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‫مقدمة عن شبكات الغاز المركزية‬

‫‪Introduction to LPG Pipeworks.‬‬
‫إعداد وتقديم‬
‫م أحمد عودة ابو صعيليك‬
‫ت ‪0798840704‬‬
‫عمان ‪-‬خلدا‬
‫‪2‬‬

‫نقدم حلول كاملة لشبكات الغاز المركزية‬

‫والتدفئة بالغاز الحل األمثل‬
‫م أحمد عودة ابو صعيليك‬
‫ت ‪0798840704‬‬
‫وكالء بويلرات الغاز االيطالية‬
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Basic History of Propane:

- Dr. Walter Snelling first discovered
propane in 1910
- Propane was used for cooking as early as
1912
- First propane powered car introduced in
1913
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-What is Propane?
- Propane is a hydrocarbon (C3H8) and is sometimes
referred to as liquefied petroleum gas, LP gas or LPG.
- Propane is produced from both natural gas processing
and crude oil refining.
- LPG is nontoxic, colorless and virtually odorless.
- Propane is a liquid stored under pressure in tanks and
cylinders.
Propane
- Propane is vaporized to a gas before it leaves the tank or (C3H8)
cylinder and is then dispensed through a pressure
regulator to an appliance, vehicle or piece of equipment.
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-What is Butane?
- Butane is a gaseous component of natural gas,. While
petroleum products like gasoline are refined, natural gas
products are extracted.
- Butane can also be produced from crude oil, but in much
smaller quantities.
- The chemical formula for butane is C4H10, which means
the molecule consists of four carbon atoms surrounded by
ten hydrogen atoms. When Butane released into the air,
however, it reacts with an ignition source to become a Butane
highly flammable gas, and releases carbon dioxide as a (C4H10)

waste product, not carbon monoxide.

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‫نقدم حلول كاملة لشبكات الغاز المركزية‬

‫والتدفئة بالغاز الحل األمثل‬
‫م أحمد عودة ابو صعيليك‬
‫ت ‪0798840704‬‬
‫وكالء بويلرات الغاز االيطالية‬
10

LPG mixture (Propane & Butane)

- Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a mixture of two gases.
In everyday life this mixture has a short name - PROPANE.
-Propane is more suited to colder environments since it
evaporates at(-42oC) at atmospheric pressure.
- Butane evaporates at(-1oC)at atmospheric pressure.
- The percentage of propane and butane in the
mixture is regulated by the state and depends on
climatic conditions. For example, in winter the
quantity of propane must be at least 70-80%,
whereas in summer - just 40% .
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LPG mixture in JORDAN

Propane
(C3H8)
25% Butane
(C4H10) 75%

Vapour Pressure-bar g at 0*C = 3.8 bar Vapour Pressure-bar g at 0*C = 0.5 bar
Latent heat = 785 BTU/GAL. Latent heat = 808 BTU/GAL.
12

LPG Properties &

Characteristics:
13
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 Propane -42 ̊
 Butane -2 ̊
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Odorless

 Ethyl Mercaptan
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17 Technical Typical Properties
Com. Propane Com,Butane
Of Commercial LPG Grades

Gas: Air ratio for combustion 1:24 1:30

Flame temperature in air max. *C 1930 1900

Flame Speed cm/sec 44 44

Relative Density of liquid at 15.6*C (Water at 0*C = 1.0) 0.51 0.58

Litre/tonne at 15.6*C 1975 1742

Relative Density of gas at 15.6*C (Air at 15.6*C = 1.0) 1.52 2.01

Volumes of gas (litres) per kg of liquid at 5.6*C 537 411

Ratio gas: liquid volume at 15.6*C 279 238

Boiling Point at 1 atm. *C -45 -2

Vapour Pressure-typical bar g at 0*C / 15.6*C 3.8 / 6.4 0.5 / 1.6

Limits of flammability (percentage of gas by vol. In gas-air

10 / 2 9 / 1.8
mixture) Upper / Lower
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LPG Properties & Characteristics:

Behavior:
LPG exists as a gas at normal atmospheric pressure &
temperatures, but may be liquefied by the application of
moderate pressure. If the pressure is released the liquid will
revert back to vapour.
Color
LPG as a liquid is colorless and as a vapour, cannot be seen.
Smell
Pure LPG has no distinctive smell so for safety reasons a
stanching agent is added during production to give a pungent,
unpleasant smell and so aid detection.
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LPG Properties & Characteristics:

Toxicity
LPG is non-toxic but at very high concentrations in air, LPG vapour acts
as an anesthetic and subsequently an asphyxiate by diluting or decreasing
the available oxygen.
Flammability
When LPG is mixed with air, a highly flammable mixture is produced.
The flammability range is between 2% to 11% by volume of gas to air.
Outside this range any mixture is wither to weak or rich to potentially
ignite.
Vaporization
One volume of liquid will produce approximately 280 volume of gas
vapour. “A little goes a long way, treat LPG with respect”
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LPG Properties & Characteristics:

Vapour Density
LPG vapour is heavier than air. Any escapes will find its way to the lowest
level where it can remain and form a flammable mixture. Therefore LPG
vessels must be sited away from drains and appliances must not be sited in
basements or cellars. Cylinders in boats and ships must be stored in purpose
built sealed gas lockers.

Liquid Density
LPG is lighter than water and therefore floats on top of it in a similar way to
oil and petrol. Therefore LPG vessels must be sited away from drains and
gullies.
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LPG Properties & Characteristics:

Vapour Pressure
The pressure LPG exerts on a vessel varies with ambient temperature.
The higher the temperature of the liquid the higher the vapour
pressure, conversely the lower the temperature the lower the pressure.
This means LPG must be protected from heat sources and protective
safety distances imposed on the siting and storage of LPG.
Commercial Propane has a vapour pressure of approximately 2bar
(30psi) at 15oC (similar to the pressure found in a lorry tyre).
Commercial Butane has a vapour pressure of approximately 2bar
(30psi at 15oC (similar to the pressure found in a car tyre).
Because of these characteristics Comercial Butane can be used indoors
and Commercial Propane must only be used outdoors.
 LPG vapor pressure

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LPG Properties & Characteristics:

Expansion
When LPG is heated it expands very rapidly. In order to allow for expansion LPG
cylinders and tanks are only filled by volume to a maximum of 87% of the total
volume of the retaining vessel.
Boiling Point
The boiling point is the temperature below which LPG will not vaporize to form a
gas vapour.
Boiling point of Commercial Propane is approximately – 42oC
Boiling point of Commercial Butane is approximately – 2oC
Commercial Butane can be affected by cold weather resulting in poor pressure
and should not be used outdoors in winter months. Commercial Propane is not
adversely affected by cold weather in the UK and is an ideal fuel source for
heating, cooking and industrial applications. However care must be taken for skin
not to come in contact with liquid LPG as cold burns may occur.
.
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LPG Properties & Characteristics:

Searching
LPG in both its liquefied and gaseous state has a very low viscosity and
will flow very easily like water, petrol etc. This means they will flow
with ease and penetrate any breaks or weakness in the installation.
Therefore, special jointing compounds must be used for LPG
installations and certified for use with the service conditions .
Chemical Reaction
LPG is aggressive to certain non-metalic materials like natural rubber
and many plastics; therefore equipment and hoses must be suitable for
LPG.
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LPG Properties & Characteristics:

Calorific Value
The Calorific Value of a fuel is described as “The amount of heat released when a
known quantity of fuel is burned”.
Commercial Propane = 95 MJ / m3
Commercial Butane = 121 MJ / m3
Natural Gas = 38 MJ / m3
Because LPG appliances release more heat than Natural Gas, it is important that any
gas appliances fueled by LPG are designed and manufactured for that purpose i.e. they
will often require special conversion by qualified persons.
Fuel / Air Mix
Commercial Propane = 23:1
Commercial Butane = 30:1
Natural Gas = 9.6:1
Therefore, it is important that appliances fueled LPG are provided with adequate
ventilation and serviced regularly to ensure that they burn efficiently
 LPG Properties & Characteristics:

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Chart: both propane (red)

and butane (blue) contain
considerably more energy
per cubic meter than natural
gas (yellow); in other words,
they're more calorific.
Butane holds more energy
than propane because a
molecule of butane has three
more atoms than a molecule
of propane and three more
chemical bonds holding it
together. More bonds break
when you burn butane, so
more energy is released
during combustion. Figures
in megajoules per cubic
meter.
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LPG Properties & Characteristics:

Fuel / Air Mix

Commercial Propane = 23:1
Commercial Butane = 30:1
Natural Gas = 9.6:1
Therefore, it is important that appliances fueled LPG
are provided with adequate ventilation and serviced
regularly to ensure that they burn efficiently
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Advantage of LPG Compared to other fuels

 Clean Burning.
 No soot, burners have a longer life - so maintenance is
low.
 No spillage as it vaporizes at atmospheric temperature
and pressure.
 Effects of corrosion are greatly reduced.
 Instantly controllable flame temperature.
 Avoids scaling and decarburizing of parts.
 Environmentally friendly fuel, with minimal Sulphur
content and Sulphur- free emissions.
 Very high efficiency with direct firing system.
 Instant heat for faster warm-up and cool-down.
 Can be used for a variety of applications.
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Propane color and odor:

In its natural state, propane is clear, colorless and odorless. To
increase the likelihood that a propane leak will be detected, and as a
safety precaution, an odor called Ethyl Mercaptan is added to the gas
at the time of production or shipping.
Some persons may have difficulty detecting this odorant, colds,
allergies, and sinus Congestion, cooking odors, certain medications,
age, prolonged exposure to the Odor of propane, damp or musty
smells and the use of tobacco, alcohol or drugs may diminish the
dispenser’s or end users’ ability to detect the odorant.
If for any reason a dispenser or end use customer cannot smell
odorized propane, they are to notify a supervisor or their propane
supplier immediately. Both the dispenser and the end user’s safety
may depend on their ability to smell propane in the event of a leak.
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Purpose of odorants:

Because propane is naturally odorless and colorless, a

commercial odorant is added so propane can be
detected if it leaks into the environment. Although
other odorants may be used, the one most commonly
used is ethyl Mercaptan, which is added at the rate of
at least one pound per 10,000 gallons of propane.
Effective odorization enables the detection of leaks
before gas concentration in the air reaches a flammable
level. It also reduces gas loss through early detection
and repair of leaking pipes, fittings and storage
container fixtures.
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Odorant Characteristics:

Odorants have the following characteristics:

• An odorous and unpleasant smell; distinctive and readily
identifiable as a gas additive and unlike other odors.
• Mix well with liquid propane at the same or nearly the same rate -
volatile
• Stable, inert or chemically inactive enough not to bond with,
decompose or react with other parts of the gas or with materials in
the distribution system or appliances.
• Non-corrosive under conditions found in gas transmission,
distribution and utilization.
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Odorant Characteristics:
• Burns completely in the gas flame to form products that are
not corrosive, combustible.
 Adding Odorant - Requirements
Propane is odorized at a refinery, processing plant or pipeline
terminal before it is shipped to the bulk plant. Both NFPA 58
and the Department of Transportation (DOT) set safety
standards regulating the addition of odorants. Both NFPA 58
and DOT require that propane be odorized before transporting
it to a bulk plant. The only exception is when the propane will
be used in a manufacturing process that requires the use of
“unstaunched” LP-gas.
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How does Propane Expand?

Liquid propane, like water, will expand when heat is added to it.
Propane liquid, however will increase in volume nearly 17 times
greater than water over the same temperature increase. To
allow for this expansion, propane containers are typically filled
to only 80% of their capacity.
If propane liquid is released into the air, the lack of pressure
quickly vaporizes it, expanding it to 270 times its original
volume. Therefore, liquid propane leaks can be more hazardous
than vapor leaks.
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How does Propane Expand?

Propane is non-toxic, but if released in a confined space, will

displace air. Therefore, avoid inhaling propane. Propane vapor
is 1-1/2 times heavier than air. If released into still air, it may
initially settle in low lying areas. However, if there is sufficient
air movement, especially outside, the vapor will quickly
dissipate in the air.
Propane also causes a refrigerating effect that makes
everything it touches extremely cold. This means if it comes in
contact with skin, it can cause third degree or deep freeze
burns.
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Vapor Pressure is what forces propane gas from the

container... through the piping system...to the
appliance.
Because the amount of pressure inside a container
depends on the outside temperature of the air, lower
temperatures mean less pressure and higher
temperatures mean more pressure. If the container
pressure is too low, not enough gas will flow from the
container to the appliances. Container pressure is
measured in PSIG (Pounds per Square Inch Gauge).
The table below shows propane vapor pressures at
various outside temperatures.
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Propane released Hazards:

If propane liquid is released into the air, it quickly Vaporizes, expanding to
270 times its original volume.
Therefore, a liquid propane leak can be more hazardous than a vapor leak
due to the expanding vapor cloud.
Also, when liquid propane is released into the atmosphere, its rapid
vaporization causes a refrigerating effect that makes everything it
touches extremely cold. If it comes in contact with skin or other tissues,
it will cause third-degree freeze burns.
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270 Liter

1
Lit.

Liquid Phase Gaseous Phase

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Propane released Hazards:

Propane vapor is 1.5 times heavier than air. If released

into still air. It may initially concentrate in low-lying areas.
However, if there is sufficient air movement, especially
outside, the vapor should dissipate in the air.
When the physical and combustion properties of propane
are considered together, these hazards can be identified
for an uncontrolled release of propane.
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‫نقدم حلول كاملة لشبكات الغاز المركزية‬

‫والتدفئة بالغاز الحل األمثل‬
‫م أحمد عودة ابو صعيليك‬
‫ت ‪0798840704‬‬
‫وكالء بويلرات الغاز االيطالية‬