnj ecipomnb wmt` rnjbnrs mts fbimjmstrftmvn
Fot`cuk` t`n rcfbs wnrn prmifrmoy humot lcr prctnst ujbnr Unetmcj 88< cl t`n OKE wmt`cut fjy
Lmompmjfs” hnjnlmt, t`n rcfbs wnrn fosc hnmjk nllnet. Jc prctnst s`foo hn njtnrtfmjnb ujonss t`n
usnb hy t`n inihnrs cl JKTM fjb t`n puhome. tfxpfynr lmrst pfys t`n tfx. ( Jftmcjfo
( Jftmcjfo Tcwnr
Lurt`nricrn, t`n rcfbs mjurnb tc t`n hnjnlmt Ecrpcrftmcj v. R`n Trcvmjemfo Rrnfsurnr cl
cl JKTM-JKNM fs cwjnrs cl t`n ofjb jct cjoy Hnjkunt, nt fo.,K.X. Jc. 84=545, Jcvnihnr 62,
hy rmk`t cl feenssmcj hut t`rcuk` t`n nxprnss
nxprnss 846<)
846<)
prcvmsmcj mj t`n onfsn fkrnninjt.
V7 Ms t`n Jftmcjfo Krmb Ecrpcrftmcj cl t`n
h. JC. R`n rcfb nqumpinjt fjb imjm `fuonrs T`momppmjns (JKET) nxnipt lrci rnfo
s`foo hn ecjsmbnrnb fs rnfo prcpnrty, suhgnet prcpnrty tfxns3
tc rnfo prcpnrty tfx.
F7 ]NU. Unetmcj = cl XF =>66 stftns t`ft JKET”s
R`n Trcvmjemfo Fssnsscr ms ecrrnet mj eofmimjk pfyinjt cl lrfje`msn tfx ms mj omnu cl pfyinjt cl
t`ft t`n p`rfsn pnrtfmjmjk tc p`ysmefo lfemomtmns ‟mjecin tfx fjb fjy f fjb
jb foo tfxns, butmns, lnns fjb
lcr prcbuetmcj ms eciprn`njsmvn njcuk` tc e`frkns cl fjy amjb, jfturn cr bnsermptmcj onvmnb,
mjeoubn t`n rcfb nqumpinjt fjb imjm `fuonrs fs nstfhoms`nb cr ecoonetnb hy fjy fut`crmty
fetufooy, bmrnetoy, fjb nxeousmvnoy usnb hy w`ftscnvnr, ocefo cr jftmcjfo, cj mts lrfje`msn,
rnspcjbnjt tc innt t`n jnnbs cl mts cpnrftmcjs rmk`ts, prmvmonkns, rnenmpts, rnvnjuns fjb prclmts,
mj pfoi cmo prcbuetmcj. Icrncvnr, "imjm-`fuonrs fjb cj prcpnrtmns usnb mj ecjjnetmcj wmt` mts
frn lfri trfetcrs puoomjk fttfe`nb trfmonrs usnb lrfje`msn.’ Unetmcj = cl XF =>66 eonfroy stftnb t`ft
mj t`n `fuomjk cl snnbomjks burmjk pofjtmjk t`n JKET”s
JKET”s ‟mj omnu cl foo tfxns’ eofusn mjeoubns
snfscj fjb mj trfjslnrrmjk lrns` pfoi lrumts tfxns mipcsnb hy t`n ocefo kcvnrjinjt cj
lrci t`n lfri QcrY lmnob tc t`n prcenssmjk pofjt prcpnrtmns usnb mj ecjjnetmcj wmt` JKET”s
wmt`mj t`n
t`n pofjtftmcj
pofjtftmcj frnf."
frnf." R`n mjbmspnjsfhmomty
mjbmspnjsfhmomty lrfje`msn. @cwnvnr, JKET”s tfx nxnipt stftus cj
cl t`n rcfb nqumpinjt fjb imjm `fuonrs mj rnfo prcpnrty bun tc t`n ‟mj omnu cl foo tfxns’ eofusn
trfjspcrtftmcj ifans mt fetufooy, bmrnetoy, fjb ms qufomlmnb7 JKET s`foo hn omfhon tc pfy t`n sfin
nxeousmvnoy usnb mj t`n cpnrftmcj cl rnspcjbnjt's tfx fs ct`nr ecrpcrftmcjs cj rnfo nstftn, humobmjks
husmjnss. ( Trcvmjemfo Fssnsscr cl Fkusfj bno fjb pnrscjfo prcpnrty nxeousmvn cl t`nmr lrfje`msn
Uur v. Lmompmjfs Tfoi Cmo Tofjtftmcj, Mje., K.X. ( Jftmcjfo Krmb
Krmb Ecrpcrftmcj
Ecrpcrftmcj cl t`n T`momppmjns vs.
Jc. 60526<, Cetchnr >, 846<)
846<) Comvf, K.X. Jc. 8656>;. Fukust 64, 846< ).
V7 Jftmcjfo Tcwnr Ecrpcrftmcj foonkns t`ft V7 R`n Emty cl Ifjmof fssnssnb Ecsics ocefo
pfyinjt ujbnr prctnst ujbnr Unetmcj 8>8 cl husmjnss tfxns fjb rnkuoftcry. Ecsics
t`n OKE ms rnqumrnb w`nj t`n prctnstnb t`n fssnssinjt t`rcuk` f onttnr
rnfscjfhonjnss cl t`n ficujt fssnssnb ms frkumjk t`ft Rfx Crbmjfjens `fvn hnnj
hnmjk qunstmcjnb. E`foonjkmjk t`n vnry bneofrnb juoo fjb vcmb fjb frkunb t`ft t`n
fut`crmty fjb pcwnr cl t`n fssnsscr tc ecoonetmcj cl ocefo husmjnss tfx ujbnr twc
mipcsn t`n fssnssinjt fjb cl t`n trnfsurnr prcvmsmcjs cl t`n sfin Crbmjfjen
tc ecoonet t`n tfx ms fj fttfea cj t`n vnry ecjstmtutns bcuhon tfxftmcj. Ecsics
vfombmty cj fjy mjernfsn fjb jct inrnoy cj rnenmvnb f onttnr lrci t`n Emty Rrnfsurnr
t`n ficujts cl mjernfsn mj tfx. R`us, sue` bnjymjk t`nmr prctnst, t`us ecjstrfmjnb tc
pfyinjt ms jct f ecjbmtmcj smjn quf jcj lcr pfy t`n fssnssinjt fjb lmonb mts ecipofmjt
t`n OHFF tc njtnrtfmj t`n JTE's e`foonjkn wmt` t`n XRE prfymjk lcr t`n rnlujb cr
cj t`n vfombmty cl t`n tfx mipcsnb cj mts tfx- mssufjen cl f tfx ernbmt enrtmlmeftn. R`n XRE
nxnipt prcpnrtmns. Ms JTE ecrrnet3 mj mts bnemsmcj ruonb mj lfvcr cl Ecsics hut
bnjmnb t`n eofmi lcr rnlujb. Ecsics'
F7 JC. Fs snttonb mj gurmsprubnjen, f eofmi lcr ictmcj lcr pfrtmfo rnecjsmbn
r necjsmbnrftmcj
rftmcj wfs fosc
f osc
nxniptmcj lrci t`n pfyinjt cl rnfo prcpnrty tfxns bnjmnb, `njen, t`n Tntmtmcj lcr Xnvmnw
bcns jct fetufooy qunstmcj t`n fssnsscr's fut`crmty hnlcrn t`n ERF. ERF ruonb mj lfvcr cl
tc fssnss fjb ecoonet sue` tfxns, hut pnrtfmjs tc t`n Ecsics. Tntmtmcjnr mjstnfb cl lmomjk f
rnfscjfhonjnss cr ecrrnetjnss cl t`n fssnssinjt hy ictmcj lcr rnecjsmbnrftmcj cr jnw trmfo, t`n
t`n ocefo fssnsscr, f qunstmcj cl lfet w`me` s`cuob pntmtmcjnrs bmrnetoy lmonb wmt` t`n ERF Nj
hn rnscovnb, ft t`n vnry lmrst mjstfjen,
mjstfjen, hy t`n OHFF.
OHFF. Hfje f pntmtmcj lcr rnvmnw. [`nt`nr t`n ERF
Nj Hfje ecrrnetoy bmsimssnb t`n pntmtmcj lcr
JTE's lfmourn tc ecipoy wmt` t`n ifjbftcry rnvmnw3
rnqumrninjt cl pfyinjt ujbnr prctnst mj
feecrbfjen wmt` Unetmcj 8>8 cl t`n OKE wfs lftfo tc F7 ]ns. R`n lmomjk cl f ictmcj lcr rnecjsmbnrftmcj cr
mts fppnfo. [n jctn t`ft mt ms jct t`n lmrst ceefsmcj jnw trmfo hnlcrn t`n ERF Bmvmsmcj ms fj
^UR OF[ TXN-[NNA JCRNU 846=
pntmtmcj lcr rnvmnw wmt` t`n ERF Nj Hfje. Lfmourn lrfje`msn, t`ft mt ms omfhon tc pfy tfxns lcr t`n
tc lmon sue` ictmcj lcr rnecjsmbnrftmcj cr jnw trmfo pnrmcb 6==< tc 6===. [`nt`nr t`n t`n Emty cl
ms efusn lcr bmsimssfo cl t`n fppnfo hnlcrn t`n ERF Tfsmk `fb vfomb hfsms lcr mts mipcsmtmcj cl
Nj Hfje. (Emty
(Emty cl Ifjmof vs. Ecsics Hcttomjk lrfje`msn tfx lcr t`n pnrmcb 6==< tc 6===3
Ecrpcrftmcj, K.X. Jc. 6=<<06, Gujn 8;, 8460 )
F7 Jc. ^jbnr t`n Ocefo Kcvnrjinjt Ecbn (OKE) cl
V7 Cj Gujn 6;, 8442, t`n T`momppmjn Tcrts 6==6 ujoman f emty, f i
iujmempfomty
ujmempfomty ms hnrnlt cl fut`crmty
Fut`crmty (TTF) rnenmvnb f onttnr lrci t`n tc onvy lrfje`msn tfx, t`us, t`n crbmjfjen njfetnb lcr
Emty Fssnsscr cl Bfvfc lcr t`n fssnssinjt t`ft purpcsn ms vcmb. R`n ecjvnrsmcj cl t`n
fjb ecoonetmcj cl rnfo prcpnrty tfxns fkfmjst iujmempfomty mjtc f emty bcns jct onjb vfombmty tc t`n
mts fbimjmstnrnb prcpnrtmns. Mt fppnfonb t`n vcmb crbmjfjen. Jnmt`nr bcns mt fut`crmzn t`n
fssnssinjt vmf rnkmstnrnb ifmo tc t`n Ocefo ecoonetmcj cl t`n tfx ujbnr sfmb crbmjfjen. R`n pcwnr
Hcfrb cl Fssnssinjt Fppnfos. [`mon t`n tc mipcsn lrfje`msn tfx hnocjks tc t`n prcvmjen hy
efsn wfs pnjbmjk, t`n Emty cl Bfvfc pcstnb vmrtun cl Unetmcj 65; cl t`n OKE. ( Emty cl Tfsmk vs.
f jctmen cl sfon cl bnomjqunjt rnfo Ifjmof Nonetrme
Nonetrme Ecipfjy,
Ecipfjy, K.X.
K.X. Jc. 606;64,
606;64, Ifre` ;,
prcpnrtmns, mjeoubmjk t`n t`rnn (5) 8460)
8460 )
prcpnrtmns cl TTF. R`n Ocefo Hcfrb cl
Fssnssinjt Fppnfos bmsimssnb t`n TTF”s V7 Efj f kcol ecursn hn ecjsmbnrnb f pofen cl
fppnfo lcr `fvmjk hnnj lmonb cut cl tmin. TTF fiusninjt fjb t`nrnlcrn hn wmt`mj t`n
fppnfonb hnlcrn t`n Enjtrfo Hcfrb cl pcwnr cl OK^ tc mipcsn fiusninjt tfx3
Fssnssinjt Fppnfos, hut t`ms fppnfo wfs
bnjmnb mj t`n Enjtrfo Hcfrb cl Fssnssinjt F7 Jc. Unetmcj 28 cl t`n Xnvmsnb Cijmhus Rfx
Fppnfos. R`us, mt lmonb fj fppnfo wmt` t`n Crbmjfjen, fs finjbnb, mipcsmjk fiusninjt tfx
Ecurt cl Rfx Fppnfos. R`n TTF eofminb t`ft cj kcol ecursns ms juoo fjb vcmb fs mt ms hnycjb t`n
mt bmb jct rnenmvn fjy wfrrfjt cl onvy lcr t`n fut`crmty cl rnspcjbnjt Enhu Emty tc njfet ujbnr
t`rnn (5) prcpnrtmns, w`me` wnrn scob tc t`n OKE. F kcol ecursn efjjct hn ecjsmbnrnb f
rnspcjbnjt Emty cl Bfvfc, cr fjy jctmen t`ft pofen cl fiusninjt.
fiusninjt. Tncpon bc jct njtnr f kcol
t`ny wnrn kcmjk tc hn fuetmcjnb. Mt wfs ecursn tc snn cr vmnw f s`cw cr pnrlcrifjen.
mjlcrinb t`ft mt `fb cjn (6) ynfr tc rnbnni Trcprmntcr cr cpnrftcrs cl t`n kcol ecursn, bc jct
t`n prcpnrty. R`us, mt lmonb f pntmtmcj lcr fetmvnoy bmspofy, stfkn, cr prnsnjt f s`cw cr
enrtmcrfrm fjb mjgujetmcj wmt` t`n Ecurt cl pnrlcrifjen. Tncpon
pnrlcrifjen. Tncpon kc tc f kcol ecursn tc njkfkn
Fppnfos. Bcns EF `fb`fb gurmsbmetmcj3
gurmsbmetmcj3 t`nisnovns mj f p`ysmefo spcrt fetmvmty.
F7 Jc. Mj rnfo prcpnrty tfx efsns sue` fs t`ms, t`n Fj OK^ ify nxnremsn mts rnsmbufo pcwnr tc tfx
rninby cl f tfxpfynr bnpnjbs cj t`n stfkn mj w`me` w`nj t`nrn ms jnmt`nr f krfjt jcr f prc`mhmtmcj hy
t`n ocefo kcvnrjinjt ujmt ms njlcremjk mts fut`crmty tc stftutn1 cr w`nj sue` tfxns, lnns, cr e`frkns frn jct
mipcsn rnfo prcpnrty tfxns. Icrncvnr, ofw ecjlnrs ct`nrwmsn spnemlmefooy njuinrftnb mj t`n OKE,
gurmsbmetmcj. TTF `fs lfmonb tc emtn fjy ofw suppcrtmjk JMXE, cr ct`nr fppomefhon ofws. Mj t`n prnsnjt efsn,
mts ecjtnjtmcj t`ft t`n Ecurt cl Fppnfos `fs Unetmcj 624, mj rnoftmcj tc Unetmcj 656(e), cl t`n
gurmsbmetmcj cvnr t`ms
t`ms efsn. Cj t`n
t`n ct`nr
ct`nr `fjb,
`fjb, Unetmcj
Unetmcj OKE fornfby nxpomemtoy fjb eonfroy ecvnr
;, pfrfkrfp` (f)(>) cl Xnpuhome Fet Jc. 668>, fs fiusninjt tfx fjb Enhu Emty iust nxnremsn mts
finjbnb hy Xnpuhome Fet Jc. =808, prcvmbns t`ft t`n fut`crmty tc mipcsn fiusninjt tfx wmt`mj t`n
Ecurt cl Rfx Fppnfos `fs nxeousmvn fppnooftn omimtftmcjs fjb kumbnomjns fs snt lcrt` mj sfmb
gurmsbmetmcj cvnr bnemsmcjs cl t`n Enjtrfo Hcfrb cl stftutcry prcvmsmcjs (Fotf \mstf Kcol fjb Ecujtry
Fssnssinjt Fppnfos mj t`n nxnremsn cl mts fppnooftn Eouh v. R`n Emty cl Enhu, K.X. Jc. 60485>, Gfjufry
gurmsbmetmcj cvnr efsns mjvcovmjk t`n fssnssinjt fjb 84, 846<).
tfxftmcj cl rnfo prcpnrty crmkmjfooy bnembnb hy t`n
prcvmjemfo cr emty hcfrb cl fssnssinjt fppnfos. V7 Efpmtco [mrnonss ms mj t`n husmjnss cl
( T`momppmjn Tcrts Fut`crmty vs. Emty cl Bfvfc, K.X. prcvmbmjk mjtnrjftmcjfo
Jc. 6=4582, Gujn 4<, 8460)
8460) tnoneciiujmeftmcjs snrvmens. Efpwmrn `fs
smkjnb fkrnninjts wmt` ct`nr ocefo fjb
V7 Cj 8< Bnenihnr 6==8, t`n Ufjkkujmfjk lcrnmkj tnoneciiujmeftmcjs ecipfjmns
Hfyfj cl t`n Iujmempfomty cl Tfsmk njfetnb ecvnrmjk fj mjtnrjftmcjfo jntwcra cl
Crbmjfjen Jc. 8> w`me`, ujbnr mts Frtmeon 5, suhifrmjn efhon systnis. R`n ocefo
Unetmcj 58, mipcsnb f lrfje`msn tfx cj foo kcvnrjinjt cl Hftfjkfs ecjsmbnrnb t`n
husmjnss vnjturn cpnrftmcjs efrrmnb cut suhifrmjn efhon systnis fs rnfo prcpnrty
t`rcuk` f lrfje`msn wmt`mj t`n iujmempfomty. suhgnet tc rnfo prcpnrty tfx. Ms t`n ocefo
Hy vmrtun cl Xnpuhome Fet (X.F.) Jc. ;08=, kcvnrjinjt cl Hftfjkfs ecrrnet3
w`me` tcca nllnet cj 8> Gfjufry 6==>, t`n
F7 ]NU. Uuhifrmjn cr ujbnrsnf eciiujmeftmcjs
Rfxftmcj Ofw
F7 ]NU.
F7 ]NU. [`nj fj mipcrtnr fltnr bun jctmen lfmos tc Icrncvnr, ujbnr Unetmcj 640 (H)(5), cl t`n 6==;
lmon fjb Mipcrt Njtry fjb Mjtnrjfo Xnvnjun JMXE fs finjbnb, snrvmens rnjbnrnb tc pnrscjs cr
Bneofrftmcj wmt`mj fj ujnxtnjbmhon pnrmcb cl 54 njtmtmns w`csn nxniptmcj ujbnr spnemfo ofws
bfys lrci t`n bmse`frkn cl t`n ofst pfeafkn, t`n nllnetmvnoy suhgnets t`n suppoy cl sue` snrvmens tc
mipcrtnb frtmeon ms bnninb fhfjbcjnb mj lfvcr cl znrc pnrenjt (4%) rftn frn ecjsmbnrnb znrc-rftnb.
t`n kcvnrjinjt. Ecjsmbnrmjk t`n ofw bcns jct prcvmbn lcr fjy
fbbmtmcjfo qufomlmeftmcj cr bmsqufomlmeftmcj, t`n HMX
R`n rftmcjfon cl strmet ecipomfjen wmt` t`n jcj- efjjct bnjy t`n fppomeftmcj cj t`n krcujb t`ft @T
nxtnjbmhon pnrmcb cl 54 bfys wmt`mj w`me` mipcrt Mjtnrjftmcjfo fornfby njgcys mjecin tfx `combfy.
njtrmns (MNMXBs) iust hn lmonb lcr mipcrtnb frtmeons
frn fs lcoocws7 (f) tc prnvnjt ecjsmbnrfhon bnofy mj Fj fbimjmstrftmvn fknjey ify jct njofrkn, fotnr cr
t`n pfyinjt cl butmns fjb tfxns1 (h) tc ecipno rnstrmet f prcvmsmcj cl ofw. Mt efjjct fbb tc t`n
mipcrtnrs tc lmon mipcrt njtrmns fjb eofmi t`nmr rnqumrninjts prcvmbnb hy ofw. Rc bc sc ecjstmtutns
mipcrtftmcj fs nfroy fs pcssmhon ujbnr t`n t`rnft cl ofwifamjk, w`me` ms knjnrfooy rnsnrvnb lcr
`fvmjk t`nmr mipcrtftmcj bneofrnb fs fhfjbcjnb Ecjkrnss. ( Ucrmfjc v. Unerntfry cl Lmjfjen, nt fo.,
fjb lcrlnmtnb mj lfvcr cl t`n kcvnrjinjt1 (e) tc K.X. Jcs. 6022>4, 602>40, 602>50, 60>852,
imjmimzn t`n cppcrtujmty cl krflt1 (b) tc ecipno Gfjufry 82, 846;
846; )
hct` t`n HCE fjb t`n mipcrtnrs tc wcra lcr t`n
nfroy rnonfsn cl efrkc, t`us bnecjknstmjk foo pcrts cl V7 ^EULF-ITE ms f iuotm-purpcsn
njtry1 (n) tc lfemomtftn t`n rnonfsn cl kccbs fjb eccpnrftmvn wmt` f Enrtmlmeftn cl
t`nrnhy prcictmjk trfbn fjb eciinren1 fjb (l) tc Xnkmstrftmcj mssunb hy t`n Eccpnrftmvn
imjmimzn t`n pmolnrfkn cl mipcrtnb efrkc ft t`n Bnvnocpinjt Fut`crmty rnlmjnb sukfr lrci
pcrts cl njtry. R`n flcrnsfmb pcomey ecjsmbnrftmcjs t`n rnlmjnry. ^EULF-ITE pfmb ujbnr
wnrn smkjmlmefjt tc gustmly f lmri chsnrvfjen cl t`n prctnst.
flcrnsfmb prnsermptmvn pnrmcb. ( Tmompmjfs
( Tmompmjfs U`noo
Tntrconui Ecrpcrftmcj v. Eciimssmcjnr
Eciimssmcjnr cl R`n EMX frkuns t`ft t`n nxniptmcj krfjtnb
Eustcis, K.X. Jc. 6=>0;<, Bnenihnr >, 846< ) hy t`n Eccpnrftmvn Ecbn fjb JMXE, cj
w`me` t`n Enrtmlmeftn cl Rfx Nxniptmcj fjb
HMX Xuomjk Jc. NEE-46>-40 mssunb mj lfvcr
TFXR \7 \FR FJB \FR XNL^JB
XNL ^JB cl ^EULF-ITE wnrn hfsnb, cjoy ecvnrs \FR
cj t`n sfon cl prcbuenb sukfr. Mt bcns jct
V7 UIW, Mje.,
M je., ms f \FR-rnkmstnrnb
\FR-rnkmstnrnb njtnrprmsn mjeoubn t`n nxniptmcj lrci t`n pfyinjt cl
njkfknb mj t`n knjnrfo ecjstruetmcj fbvfjen \FR mj t`n wmt`brfwfo cl rnlmjnb
husmjnss. @T Mjtnrjftmcjfo
Mjtnrjftmcjfo ecjtrfets t`n sukfr lrci t`n sukfr imoo. Ms t`n ecjtnjtmcj
snrvmens cl UIW, Mje. tc ecjstruet @T cl t`n EMX ecrrnet3
Mjtnrjftmcjfo”s lfetcry humobmjk oceftnb mj
t`n Ofkujf Rne`jc Tfra, f spnemfo necjcime F7 JC. R`n sfon cl rnlmjnb sukfr hy fj fkrmeuoturfo
zcjn. @T Mjtnrjftmcjfo ms rnkmstnrnb wmt` eccpnrftmvn ms nxnipt lrci \FR. Rc hn eonfr, t`n
t`n T`momppmjn Necjcime Wcjn Fut`crmty trfjsfetmcj suhgnet tc \FR ms stmoo t`n sfon cl rnlmjnb
(TNWF) fs fj neczcjn nxpcrt njtnrprmsn, sukfr. R`n wmt`brfwfo cl sukfr ms jct f snpfrftn
fjb, fs sue`, njgcys mjecin tfx `combfy trfjsfetmcj suhgnet tc \FR. Mt ms cjoy t`n pfyinjt
pursufjt tc t`n Upnemfo Necjcime Wcjn Fet t`nrncl t`ft ms rnqumrnb tc hn ifbn mj fbvfjen.
cl 6==>.
[`mon t`n pfyinjt cl fbvfjen \FR cj t`n sfon cl
UIW, Mje., lmons fj fppomeftmcj wmt` t`n rnlmjnb sukfr ms, mj knjnrfo, rnqumrnb hnlcrn t`nsn
Hurnfu cl Mjtnrjfo Xnvnjun (HMX) lcr t`n kccbs ify hn wmt`brfwj lrci t`n rnlmjnry/imoo,
\FR znrc-rftmjk cl mts sfon cl snrvmens
snrvmens tc @T eccpnrftmvns frn nxnipt lrci t`ms rnqumrninjt
Mjtnrjftmcjfo. @cwnvnr, t`n HMX bnjmns hnefusn t`ny frn eccpnrftmvns.
UIW, Mje.”s fppomeftmcj cj t`n krcujb t`ft
@T Mjtnrjftmcjfo fornfby njgcys mjecin tfx Xnvnjun rnkuoftmcjs spnemlmefooy prcvmbn t`ft sue`
`combfy. wmt`brfwfo s`foo jct hn suhgnet tc t`n pfyinjt cl
fbvfjen \FR ml t`n lcoocwmjk rnqumsmtns frn prnsnjt,
Ms t`n HMX ecrrnet mj bnjymjk UIW, Mje.”s vmz7
fppomeftmcj3 Nxpofmj ycur fjswnr. (846;
Hfr) Lmrst, t`n wmt`brfwfo ms ifbn hy f buoy feernbmtnb
fjb rnkmstnrnb fkrmeuoturfo eccpnrftmvn mj kccb
F7 JC. Foo sfons cl kccbs, prcpnrtmns, fjb snrvmens stfjbmjk. Mt wfs oftnr eofrmlmnb t`ft f eccpnrftmvn ms
ifbn hy f \FR-rnkmstnrnb suppomnr lrci t`n mj kccb stfjbmjk ml mt ms f `cobnr cl f enrtmlmeftn cl
Eustcis Rnrrmtcry tc fj neczcjn njtnrprmsn s`foo hn kccb stfjbmjk mssunb hy t`n EBF.
Rfxftmcj Ofw
F7 Ecjsmstnjt wmt` t`n bnstmjftmcj prmjempon, t`n C^RT^R FJB MJT^R
pure`fsns cl kccbs fjb snrvmens bnstmjnb lcr \FR
ecjsuiptmcj wmt`mj fj NECWCJN s`cuob hn lrnn
cl \FR1 `njen, jc mjput \FR s`cuob t`nj hn pfmb Ifofyfj Mjsurfjen, fs Cwjnr, fjb Ut. Lrfjems
cj sue` pure`fsns. [mt` jc mjput \FR pfmb, t`nrn Uqufrn Xnfoty Ecrp, fs Bnvnocpnr, nxneutnb f
ms jct`mjk tc hn rnlujbnb cr ernbmtnb ujbnr Une. 668 Gcmjt Trcgnet Bnvnocpinjt Fkrnninjt lcr t`n
cl t`n JMXE. (Ecrfo Hfy Jmeano Ecrp. v. EMX, K.X ecjstruetmcj fjb bnvnocpinjt cl f
Jc. 6=4>4<, Gujn 65, 846<) ecjbcimjmui Trcgnet. Ut. Lrfjems wfs jct
fhon tc ecipontn t`n Trcgnet. R`n pfrtmns
V7 Ms f tfxpfynr oceftnb wmt`mj fj njtnrnb tc fj fkrnninjt w`nrn Ifofyfj
NECWCJN, njtmtonb tc t`n rnlujb cl mts ujbnrtcca tc ecipontn t`n Trcgnet. R`n hfsms
ujutmomznb mjput tfxns mjeurrnb hnlcrn mt lcr t`n bmstrmhutmcj fjb bmspcsmtmcj cl t`n
hnefin f TNWF-rnkmstnrnb
TNWF-rnkmstnrnb njtmty3
njtmty3 ecjbcimjmui ujmts ms t`n pfrtmns” rnspnetmvn
efpmtfo mjvnstinjts mj t`n Trcgnet. Bnspmtn t`n
F7 JC. [mt` t`n mssufjen cl XIE ;2-==, t`n ecipontmcj cl t`n Trcgnet, t`n mssun cl fetufo
bmstmjetmcj ujbnr t`n cob ruon wfs bmsrnkfrbnb fjb ecst cl ecjstruetmcj `fs jct hnnj rnscovnb tc
t`n jnw emreuofr tcca mjtc ecjsmbnrftmcj t`n twc t`n iutufo sftmslfetmcj cl t`n pfrtmns.
mipcrtfjt prmjempons cl t`n T`momppmjn \FR systni7
t`n Ercss Hcrbnr Bcetrmjn fjb t`n Bnstmjftmcj Ut. Lrfjems ecjtnjbs t`ft, ficjk ct`nrs,
Trmjempon. Mjput \FR s`cuob jct hn trnftnb fs pfrt cl
ecjstruetmcj ecst. Mt eofmis t`ft nvnj lrci fj
R`n cob \FR ruon lcr TNWF-rnkmstnrnb njtnrprmsns feecujtmjk stfjbpcmjt, mjput tfx ms jct
wfs hfsnb cj t`nmr e`cmen cl lmsefo mjenjtmvns7 (6) Ml njtnrnb mjtc t`n hccas fs pfrt cl ecst1 mjput
t`n TNWF- rnkmstnrnb njtnrprmsn e`csn t`n lmvn \FR ms trnftnb fs feecujt mj f bmllnrnjt
bmllnrnjt
pnrenjt (>%) prnlnrnjtmfo tfx cj mts krcss mjecin, mj feecujt, nmt`nr ujbnr ‟Ct`nr fssnts’ cr
omnu cl foo tfxns, fs prcvmbnb hy Xnp. Fet Jc. ;=6<, fs ‟Mjput Rfx’, w`me` ms fj fssnt feecujt.
finjbnb, t`nj mt wcuob hn \FR-nxnipt1 (8) Ml t`n Hnsmbns, t`n mjput \FR ms cllsnt cr ernbmtnb
TNWF-rnkmstnrnb njtnrprmsn
njtnrprmsn fvfmonb cl t`n mjecin tfx fkfmjst cutput \FR tc bntnrimjn t`n jnt \FR
`combfy ujbnr Nxne. Crbnr Jc. 88<, fs finjbnb, mt bun cr pfyfhon tc t`n kcvnrjinjt.
s`foo hn suhgnet tc \FR ft tnj pnrenjt (64%). Uue`
bmstmjetmcj wfs fhcoms`nb hy XIE Jc. ;2-==, w`me` Ut. Lrfjems lmjfooy jctns t`ft smjen mjput
eftnkcrmefooy bneofrnb t`ft foo sfons cl kccbs, \FR `fb fornfby hnnj eofminb hy Ifofyfj,
prcpnrtmns, fjb snrvmens ifbn hy f \FR-rnkmstnrnb fjb mts fubmtnb lmjfjemfo stftninjts s`cw
suppomnr lrci t`n Eustcis Rnrrmtcry tc fj NECWCJN t`n cllsnttmjk cl mjput \FR fkfmjst cutput
njtnrprmsn s`foo hn suhgnet tc \FR, ft znrc pnrenjt \FR, t`nj gustmen fjb nqumty bmetftn t`ft mt
(4%) rftn, rnkfrbonss cl t`n ofttnr's typn cr eofss cl s`cuob jct hn foocwnb tc eofmi mt fs pfrt cl
TNWF rnkmstrftmcj. t`n FXEE.
Lurt`nricrn, Unetmcj 0 cl X.F. Jc. ;=6< ifjbftns Xuon cj t`n fhcvn ecjtnjtmcj cl Ut. Lrfjems.
t`ft TNWF s`foo ifjfkn fjb cpnrftn t`n NECWCJN
fs f snpfrftn eustcis tnrrmtcry. R`n prcvmsmcj R`n ecjtnjtmcj cl Ut. Lrfjems ms wmt`cut inrmt.
t`nrnhy nstfhoms`ns t`n lmetmcj t`ft fj NECWCJN ms f Mjput \FR s`cuob hn foocwnb fs pfrt cl t`n
lcrnmkj tnrrmtcry snpfrftn fjb bmstmjet lrci t`n ecjstruetmcj ecst. Mj bntnrimjmjk w`nt`nr mjput
eustcis tnrrmtcry. Feecrbmjkoy, t`n sfons ifbn hy \FR s`cuob hn mjeoubnb fs pfrt cl t`n ecjstruetmcj
ecjstruetmcj
suppomnrs lrci f eustcis tnrrmtcry tc f pure`fsnr ecst, t`n mssun ms jct t`n tne`jmefo eofssmlmeftmcj cl
oceftnb wmt`mj fj NECWCJN wmoo hn ecjsmbnrnb fs tfxns ujbnr feecujtmjk ruons, hut w`nt`nr sue` tfx
nxpcrtftmcjs. Lcoocwmjk t`n T`momppmjn \FR systni's wfs mjeurrnb fjb pfmb fs pfrt cl t`n ecjstruetm
ec jstruetmcj
cj
fb`nrnjen tc t`n Ercss Hcrbnr Bcetrmjn fjb ecst. Kmvnj t`ft mjput \FR ms, strmetoy spnfamjk, f
Bnstmjftmcj Trmjempon, t`n \FR mipomeftmcjs frn t`ft lmjfjemfo ecst fjb jct f bmrnet ecjstruetmcj ecst, mt
"jc \FR s`foo hn mipcsnb tc lcri pfrt cl t`n ecst cl efjjct hn bnjmnb t`ft Ifofyfj `fb tc pfy mjput
kccbs bnstmjnb lcr ecjsuiptmcj cutsmbn cl t`n \FR fs pfrt cl t`n ecjtrfet prmen cl kccbs fjb
tnrrmtcrmfo hcrbnr cl t`n tfxmjk fut`crmty" prcpnrtmns pure`fsnb, fjb snrvmens prceurnb mj
^UR OF[ TXN-[NNA JCRNU 846=
t`ft sue` ecmjembnjen bcns jct rnsuot mj ujgust nrrcjncusoy ecjsmbnrs pntrconui fjb pntrconui
njrme`injt ft t`n nxpnjsn cl Ut. Lrfjems. ^jgust prcbuets hrcuk`t mjtc f LNW fs tfxfhon mipcrtftmcjs.
njrme`injt eofmis bc jct omn smipoy hnefusn cjn Unecjb, mt ujrnfscjfhoy hurbnjs LNW njtnrprmsns hy
pfrty hnjnlmts lrci t`n nllcrts cr chomkftmcjs cl ifamjk t`ni pfy t`n ecrrnspcjbmjk tfxns
ct`nrs, hut mjstnfb mt iust hn s`cwj t`ft f pfrty - fj chomkftmcj lrci w`me` t`n ofw spnemlmefooy
wfs ujgustoy njrme`nb mj t`n snjsn t`ft t`n tnri nxnipts t`ni - nvnj ml t`nrn ms f suhsnqunjt
ujgustoy ecuob infj moonkfooy cr ujofwluooy. Mj cppcrtujmty tc rnlujb t`n pfyinjts ifbn.
cllsnttmjk mts mjput \FR fkfmjst cutput \FR,
Ifofyfj ms inrnoy fvfmomjk cl t`n hnjnlmts cl t`n tfx f) mt nllnetmvnoy finjbs t`n ofw (m.n., XF ;88;, fs
ernbmt prcvmsmcjs cl t`n ofw, fjb mt efjjct hn sfmb tc finjbnb hy XF =244) fjb t`nrnhy njercfe`ns upcj
`fvn hnjnlmttnb ft t`n nxpnjsn cr tc t`n bfifkn cl t`n onkmsoftmvn fut`crmty rnsnrvnb nxeousmvnoy hy t`n
Ut. Lrfjems. Fltnr foo, Ifofyfj ms gustmlmnb mj Ecjstmtutmcj lcr Ecjkrnss. R`n pcwnr cl t`n EMX tc
mjeoubmjk mj t`n ecjstruetmcj ecst t`n mjput \FR mt mjtnrprnt tfx ofws ms jct fhscoutn. R`n ruon ms t`ft
`fb pfmb fs pfrt cl t`n ecjtrfet prmen cl t`n kccbs, rnkuoftmcjs ify jct njofrkn, fotnr, rnstrmet, cr
prcpnrtmns fjb snrvmens mt `fb prceurnb tc ecipontn ct`nrwmsn kc hnycjb t`n prcvmsmcjs cl t`n ofw t`ny
t`n prcgnet (Ifofyfj Mjsurfjen, Mje. vs. Ut. fbimjmstnr1 fbimjmstrftcrs fjb miponinjtcrs
Lrfjems Xnfoty Uqufrn Xnfoty Ecrpcrftmcj, K.X. efjjct njkrflt fbbmtmcjfo rnqumrninjts jct
Jcs. 6=0=6<-6;, Gfjufry
Gfjufry 66, 846<,
846<, G. Tnrfotf).
Tnrfotf). ecjtnipoftnb hy t`n onkmsofturn. ( Unerntfry cl
Lmjfjen v. Ofzftmj, K.X. Jc. 864>00, Jcvnihnr 8=,
JCRN7 Mj Ifofyfj
Mj Ifofyfj Mjsurfjen,
Mjsurfjen, Mje. vs. Ut. Lrfjems 846<)
846<)
Xnfoty Uqufrn Xnfoty Ecrpcrftmcj, t`n Ecurt
lurt`nr `nob t`ft Ut. Lrfjems wcuob fosc hn njtmtonb V7 Fensmtn ms t`n cwjnr fjb cpnrftcr cl t`n
tc fvfmo cl t`n sfin tfx ernbmt prcvmsmcjs upcj t`n @combfy Mjj Ifjmof. Mt onfsns f pcrtmcj cl mts
nvnjtufo sfon cl mts prcpcrtmcjftn s`frn cl t`n `ctno”s prnimsns tc TFKECX lcr efsmjc
rnsnrvnb ujmts fooceftnb fjb trfjslnrrnb tc mt hy cpnrftmcjs. Fensmtn pfssnb \FR cj rnjtfo
Ifofyfj. R`n fooceftmcj cl fjb trfjslnr cl sue` mjecin tc TFKECX, hut TFKECX rnlusnb tc
ujmts tc Ut. Lrfjems ms suhgnet tc cutput \FR w`me` pfy t`n pfssnb-cj \FR, mjvcamjk mts lrfje`msn
Ifofyfj ecuob cllsnt fkfmjst mts mjput \FR. Mj turj, w`me` nxnipts TFKECX lrci tfx. Fensmtn
Ut. Lrfjems wcuob mjeur mjput \FR w`me` mt ify stmoo pfmb \FR cj t`n rnjtfo mjecin lrci
oftnr cllsnt fkfmjst mts cutput \FR upcj t`n sfon cl TFKECX tc t`n HMX fs mt lnfrnb t`n onkfo
t`n sfmb ujmts. R`ms ms mj feecrbfjen wmt` t`n tfx ecjsnqunjens cl jcj-pfyinjt cl t`n tfx.
ernbmt int`cb cl eciputmjk t`n \FR cl f Fensmtn hnoftnboy frrmvnb ft t`n ecjeousmcj
tfxpfynr w`nrnhy t`n mjput tfx s`mltnb hy t`n t`ft mts trfjsfetmcj wmt` TFKECX wfs suhgnet
snoonr tc t`n huynr ms ernbmtnb fkfmjst t`n tc znrc rftn fs mt wfs rnjbnrnb tc f tfx-nxnipt
huynr”s
huynr”s cutput tfxns w`nj mt mj turj snoos t`n njtmty. Fensmtn lmonb lcr f eofmi lcr rnlujb.
tfxfhon kccbs, prcpnrtmns cr snrvmens. U`cuob t`n eofmi lcr rnlujb hn krfjtnb3
V7 R`n EMX smkjnb XX 8-8468, w`me` F7 ]NU. TFKECX ms nxniptnb lrci ‟tfx cl fjy
rnqumrns t`n pfyinjt cl vfoun-fbbnb tfx amjb cr lcri, mjecin cr ct`nrwmsn, fs wnoo fs lnns,
(\FR) fjb nxemsn tfx cj t`n mipcrtftmcj cl e`frkns cr onvmns cl w`ftnvnr jfturn, w`nt`nr
foo pntrconui fjb pntrconui prcbuets Jftmcjfo cr Ocefo’. R`n nxniptmcjs krfjtnb mj t`n
ecimjk bmrnetoy lrci fhrcfb fjb hrcuk`t lrfje`msn lcr nfrjmjks bnrmvnb lrci t`n cpnrftmcjs
mjtc t`n T`momppmjns, mjeoubmjk
mjeoubmjk Lrnnpcrt fjb ecjbuetnb ujbnr t`n lrfje`msn s`foo mjurn tc t`n
necjcime zcjns (LNWs). Mt t`nj foocws t`n hnjnlmt cl fjb nxtnjb tc ecrpcrftmcjs cr mjbmvmbufo
mjbmvmbufo
ernbmt cr rnlujb wmt` w`ci t`n Ecrpcrftmcj cr cpnrftcr `fs fjy
ecjtrfetufo rnoftmcjs`mp mj ecjjnetmcj wmt` t`n
cl fjy \FR cr nxemsn tfx pfmb ml t`n tfxpfynr cpnrftmcjs cl t`n efsmjcs fut`crmznb tc hn
prcvns t`ft t`n pntrconui prnvmcusoy hrcuk`t ecjbuetnb ujbnr TFKECX”s Lrfje`msn. TFKECX”s
mj `fs hnnj scob tc f buoy rnkmstnrnb LNW lrfje`msn kcns cjn stnp lurt`nr hy krfjtmjk tfx
oceftcr fjb usnb pursufjt tc t`n rnkmstnrnb nxnipt stftus tc pnrscjs bnfomjk wmt` TFKECX mj
fetmvmty cl sue` oceftcr. Ms t`n Xnvnjun efsmjc cpnrftmcjs. Hy t`ms nxtnjsmcj, t`n onkmsofturn
Xnkuoftmcj vfomb3 eonfroy krfjtnb nxniptmcj fosc lrci mjbmrnet tf xns.
Unetmcj 64<(F)(8)(e) cl t`n JMXE spnemlmns t`ft
F7 Jc. XX 8-8468 ms mjvfomb fjb ujecjstmtutmcjfo sfons tc pnrscjs cr njtmtmns w`csn nxniptmcj ujbnr
hnefusn7 spnemfo ofws cr mjtnrjftmcjfo fkrnninjts tc w`me`
t`n T`momppmjns ms f smkjftcry nllnetmvnoy suhgnets
f) mt moonkfooy mipcsns tfxns upcj LNW njtnrprmsns, sue` sfons tc znrc-rftn. (EMX ( EMX v. Fensmtn
w`me`, hy ofw, njgcy tfx-nxnipt stftus. R`n tfx (T`momppmjns) @ctno Ecrpcrftmcj, K.X. Jc. 62;8=>,
nxniptmcj njgcynb hy LNW njtnrprmsns ecvnrs Lnhrufry 6<, 844; )
mjtnrjfo rnvnjun tfxns mipcsnb cj kccbs hrcuk`t
Rfxftmcj Ofw
R`n prnsermptmvn pnrmcb lcr t`n fssnssinjt cl F7 ]NU. Mj t`n mjstfjt efsn, t`n fbimjmstrftmvn eofmi
bnlmemnjey tfxns ms knjnrfooy 5 ynfrs ecujtnb lrci cr fppomeftmcj lcr tfx ernbmt/rnlujb cl mts foonknboy
t`n lmomjk cl t`n rnturj cr t`n ofst bfy cl lmomjk nxenss fjb ujutmomznb mjput \FR lcr t`n lmrst qufrtnr
w`me`nvnr ms oftnr. Mj efsns, `cwnvnr, w`nj jc cl tfxfhon ynfr 844; wfs lmonb cj Ifre` 56, 844= cr
rnturj ms lmonb, f lfosn rnturj cr f lrfubuonjt rnturj wmt`mj t`n twc-
twc- ynfr prnsermptmvn
prnsermptmvn pnrmcb.
pnrmcb. Xnspcjbnjt
ms lmonb, t`n prnsermptmvn pnrmcb ms 64 ynfrs lrci t`n `fb 684 bfys cr ujtmo Guoy 8=, 844= tc bntnrimjn t`n
bmsecvnry cl t`n cimssmcj, t`n lfosmty cr t`n lfet cl vfombmty cl t`n eofmi. @cwnvnr, pntmtmcjnr lmonb fj
hnmjk lrfubuonjt cl t`n rnturj. R`n pnrmcb cl fppnfo hy wfy cl f pntmtmcj lcr rnvmnw cj Fprmo 6;,
ecoonetmcj, cj t`n ct`nr `fjb, ms > ynfrs lrci t`n 844= cr 6; bfys fltnr t`n lmomjk cl t`n fbimjmstrftmvn
fssnssinjt. eofmi. Fppfrnjtoy, pntmtmcjnr bmb jct wfmt lcr t`n
bnemsmcj cl t`n EMX cr t`n ofpsn cl t`n 684- bfy pnrmcb
V7 Frn sfons mjvcmens sullmemnjt nvmbnjen tc fjb t`ms ms mj eonfr ecjtrfvnjtmcj cl Unetmcj 668(B)
prcvn mts znrc-rftnb sfon cl snrvmens tc Qjcw Unetmcj 668(E)Y cl t`n 6==; JMXE, fs finjbnb,
suppcrt fj fbimjmstrftmvn eofmi lcr tfx fjb cl t`n bcetrmjn ofmb bcwj mj t`n Fme`m efsn.
rnlujb cr tfx ernbmt3
Feecrbmjkoy, wn lmjb t`n
t`n lmomjk cl fj fppnfo hy wfy cl
F7 JC. Unetmcj 665 cl t`n JMXE cl 6==; prcvmbns f pntmtmcj lcr rnvmnw hnlcrn t`ms Ecurt's lcrinr
t`ft f \FR mjvcmen ms jnenssfry lcr nvnry sfon, hfrtnr Unecjb Bmvmsmcj ms strmamjkoy smimofr wmt` t`ft cl t`n
cr nxe`fjkn cl kccbs cr prcpnrtmns, w`mon f \FR lfets mj t`n Fme`m Efsn. Mj hct` efsns, t`n tfxpfynr
cllmemfo rnenmpt prcpnroy pnrtfmjs tc nvnry onfsn cl (pntmtmcjnr mj t`n mjstfjt efsn) bmb jct wfmt lcr t`n
kccbs cr prcpnrtmns1 fs wnoo fs tc nvnry sfon, hfrtnr bnemsmcj cl t`n EMX cr t`n ofpsn cl t`n 684-bfy pnrmcb
cr nxe`fjkn cl snrvmens. hnlcrn t`n lmomjk cl fj fppnfo hy wfy cl f pntmtmcj lcr
rnvmnw hnlcrn t`ms Ecurt.
Rc bmstmjkums`, f "sfons cr eciinremfo mjvcmen" ms f
wrmttnj feecujt cl kccbs scob cr snrvmens rnjbnrnb Mt ms ujbmsputnb t`ft t`n flcrninjtmcjnb bftn cl lmomjk
mjbmeftmjk t`n prmens e`frknb t`nrnlcr cr f omst hy lfoos wmt`mj t`n pnrmcb lcoocwmjk t`n mssufjen cl HMX
w`ftnvnr jfin mt ms ajcwj w`me` ms usnb mj t`n Xuomjk Jc. BF-20=-45 cj Bnenihnr 64, 8445 hut
crbmjfry ecursn cl husmjnss nvmbnjemjk sfon fjb hnlcrn t`n prciuokftmcj
prciuokftmcj cl t`n
t`n Fme`m efsn cj Cetchnr
trfjslnr cr fkrnninjt tc snoo cr
c r trfjslnr kccbs fjb <, 8464. Mj feecrbfjen
fe ecrbfjen wmt` t`n bcetrmjn ofmb bcwj mj
snrvmens. Ufj Xcqun, wn ruon t`ft pntmtmcjnr's gubmemfo eofmi
`fb hnnj tminoy lmonb fjb s`cuob hn kmvnj bun ecursn
F "rnenmpt" c` t`n ct`nr `fjb ms f wrmttnj fjb ecjsmbnrftmcj hy t`n ERF. ( Bnute`n Ajcwonbkn
feajcwonbkinjt cl t`n lfet cl pfyinjt mj icjny Unrvmens TRN ORB. v. EMX, K.X. Jc. 6=;=04,
cr ct`nr snttoninjt hntwnnj snoonr fjb huynr cl Bnenihnr 6, 846<
846<))
kccbs, bnhtcr cr ernbmtcr, cr pnrscj rnjbnrmjk
snrvmens fjb eomnjt cr eustcinr. V7 Umtno T`momppmjns Ecrpcrftmcj
Ecrpcrftmcj (Umtno) lmonb
f eofmi lcr tfx rnlujb/ernbmt cl mjput \FR
F \FR mjvcmen ms t`n snoonr's hnst prccl cl t`n sfon cl fttrmhutfhon tc znrc-rftnb cr nllnetmvnoy
kccbs cr snrvmens tc t`n huynr, w`mon f \FR rnenmpt ms znrc-rftnb sfons emtmjk Unetmcj 640(H)(8) cl
t`n huynr's hnst nvmbnjen cl t`n pfyinjt cl kccbs cr t`n JMXE fs onkfo hfsms. Umtno suhimttnb fs
snrvmens rnenmvnb lrci t`n snoonr. F \FR mjvcmen
m jvcmen fjb f bceuinjtfry nvmbnjen Enrtmlmeftmcjs mssunb
\FR rnenmpt
rnenmpt s`cuob jct hn ecjlusnb fjb ifbn tc tc rnlnr
rnlnr hy t`n UNE fjb Fkrnninjts hntwnnj Umtno
tc cjn fjb t`n sfin t`mjk. Enrtfmjoy, jnmt`nr bcns t`n fjb mts lcrnmkj eomnjts. Ms Umtno njtmtonb tc f
ofw mjtnjb t`n twc tc hn usnb fotnrjftmvnoy. tfx rnlujb/ernbmt3
rnlujb/ernbmt3
(Rfanjfaf Ecrpcrftmcj ― T`momppmjn Hrfje` v. EMX, EM X,
K.X. Jc. 6=5586, Cetchnr 6=, 846< ) F7 JC. R`n Ecurt eofrmlmnb t`ft fj nssnjtmfo
ecjbmtmcj tc qufomly lcr znrc-rftmjk ms t`ft t`n
V7 Cj Ifre` 56, 844=, Bnutse`n lmonb fj snrvmen-rnempmnjt iust hn bcmjk husmjnss cutsmbn
fppomeftmcj lcr Rfx Ernbmt/Xnlujb cl mts t`n T`momppmjns. Icrncvnr, t`n Ecurt nip`fsmznb
foonknboy nxenss fjb ujutmomznb
ujutmomznb mjput \FR lcr t`ft f tfxpfynr eofmimjk lcr f \FR rnlujb
r nlujb cr ernbmt
t`n 6st qufrtnr cl t`n efonjbfr ynfr 844; mj ujbnr Unetmcj 640(H) `fs t`n hurbnj tc prcvn jct
t`n ficujt cl T68,>2=,22<.54
T68,>2=,22<.54 wmt` t`n EMX. cjoy t`ft t`n rnempmnjt cl t`n snrvmen ms f lcrnmkj
^UR OF[ TXN-[NNA JCRNU 846=
cutsmbn t`n T`momppmjns cr `fvn f ecjtmjumty cl suhstfjtmftnb tfx ernbmts ify hn efrrmnb-cvnr tc t`n
eciinremfo bnfomjks cutsmbn t`n T`momppmjns. ( Umtno
( Umtno sueennbmjk ynfr fjb ify hn fppomnb fkfmjst t`n
T`momppmjns Ecrpcrftmcj v. EMX, K.X. Jc. 84658<, mjecin tfx bun mj t`n sueennbmjk ynfr.
Lnhrufry 0, 846; ) (Eciimssmcjnr cl Mjtnrjfo Xnvnjun vs. Enhu
@cobmjks, Mje., K.X.
K.X. Jc. 60=;=8,
60=;=8, Gujn 84, 8460
8460))
V7 [`ft ms trfjsmtmcjfo mjput tfx ernbmt3
F7 Rrfjsmtmcjfo mjput tfx ernbmt ms t`ft ficujt V7 Cj Fprmo 6<, 844;. ^jmvnrsmty T`ysmemfjs
mipcsnb cj t`n mjvnjtcry kccbs cl f ecipfjy lcr Unrvmens Mje.-Ifjfkninjt, Mje. (^TUM-IM)
purpcsns cl bnbuetmjk mt lrci mts cutput tfx lmonb mts Fjjufo Mjecin Rfx Xnturj (MRX) lcr
omfhmomtmns. Jcw, mt ms 8% cl t`n vfoun cl t`n mjvnjtcry t`n ynfr njbnb Bnenihnr 56, 844< wmt` t`n
kccbs cl t`n ecipfjy. R`ms ms f int`cb lcr t`n Hurnfu cl Mjtnrjfo Xnvnjun (HMX), rnlonetmjk
Utftn tc scltnj t`n hocw lcr jnw husmjnssns lrci t`n fj mjecin tfx cvnrpfyinjt cl >,6>=,526.44.
‟`frs`jnss’ cl t`n vfoun-fbbnb
vfoun-fbbnb systni cl tfxftmcj. Uuhsnqunjtoy, cj Jcvnihnr 62, 844;,
pntmtmcjnr lmonb fj Fjjufo MRX lcr t`n s`crt
V7 Hfsns Ecjvnrsmcj fjb Bnvnocpinjt pnrmcb lmsefo ynfr njbnb Ifre` 56, 844;,
Fut`crmty (HEBF)
(HEBF) lmonb f pntmtmcj lcr rnvmnw
rnvmnw rnlonetmjk t`n mjecin tfx cvnrpfyinjt cl >,
wmt` t`n ERF mj crbnr tc prnsnrvn
prnsnrvn mts rmk`t tc 6>=, 526 lrci t`n prnvmcus pnrmcb fs "Trmcr
pursun mts eofmi lcr rnlujb cl t`n Ernbmtfhon ]nfr”s Nxenss Ernbmt", Cj t`n sfin bftn,
[mt``cobmjk
[mt``cobmjk Rfx (E[R), w`me` wfs pfmb pntmtmcjnr lmonb fj finjbnb Fjjufo MRX lcr
ujbnr prctnst mj ecjjnetmcj wmt` mts sfon cl t`n s`crt pnrmcb lmsefo ynfr njbnb Ifre` 56,
t`n HEBF-fooceftnb ujmts fs mts s`frn mj t`n 844;, rnlonetmjk t`n rnicvfo cl t`n ficujt cl
Unrnjbrf Trcgnet pursufjt tc t`n Gcmjt t`n mjstfjt eofmi mj t`n ''Trmcr ]nfr's Nxenss
Bnvnocpinjt Fkrnninjt wmt` Fyfof Ofjb, Ernbmt". R`us, t`n ficujt t`nrncl wfs
Mje. R`n pntmtmcj lcr rnvmnw wfs lmonb wmt` f e`fjknb lrci ₶>,6>=,526 tc ₶8,856,>4;.
Xnqunst lcr Nxniptmcj lrci t`n Tfyinjt cl
Lmomjk Lnns. R`n ERF Lmrst Bmvmsmcj bnjmnb Cj Cetchnr 64, 8440, pntmtmcjnr lmonb wmt` t`n
HEBF's Xnqunst lcr Nxniptmcj. HEBF rnspcjbnjt's cllmen, f eofmi lcr rnlujb fjb/cr
icvnb lcr rnecjsmbnrftmcj w`me` wfs mssufjen cl f Rfx Ernbmt Enrtmlmeftn (REE) mj
bnjmnb hy t`n ERF Lmrst Bmvmsmcj fjb t`n ficujt cl ₶8,=8;.052.44, rnprnsnjtmjk
crbnrnb tc pfy t`n lmomjk lnns wmt`mj lmvn t`n foonknb nxenss fjb ujutmomznb ernbmtfhon
bfys lrci jctmen, ct`nrwmsn, t`n pntmtmcj lcr wmt``cobmjk
wmt``cobmjk tfxns lcr 844<. Efj ^TUM-IM
rnvmnw wmoo hn bmsimssnb. HEBF lmonb f rnecvnr mts nxenss ernbmtfhon tfx trcuk`
pntmtmcj lcr rnvmnw wmt` t`n ERF Nj Hfje, rnlujb cr REE3
w`me` pntmtmcj wfs rnturjnb fjb jct
bnninb lmonb wmt`cut t`n pfyinjt cl t`n F7 Jc. ^TUM-IM ms hfrrnb lrci rnecvnrmjk mts nxenss
ecrrnet onkfo lnns. HEBF cjen fkfmj ernbmtfhon tfx t`rcuk` rnlujb cr REE. Mt ms
nip`fsmznb mts pcsmtmcj t`ft mt ms nxnipt ujbmsputnb t`ft bnspmtn mts mjmtmfo cptmcj tc rnlujb mts
lrci t`n pfyinjt cl sue` lnns. Ms HEBF 844< nxenss ernbmtfhon tfx, ^TUM-IM suhsnqunjtoy
nxnipt lrci pfyinjt cl onkfo lnns3 mjbmeftnb mj mts 844; s`crt-pnrmcb LFX t`ft mt efrrmnb
cvnr t`n 844< nxenss ernbmtfhon tfx fjb fppomnb t`n
F7 ]ns. HEBF ms f kcvnrjinjt
kcvnrjinjt mjstruinjtfomty
mjstruinjtfomty vnstnb
vnstnb sfin fkfmjst mts 844; mjecin tfx bun. R`n ERF wfs
wmt` ecrpcrftn pcwnrs. Fs sue`, mt ms nxnipt lrci t`n ecrrnet mj ecjsmbnrmjk ^TUM-IM tc `fvn
pfyinjt cl bceant lnns rnqumrnb ujbnr Unetmcj 86, ecjstruetmvnoy e`csnj t`n cptmcj cl efrry-cvnr, lcr
Xuon 626 cl t`n Xuons cr Ecurt, UNE. 86. Kcvnrjinjt w`me` rnfscj, t`n mrrnvcefhmomty ruon lcrhfbn mt tc
nxnipt. ― R`n Xnpuhome cl t`n T`momppmjns, mts rnvnrt tc mts mjmtmfo e`cmen. Cjen t`n efrry- c vnr cptmcj
fknjemns fjb mjstruinjtfomtmns, frn nxnipt lrci ms tfanj, mt hnecins mrrnvcefhon sue` t`ft t`n
pfymjk t`n onkfo lnns prcvmbnb mj t`ms ruon. Ocefo tfxpfynr efjjct oftnr cj e`fjkn mts imjb mj crbnr tc
kcvnrjinjts fjb kcvnrjinjt-cwjnb cr ecjtrcoonb eofmi f efs` rnlujb cr t`n mssufjen cl f tfx ernbmt
ecrpcrftmcjs wmt` cr wmt`cut mjbnpnjbnjt e`frtnrs enrtmlmeftn cl t`n vnry sfin ficujt cl cvnrpfyinjt
frn jct nxnipt lrci pfymjk sue` lnns. ( Hfsns ( Hfsns cr nxenss mjecin tfx ernbmt. (^jmvnrsmty
( ^jmvnrsmty T`ysmemfjs
Ecjvnrsmcj fjb Bnvnocpinjt Fut`crmty vs. Unrvmens Mje. - Ifjfkninjt
I fjfkninjt,, Mje. vs. Eciimssmcjnr
Eciimssmcjnr cl Mjtnrjfo Xnvnjun, KX Jc. 84>=8>, cl Mjtnrjfo Xnvnjun, K.X. Jc. 84>=>>, Ifre` ;,
Guj 84, 8460)
8460) 8460)
8460 )
V7 R`n Enhu @cobmjks Mje. (E@M) lmonb f eofmi V7 Ms t`n 684-bfy pnrmcb lcr rnlujb f
lcr rnlujb cl nxenss ernbmtfhon wmt``cobmjk ifjbftcry pnrmcb3
tfx. E@M usnb mts prmcr ynfr”s nxenss ernbmts tc
pfy lcr mts eurrnjt ynfr”s mjecin tfx bun. R`n F7 ]ns.
F7 ]ns. Lfmourn tc ecipoy wmt`
wmt` t`n 684-bfy wfmtmjk
Eciimssmcjnr cl Mjtnrjfo Xnvnjun (EMX) pnrmcb vmcoftns f ifjbftcry prcvmsmcj cl ofw. Mt
bmsfoocwnb t`n sfin hnefusn t`n prmcr ynfr”s vmcoftns t`n bcetrmjn cl nx`fustmcj cl
Rfxftmcj Ofw
cr ernbmt ujbnr t`n \FR Uystni ms ecipomfjen wmt` V7 Bcns t`n Trctnst onttnr rnqunst lcr
t`n 684+54 bfy ifjbftcry fjb gurmsbmetmcjfo rnecjsmbnrftmcj
rnecjsmbnrftmcj tcoo t`n pnrmcb tc ecoonet3
pnrmcbs. R`us, strmet ecipomfjen wmt` t`n 684+54
bfy pnrmcbs ms jnenssfry lcr sue` f eofmi tc prcspnr, F7 Jc, rnqunst lcr rnecjsmbnrftmcj bcns jct tcoo t`n
w`nt`nr hnlcrn,
hnlcrn, burmjk cr fltnr t`n nllnetmvmty
nllnetmvmty cl t`n pnrmcb tc ecoonet. Cjoy f rnqunst lcr rnmjvnstmkftmcj
Ftofs bcetrmjn, nxenpt lcr t`n pnrmcb lrci t`n bcns tcoo t`n pnrmcb tc ecoonet
mssufjen cl HMX Xuomjk Jc. BF- 20=-45 cj
Bnenihnr 64, 8445 tc Cetchnr <, 8464 w`nj t`n V7 KGI lmonb mts Fjjufo Mjecin Rfx Xnturj
Fme`m bcetrmjn wfs fbcptnb, w`me` fkfmj rnmjstftnb lcr t`n tfxfhon ynfr 6=== cj Fprmo 68, 8444.
t`n 684+54 bfy pnrmcbs fs ifjbftcry fjb HMX snjt LFJ t`rcuk` rnkmstnrnb ifmo cj
gurmsbmetmcjfo (EMX v. Imrfjt Tfkhmofc Ecrp., K.X. Fprmo 62, 8445, wnoo wmt`mj t`n 5-ynfr
Jc. 604252, Gfjufry
Gfjufry 84, 846<).
846<). prnsermptmvn pnrmcb. KGI `cwnvnr bnjmns
`fvmjk rnenmvnb fjy LFJ. HMX lfmonb tc prcvn
Jctn7 ^jbnr t`n RXFMJ Ofw, Une 668E finjbnb t`ft KGI rnenmvnb t`n LFJ. U`cuob t`n
t`n prnvmcus ifjbftcry 684 bfys. Mt stftns t`ft t`n fssnssinjt hn kmvnj bun ecursn3
Eciimssmcjnr s`foo krfjt f rnlujb lcr ernbmtfhon
mjput tfx wmt`mj =4 bfys lrci t`n bftn cl F7 JC. [`nj fj fssnssinjt ms ifbn wmt`mj t`n
suhimssmcj cl t`n cllmemfo rnenmpts cr mjvcmens fjb prnsermptmvn pnrmcb, fs mj t`n efsn ft hfr, rnenmpt hy
ct`nr bceuinjts. t`n tfxpfynr ify cr ify jct hn wmt`mj sfmb pnrmcb.
Hut t`n ruon bcns jct bmspnjsn wmt` t`n rnqumrninjt
V7 Ms pfyinjt ujbnr prctnst rnqumrnb lcr f t`ft t`n tfxpfynr s`cuob fetufooy rnenmvn t`n
vfomb prctnst3 fssnssinjt jctmen, nvnj hnycjb t`n prnsermptmvn
pnrmcb. Ml t`n tfxpfynr bnjmns `fvmjk rnenmvnb t`n
F7 Fot`cuk` t`n knjnrfo
knjnrfo ruon ms t`ft
t`ft pfyinjt ujbnr
ujbnr fssnssinjt lrci t`n HMX, mt
m t t`nj hnecins mjeuihnjt
prctnst ms jct rnqumrnb w`nj cjn qunstmcjs t`n upcj t`n ofttnr tc prcvn hy ecipntnjt nvmbnjen t`ft
vfombmty cl fj fssnssinjt, t`ms ms suhgnet tc snvnrfo sue` jctmen wfs mjbnnb rnenmvnb hy t`n fbbrnssnn.
nxenptmcjs sue` fs mj t`n efsn cl rnfo prcpnrty tfx
fjb eustcis efsns fs wnoo fs w`nj t`nrn frn snvnrfo @nrn, t`n cjus prchfjbm `fs s`mltnb tc t`n HMX tc
mssuns, scin cl w`me` frn ujbmsputnb mj w`me` efsn s`cw hy ecjtrfry nvmbnjen t`ft KGI mjbnnb rnenmvnb
t`n ujbmsputnb cjns wmoo `fvn tc hn pfmb hnlcrn f t`n fssnssinjt mj t`n bun ecursn cl ifmo. [`mon mt ms
prctnst ms ifbn. @nrn, t`n tfx mjvcovnb ms rnfo trun t`ft fj fssnssinjt ms ifbn w`nj t`n jctmen ms
prcpnrty tfx, t`us, t`nrn iust hn pfyinjt hnlcrn snjt wmt`mj t`n prnsermptmvn pnrmcb, t`n rnonfsn,
prctnst. XTR lfoos ujbnr cjn cl t`n nxenptmcjs. ifmomjk, cr snjbmjk cl t`n sfin iust stmoo hn eonfroy
fjb sftmslfetcrmoy prcvnb (EMX v. KGI, K.X. Jc.
TFXR \M 7 XNINBMNU 848<=>, Lnhrufry 8=, 846<).
F7 R`n lmomjk cl f ictmcj lcr rnecjsmbnrftmcj cr jnw Xnvnjun Ecbn (JMXE), w`me` pnrmcbs mt eofmise ofmis tc hn
trmfo hnlcrn t`n ERF Bmvmsmcj ms fj mjbmspnjsfhon gurmsbmetmcjfo, t`nj t`n prcpnr rninby t`ft
rnqumrninjt lcr lmomjk fj fppnfo hnlcrn t`n ERF Nj pntmtmcjnr s`cuob `fvn fvfmonb cl wfs mjbnnb f
Hfje. Lfmourn tc lmon sue` ictmcj lcr pntmtmcj lcr enrtmcrfrm ujbnr Xuon <>, fj crmkmjfo cr
rnecjsmbnrftmcj cr jnw trmfo ms efusn lcr bmsimssfo mjbnpnjbnjt fetmcj prnimsnb cj t`n puhome
cl t`n fppnfo hnlcrn t`n ERF Nj Hfje. (Emty cl rnspcjbnjt `fvmjk fetnb wmt`cut cr mj nxenss cl
Ifjmof v. Ecsics Hcttomjk Ecrpcrftmcj, K.X. Jc. gurmsbmetmcj cr wmt` krfvn fhusn cl bmserntmcj
6=<<06, Gujn 8;, 8460) ficujtmjk tc ofea cr nxenss
nx enss cl gurmsbmetmcj.
V7 ANTEC Ecrpcrftmcj (ANTEC) lmonb wmt` @cwnvnr, smjen f enrtmcrfrm pntmtmcj ms jct f
t`n HMX mts eofmi
eof mi lcr rnlujb mj t`n ficujt cl ecjtmjuftmcj cl t`n fppnooftn prcenss hcrjn cut cl
T22=,><=,220.;5 rnprnsnjtmjk mjput tfx t`n crmkmjfo efsn hut ms f snpfrftn fetmcj lceusnb cj
mjeurrnb lcr t`n lmrst fjb snecjb qufrtnrs cl fetmcjs t`ft frn mj nxenss cr wfjtmjk cl gurmsbmetmcj,
t`n E] 8444 lrci mts mipcrtftmcj fjb t`nj mt efjjct hn lmonb mj t`n sfin trmhujfo w`csn
bcinstme pure`fsns cl efpmtfo kccbs fjb fetmcjs frn hnmjk fssfmonb hut ms mjstnfb eckjmzfhon
snrvmens lcr t`n prcbuetmcj fjb sfons cl hy f `mk`nr trmhujfo w`me`, mj t`n
t`n efsn cl t`n ERF, ms
nonetrmemty tc JFTCECX. ERF Lmrst L mrst Bmvmsmcj t`ms Ecurt. Mj t`n efsn mjvcovmjk pntmtmcjnr, t`n
rnjbnrnb f bnemsmcj mj lfvcr cl ANTEC. R`n pntmtmcj ecuob `fvn hnnj lmonb bmrnetoy wmt` t`ms
sfmb bnemsmcj hnefin lmjfo fjb nxneutcry, Ecurt, nvnj wmt`cut fjy jnnb tc lmon f ictmcj lcr
`njen t`n ecurt mssunb f [rmt cl Nxneutmcj. rnecjsmbnrftmcj wmt` t`n ERF bmvmsmcj cr Nj Hfje, fs
EMX lmonb f pntmtmcj lcr fjjuoinjt cl t`n efsn fppnfrs tc lfoo ujbnr cjn cl t`n rneckjmznb
gubkinjt wmt` t`n ERF nj hfje h fje prfymjk lcr nxenptmcjs tc t`n ruon rnqumrmjk sue` f ictmcj fs f
t`n lcoocwmjk rnomnls7 (6) t`ft t`n Bnemsmcj hn prnrnqumsmtn tc lmomjk sue` pntmtmcj. ( Eciimssmcjnr
fjjuoonb cr snt fsmbn1 (8) t`ft t`n Njtry cl cl Mjtnrjfo Xnvnjun vs Anpec Ecrpcrftmcj, K.X. Jc.
Gubkinjt fjb [rmt cl Nxneutmcj hn 6==288, Gujn 86, 846<)
846< )
juoomlmnb1 fjb (5) t`ft t`n ERF Lmrst
L mrst Bmvmsmcj
hn bmrnetnb tc rn- cpnj t`n efsn. ANTEC V7 Rnfi Uufo Ecrpcrftmcj (RUE) lmonb mts
ecjtnjbs t`ft EMX ms jctj ct ofwluooy njtmtonb tc fbimjmstrftmvn eofmi lcr rnlujb lcr tfxfhon
fjjuoinjt cl gubkinjt cj t`n krcujb t`ft ynfr 8446
8446 cj Ifre`
Ifre` 84, 8445, wnoo wmt`mj
wmt`mj t`n
t`n ERF nj hfje ms hnrnlt cl gurmsbmetmcj cj twc-ynfr pnrmcb. prcvmbnb lcr hy ofw. RUE
t`n prnimsn t`ft t`n Xuons cl Ecurt, XF Jc. t`nj lmonb twc snpfrftn gubmemfo eofmis lcr
=808, fjb t`n Xnvmsnb Xuons cl t`n Ecurt cl rnlujb7 cjn cj Ifre` 56, 8445 lcr t`n lmrst
Rfx Fppnfos bc jct nxprnssoy prcvmbn f qufrtnr cl 8446, fjb t`n ct`nr cj Guoy 85,
rninby cj fjjuoinjt cl gubkinjts. Bmb t`n 8445 lcr t`n snecjb, t`mrb, fjb lcurt`
ERF nj hfje ecrrnetoy bnjy t`n pntmtmcj lcr qufrtnrs cl t`n sfin ynfr. Bcns ERF `fs
fjjuoinjt cl gubkinjt3 gurmsbmetmcj tc fet cj RUE' s twc gubmemfo
eofmis lcr rnlujb3
F7 ]NU. R`n pntmtmcj bnsmkjftnb fs cjn lcr
fjjuoinjt cl gubkinjt wfs onkfooy fjb F7 Hntwnnj t`n Ifre` 56 fjb t`n Guoy 85 pntmtmcjs
prcenburfooy mjlmri fjb, t`us, wfs scujboy lcr rnvmnw lmonb hy RUE, t`n ERF Bmvmsmcj cjoy
bmsimssnb hy t`n ERF Nj Hfje cj sue` krcujb. fequmrnb gurmsbmetmcj cvnr t`n ofttnr. Mj crbnr lcr t`n
Fosc, t`n ERF ecuob jct `fvn
`fvn trnftnb t`n pntmtmcj
pntmtmcj fs ERF tc fequmrn gurmsbmetmcj cvnr f gubmemfo eofmi lcr
fj fppnfo cr f ecjtmjuftmcj cl t`n efsn hnlcrn t`n rnlujb cr tfx ernbmt frmsmjk lrci ujutmomznb mjput
ERF Lmrst Bmvmsmcj hnefusn t`n ofttnr's bnemsmcj `fb \FR, t`n sfmb eofmi iust lmrst ecipoy wmt` t`n
hnecin lmjfo fjb nxneutcry fjb, t`us, jc ocjknr ifjbftcry 684+54-bfy wfmtmjk pnrmcb. Fjy gubmemfo
suhgnet tc fj fppnfo. eofmi lcr rnlujb cr tfx ernbmt lmonb mj ecjtrfvnjtmcj
cl sfmb pnrmcb ms rnjbnrnb prnifturn, bnprmvmjk t`n
Mjstnfb, w`ft rnifmjnb fs f rninby lcr t`n ERF cl gurmsbmetmcj tc fet cj mt (Rnfi ( Rnfi Uufo
pntmtmcjnr wfs tc lmon f pntmtmcj lcr enrtmcrfrm ujbnr Ecrpcrftmcj vs. Eciimssmcjnr cl Mjtnrjfo
M jtnrjfo Xnvnjun,
Xuon <>, w`me` ecuob `fvn hnnj lmonb fs fj crmkmjfo K.X. Jcs. 84688>-8<, 846658, 846655, Fprmo 60,
fetmcj hnlcrn t`ms Ecurt fjb jct hnlcrn t`n ERF Nj 8460)
8460 )
Hfje. Enrtmcrfrm ms fvfmofhon w`nj t`nrn ms jc fppnfo
cr fjy ct`nr
c t`nr pofmj, spnnby fjb fbnquftn rninby mj V7 Bmsputmjk t`n fssnssinjt, TFKECX
t`n crbmjfry ecursn cl ofw, sue` fs mj t`n efsn ft fppnfonb tc t`n Unerntfry cl Gustmen, cj t`n
hfr. Umjen t`n pntmtmcj hnocw
hnocw mjvcanb t`n
t`n krcss fjb hfsms cl Unetmcjs << fjb <; cl t`n Xnvmsnb
pfopfhon jnkomknjen cl pntmtmcjnr's ecujsno w`me` ms Fbimjmstrftmvn Ecbn, w`me` prcvmbns t`ft
foonknboy tfjtficujt tc mts hnmjk bnprmvnb cl bun ‟foo bmsputns/eofmis
bmsputns/eofmis fjb ecjtrcvnrsmns,
prcenss fjb mts bfy mj ecurt fs pfrty- omtmkfjt fjb, sconoy hntwnnj cr ficjk t`n bnpfrtinjts,
Rfxftmcj Ofw
R`n EMX ecjtnjbs t`ft t`n ERF `fs R`n ERF smttmjk Nj Hfje efjjct fjjuo f bnemsmcj cl
gurmsbmetmcj pursufjt
pursufjt tc Unetmcj
Unetmcj ;(6) cl X.F. cjn cl mts bmvmsmcjs. R`n bmvmsmcjs frn jct ecjsmbnrnb
Jc. 668>, w`me` krfjts t`n ERF t`n nxeousmvn snpfrftn fjb bmstmjet ecurts hut frn bmvmsmcjs cl cjn
fppnooftn gurmsbmetmcj tc rnvmnw, ficjk fjb t`n sfin ecurt1 t`nrn ms jc `mnrfre`y cl ecurts
ct`nrs, t`n bnemsmcjs cl t`n Eciimssmcjnr wmt`mj t`n Ecurt cl Rfx Fppnfos, lcr t`ny nfe`
cl Mjtnrjfo
Mjtnrjfo Xnvnjun ‟mj efsns mjvcovmjk rnifmj fs cjn ecurt jctwmt`stfjbmjk t`ft t`ny fosc
bmsputnb fssnssinjts, rnlujbs cl mjtnrjfo wcra mj bmvmsmcjs. Hy fjfocky, t`n Uuprnin Ecurt
rnvnjun tfxns, lnns cr ct`nr e`frkns, smttmjk Nj Hfje ms jct fj fppnooftn ecurt vms-ä -vms mts
pnjfotmns mipcsnb mj rnoftmcj t`nrntc, cr bmvmsmcjs, fjb mt nxnremsns jc fppnooftn gurmsbmetmcj
ct`nr ifttnrs frmsmjk ujbnr t`n JMXE cr cvnr t`n ofttnr. R`us, mt fppnfrs ecjtrfry tc t`nsn
ct`nr ofw cr pfrt cl ofw fbimjmstnrnb hy t`n lnfturns t`ft f ecoonkmfo ecurt, smttmjk Nj
smttmjk Nj Hfje,
Hfje , ify
Hurnfu cl Mjtnrjfo
Mj tnrjfo Xnvnjun. hn efoonb upcj tc fjjuo f bnemsmcj cl cjn cl mts
bmvmsmcjs w`me` `fb hnecin lmjfo fjb nxneutcry, lcr
Ms TFKECX ecrrnet3 mt ms tfjtficujt tc foocwmjk f ecurt tc fjjuo mts cwj
gubkinjt fjb feajcwonbkmjk
feajcwonbkmjk t`ft f `mnrfre`y nxmsts
nxmsts
F7 JC. Lcoocwmjk t`n ruon cj stftutcry wmt`mj sue` ecurt.
ecurt. (EMX
(EMX v. Anpec Momgfj
Mo mgfj Ecrpcrftmcj,
ecjstruetmcj mjvcovmjk f knjnrfo fjb f spnemfo ofw, K.X. Jc. 6==288, Gujn 86, 846<)
846< )
t`nj T.B. Jc. 828 s`cuob jct fllnet X.F. Jc. 668>.
X.F. Jc. 668>, spnemlmefooy Unetmcj ; t`nrncl cj t`n V7 Efj t`n UE tfan eckjmzfjen cl f pntmtmcj
gurmsbmetmcj cl t`n ERF, ecjstmtutns
ecjstmtutns fj nxenptmcj tc
tc lcr fjjuoinjt cl f bnemsmcj cl t`n ERF
T.B. Jc. 828. Bmsputns, eofmis fjb ecjtrcvnrsmns, Bmvmsmcj cr cl t`n ERF nj hfje3
lfoomjk ujbnr Unetmcj ; cl X.F. Jc. 668>, nvnj
t`cuk` sconoy ficjk kcvnrjinjt cllmens, fknjemns, F7 JC. F bmrnet pntmtmcj lcr fjjuoinjt cl f
fjb mjstruinjtfomtmns, mjeoubmjk KCEEs, rnifmj mj gubkinjt cl t`n ERF tc t`n Uuprnin Ecurt,
t`n nxeousmvn fppnooftn gurmsbmetmcj cl t`n ERF. infjw`mon, ms ujfvfmomjk, lcr t`n sfin rnfscj t`ft
Uue` f ecjstruetmcj rnscovns t`n foonknb t`nrn ms jc mbnjtmefo rninby wmt` t`n @mk` Ecurt tc
mjecjsmstnjey cr ecjlomet hntwnnj t`n twc stftutns. fjjuo f lmjfo fjb nxne
nxneutcry
utcry gubkinjt cl t`n Ecurt cl
(EMX v. Unerntfry cl Gustmen, K.X. Jc. 6;;50;, Fppnfos. XF Jc. =808, Unetmcj 6 puts t`n ERF cj t`n t`n
Jcvnihnr =, 846<
8 46<,, emtmjk T`momppmjn Jftmcjfo Cmo sfin onvno fs t`n Ecurt cl Fppnfos, sc t`ft ml t`n
Ecipfjy v. Ecurt cl Fppnfos, K.X. Jcs. 64==;< ofttnr”s lmjfo gubkinjts ify jct hn fjjuoonb hnlcrn
fjb 668044, Fprmo 8<, 844> ) t`n UE, t`nj t`n ERF”s cwj bnemsmcjs smimofroy ify
jct hn sc fjjuoonb. Fjb icrn mipcrtfjtoy,
Mj EMX v. Unerntfry cl Gustmen,
Gustmen , tc rnstftn, fs f fjjuoinjt cl gubkinjt ms fj crmkmjfo fetmcj, ynt, mt ms
knjnrfo ruon, foo bmsputns/eofmis
bmsputns/eofmis fjb ecjtrcvnrsm
ec jtrcvnrsmns,
ns, jct ficjk t`n efsns njuinrftnb mj t`n
sconoy hntwnnj cr ficjk t`n bnpfrtinjts, hurnfus,
hurnfus, Ecjstmtutmcj”s Frtmeon \MMM, Unetmcj > cvnr w`me` t`n
cllmens, fknjemns fjb mjstruinjtfomtmns cl t`n UE nxnremsns crmkmjfo gurmsbmetmcj. Fjjuoinjt cl
Jftmcjfo Kcvnrjinjt, mjeoubmjk KCEEs, sue` fs gubkinjt fosc cltnj rnqumrns fj fbgubmeftmcj cl
t`csn frmsmjk lrci t`n mjtnrprntftmcj fjb lfets, f tfsa t`ft t`n Ecurt ocft`ns tc pnrlcri, fs mt ms
fppomeftmcj cl stftuns, ecjtrfets cr fkrnninjts jct f trmnr cl lfets. (EMX
(EMX v. Anpec Momgfj Ecrpcrftmcj,
s`foo hn fbimjmstrftmvnoy snttonb cr fbgubmeftnb hy K.X. Jc. 6==288, Gujn 86, 846<)
846< )
t`n Unerntfry cl Gustmen cr t`n Ucomemtcr Knjnrfo.
(Unes. <<-<0, Xnvmsnb Fbimjmstrftmvn
Fbimjmstrftmvn Ecbn) RFPTF]NXU HMOO CL XMK@RU
Nxenpt mj t`n lcoocwmjk efsns7 (f) [`nj t`n lmjbmjk lcr fjy bnlmemnjey tfx ms t`n
rnsuot cl ift`niftmefo nrrcr mj
nrrcr mj t`n eciputftmcj
(f) [`nj t`n Eciimssmcjnr bntnrimjns
bntnrimjns t`ft lrfub, cl t`n tfx fppnfrmjk cj t`n lfen cl t`n tfx rnturj lmonb
mrrnkuofrmtmns, cr imstfans wnrn eciimttnb1 hy t`n tfxpfynr1 cr
(h) [`nj t`n tfxpfynr rnqunsts rnmjvnstmkftmcj1
(e) [`nj t`nrn ms f jnnb tc vnrmly t`n tfxpfynr”s h) [`nj f bmsernpfjey
bmsernpfjey `fs hnnj bntnrimjnb
bntnrimjnb hntwnnj
ecipomfjen wmt` wmt``cobmjk tfx ofws fjb t`n tfx wmt``nob fjb t`n ficujt fetufooy
rnkuoftmcjs1 rnimttnb hy
rnimttnb hy t`n wmt``cobmjk fknjt1 cr
(b) [`nj t`n tfxpfynr”s efpmtfo kfmjs tfx omfhmomtmns
iust hn vnrmlmnb1 fjb
(n) [`nj t`n Eciimssmcjnr
Eciimssmcjnr e`ccsns tc nxnremsn `ms (e) [`nj f tfxpfynr w`c cptnb tc eofmi f rnlujb
pcwnr ujbnr Unetmcj >(H) cl t`n JMXE tc chtfmj cr tfx ernbmt
ernbmt cl nxenss ernbmtfhon wmt``cobmjk tfx
mjlcriftmcj lrci ct`nr pnrscjs, mj w`me` efsn, lcr f tfxfhon pnrmcb wfs bntnrimjnb tc `fvn efrrmnb
fjct`nr cr snpfrftn nxfimjftmcj fjb mjspnetmcj cvnr fjb futciftmefooy fppomnb t`n sfin ficujt
ify hn ifbn. eofminb fkfmjst t`n nstmiftnb tfx omfhmomtmns lcr t`n
tfxfhon qufrtnr cr qufrtnrs cl t`n sueennbmjk tfxfhon
5. [mt`mj w`ft tmin pnrmcb
pnrmcb iust fj ynfr1 cr
fssnssinjt hn
fssnssinjt hn ifbn3
(b) [`nj t`n nxemsn tfx bun cj
bun cj nxemsfhon frtmeons
KX7 Fj
KX7 Fj fssnssinjt iust hn ifbn wmt`mj t`rnn (5) (5) `fs jct hnnj pfmb1
pfmb1 cr
ynfrs lrci t`n ofst bfy prnsermhnb hy ofw lcr t`n
lmomjk cl t`n tfx rnturj, lcr t`n tfx t`ft ms hnmjk (n) [`nj fj frtmeon ocefooy pure`fsnb cr
suhgnetnb tc fssnssinjt cr lrci t`n bfy t`n rnturj mipcrtnb hy
mipcrtnb hy fj
f j nxnipt pnrscj,
pnrscj , sue` fs, hut jct
wfs lmonb, ml lmonb oftn.
oftn. (Unetmcj 845, JMXE). omimtnb tc vn`meons, efpmtfo nqumpinjt, ife`mjnrmns
fjb spfrn pfrts, `fs hnnj scob, trfbnb cr
PTJs7 trfjslnrrnb tc jcj-nxnipt pnrscjs (Unetmcj
6. Lfosn cr lrfubuonjt rnturj, cr cl lfmourn tc 880, JMXE).
lmon f rnturj, t`n Hurnfu `fs tnj (64) ynfrs
lrci t`n bftn cl bmsecvnry cl sue` lfosmty, <. [`ft ms f Lmjfo Fssnssinjt
Fssnssinjt Jctmen (LFJ)3
lrfub, cr cimssmcj wmt`mj w`me` tc ifan
t`n fssnssinjt. (Unetmcj 888, JMXE). Fj LOB/LFJ ms f wrmttnj bnifjb tc pfy
bnlmemnjey tfxns (
tfxns ( XX 60-8465
60-8465 bftnb Jcvnihnr 80,
8. R`n pnrmcb tc fssnss ify hn nxtnjbnb 8465 fjb XIE 66-8462 bftnb Lnhrufry 60, 8462 )
t`rcuk` t`n nxneutmcj hy t`n tfxpfynr cl f mssunb tc f tfxpfynr w`c
tfxpfynr w`c lfmos tc rnspcjb tc f
wrmttnj [fmvnr cl t`n Utftutn cl Omimtftmcjs
Omimtftmcjs TFJ wmt`mj t`n prnsermptmvn pnrmcb cl tmin , cr
hnlcrn t`n nxpmrftmcj cl t`n prnsermptmvn
prnsermptmvn w`csn rnpoy tc
tc t`n TFJ wfs lcujb tc hn wmt`cut
pnrmcb tc fssnss. (Unetmcj 888, JMXE) inrmt,
inrmt, w`nt`nr mj luoo cr mj pfrt.
2. [`ft ms f Trnomimjfry Fssnssinjt Jctmen R`n LFJ/LOB efoomjk lcr pfyinjt cl t`n tfxpfynr”s
(TFJ)3
(TFJ)3 bnlmemnjey tfx cr tfxns s`foo stftn t`n lfets, t`n ofw,
ruons fjb rnkuoftmcjs, cr gurmsprubnjen cj w`me` t`n
R`n TFJ ms f wrmttnj
f wrmttnj eciiujmeftmcj
eciiujmeftmcj mssunb
mssunb fssnssinjt ms hfsnb, ct`nrwmsn, t`n LFJ/LOB s`foo
hy t`n Eciimssmcjnr
Eciimssmcjnr cl Mjtnrjfo Xnvnjun
Xnvnjun cr `ms hn vcmb.
buoy fut`crmznb rnprnsnjtftmvn mjlcrimjk f
tfxpfynr
tfxpfynr w`c `fs hnnj fubmtnb cl t`n ;. [`ft ms t`n rnecursn cl f tfxpfynr w`c efjjct
lmjbmjks cl `ms bnlmemnjey tfx/ns , s`cwmjk suhimt t`n bceuinjts hnmjk rnqumrnb cl `mi
mj bntfmos t`n lfets fjb t`n ofw, ruons fjb wmt`mj t`n prnsermhnb
prnsermhnb pnrmcb3
pnrmcb3
rnkuoftmcjs, fjb/cr gurmsprubnjen cj w`me`
t`n fssnssinjt ms hfsnb.
hfsnb . F tfxpfynr, hnomnvmjk t`ft `n efjjct prnsnjt `ms
hccas cl
c l feecujts fjb/cr ct`nr feecujtmjk
fe ecujtmjk rnecrbs,
Ml t`n tfxpfynr bmsfkrnns wmt`
bmsfkrnns wmt` t`n lmjbmjks w`c mjtnjbs
mjtnjbs tc
tc rnqunst
rnqunst lcr icrn tmin
tmin tc prnsnjt t`nsn
Rfxftmcj Ofw
fssnssinjt. (Unetmcj 880, JMXE fjb XX 60-8465 5. R`n cjoy ct`nr ruon ms t`n Ftofs ruomjk, w`me`
bftnb Jcvnihnr 80, 8465) fppomnb cjoy lrci 0 Gujn 844; tc 68 Unptnihnr
8440. Ftofs stftns t`ft t`n twc-ynfr prnsermptmvn
68. [`ft
68. [`ft rnecursn ms cpnj tc
tc f Rfxpfynr ml `ms rnqunst pnrmcb lrci lmomjk f eofmi lcr tfx rnlujb
rn lujb cr ernbmt cl
lcr rnecjsmbnrftmcj (fbimjmstrftmvn
(fbimjmstrftmvn fppnfo)
fppnfo) ms ujutmomznb mjput \FR pfyinjts s`cuob hn ecujtnb
bnjmnb hy
bnjmnb hy t`n Eciimssmcjnr3 lrci t`n bftn cl lmomjk cl t`n \FR rnturj fjb
pfyinjt cl t`n tfx. (Ufj Xcqun)
Ml t`n rnqunst lcr rnecjsmbnrftmcj ms bnjmnb hy t`n
Eciimssmcjnr, t`n tfxpfynr ify fppnfo sue` H. 684+54 Bfy Tnrmcb
Lmjfo Bnemsmcj tc t`n ERF , wmt`mj 54 bfys fltnr 6. R`n tfxpfynr efj lmon fj fppnfo mj cjn cl twc
rnenmpt cl f ecpy cl sue` bnemsmcj (XX 60-65 bftnb wfys7
Jcvnihnr 80, 8465) (6) lmon t`n gubmemfo eofmi wmt`mj t`mrty bfys fltnr t`n
Eciimssmcjnr bnjmns t`n eofmi wmt`mj t`n 684-bfy
6=. Ml t`n Rfxpfynr ms jct sftmslmnb wmt` t`n ERF”s pnrmcb, cr
bnemsmcj, efj `n fppnfo t`n bnemsmcj tc f `mk`nr ecurt3
(8) lmon t`n gubmemfo eofmi wmt`mj t`n t`mrty bfys lrci
]ns, `n efj, Bnemsmcj cl f Bmvmsmcj cl t`n Ecurt cl t`n nxpmrftmcj cl t`n 684-bfy pnrmcb ml t`n
Rfx Fppnfos ify hn fppnfonb wmt` t`n Ecurt cl Eciimssmcjnr bcns jct fet wmt`mj t`n 684-bfy
Rfx Fppnfos (nj hfje), wmt`mj lmltnnj (6>) pnrmcb.
bfys lrci t`n Rfxpfynr”s rnenmpt rnenmp t cl t`n
qunstmcjnb Bnemsmcj cr Xnscoutmcj . (Xnvmsnb 8. R`n 54-bfy pnrmcb fowfys fppomns, w`nt`nr t`nrn ms
Xuons cl ERF) f bnjmfo cr mjfetmcj cj t`n pfrt cl t`n Eciimssmcjnr.
Mj t`n nvnjt t`ft t`n Rfxpfynr ms omanwmsn 5. Fs f knjnrfo ruon, t`n 54-bfy pnrmcb tc fppnfo ms
ujsftmslmnb wmt` t`n bnemsmcj cl t`n Ecurt cl Rfx hct` ifjbftcry fjb gurmsbmetmcjfo. (Fme`m fjb Ufj
Fppnfos (nj hfje), `n ify fppnfo t`ms bnemsmcj Xcqun)
wmt` t`n Uuprnin Ecurt, wmt`mj lmltnnj (6>)
bfys lrci rnenmpt cl t`n 2. Fs fj nxenptmcj tc t`n knjnrfo ruon, prnifturn
Bnemsmcj/Xnscoutmcj.. (Xuons cl Ecurt)
Bnemsmcj/Xnscoutmcj lmomjk ms foocwnb cjoy ml lmonb hntwnnj 64 Bnenihnr
8445 fjb > Cetchnr 8464, w`nj HMX Xuomjk Jc. BF-
84. Efj f tfxpfynr eofmi f rnlujb cr tfx ernbmt 20=-45 wfs stmoo mj lcren. (Ufj Xcqun)
lcr nrrcjncusoy cr moonkfooy ecoonetnb tfxns 3
>. Oftn lmomjk ms fhscoutnoy prc`mhmtnb, nvnj burmjk t`n
]ns, `n efj. R`n
R`n tfxpfynr ify lmon f wrmttnj eofmi tmin w`nj HMX Xuomjk Jc. BF20=-45 wfs mj lcren.
lcr rnlujb,
rnlujb , wmt` t`n Eciimssmcjnr cl Mjtnrjfo (Ufj Xcqun) (Umomecj T`momppmjns v. Eciimssmcjnr cl
Xnvnjun, wmt` f eftnkcrmefo bnifjb lcr t`n Mjtnrjfo Xnvnjun, K.X. Jc. 6;5826, Ifre` 8>, 846>)
rnecvnry cl nrrcjncusoy cr moonkfooy ecoonetnb tfxns, Mj efsn cl tfxpfynr”s eofmi lcr \FR rnlujb, ujbnr t`n
wmt`mj twc (8) ynfrs lrci t`n bftn cl RXFMJ Ofw, nllnetmvn Gfjufry 6, 8460, sue` eofmi
pfyinjt cl t`n tfx cr pnjfoty scuk`t tc hn s`cuob hn fetnb upcj wmt`mj t`n =4-bfy pnrmcb (XX
rnlujbnb.
rnlujbnb . 65-8460)
Lfmourn cl
Lfmourn cl t`n tfxpfynr tc lmon sue` eofmi wmt`mj
eofmi wmt`mj MM. Eofmi lcr rnlujb ujbnr Unetmcj 88= cl t`n JMXE cl
t`ms prnsermhnb pnrmcb s`foo rnsuot mj t`n 6==;, fs finjbnb.
lcrlnmturn cl `ms rmk`t tc t`n rnlujb cr tfx ernbmt.
(Unetmcj 88=, JMXE). R`n eofmi lcr rnlujb cl nxenssmvnoy cr nrrcjncusoy
ecoonetnb tfxns ujbnr Unetmcj 88= s`cuob hn ifbn
86. Ml f tfxpfynr `fs lmonb f eofmi lcr rnlujb fjb t`n wmt`mj twc (8) ynfrs lrci t`n bftn t`n tfxns
tfxns frn pfmb.
pfmb.
Hurnfu `fs ynt tc rnjbnr f bnemsmcj cj t`ms eofmi, Hct` t`n fbimjmstrftmvn fjb gubmemfo eofmis s`cuob hn
efj t`n tfxpfynr nonvftn `ms eofmi tc t`n ERF3 hrcuk`t wmt`mj t`n twc (8)- ynfr prnsermptmvn pnrmcb.
pnrmcb.
R`n ruons frn fs lcoocws7 Ct`nrwmsn, t`ny s`foo lcrnvnr hn hfrrnb. R`us, t`n
tfxpfynr ify nonvftn `ms eofmis tc t`n ERF ml t`n twc
M. Eofmi lcr rnlujb ujbnr Unetmcj 668 cl t`n (8) ynfr prnsermptmvn pnrmcb ms fhcut tc nxpmrn fjb t`n
JMXE cl
JMXE cl 6==;, fs finjbnb. HMX `fs jct ynt rnjbnrnb f bnemsmcj cj `ms eofmi.
(EHA Tcwnr Ecipfjy Otb. \s. Eciimssmcjnr cl
F. Rwc-]nfr prnsermptmvn Tnrmcb Mjtnrjfo Xnvnjun,;>4 T`mo. ;20 Q846>Y)