2015 International Conference on Energy Systems and Applications (ICESA 2015)
Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Engineering and Technology, Pune, India 30 Oct - 01 Nov, 2015
Energy Audit of Residential Buildings to Gain
Energy Efficiency Credits for LEED Certification
Rohit Sharma
ME Student, Department of Civil,
DYPIET, Pimpri,
Pune, India.
rohit.sharma9028092882@gmail.com
Abstract- Energy audit is a primary study that identifies energy use
among various services and provides opportunities for energy
conservation. Energy auditing is an integral part of energy
conservation and energy management is also part of conservation.
It is an initial study in establishing an energy management
programme. This paper reviews the initial attempts to understand
the energy consumption patterns in a residential building and to
reduce the energy consumptions. A case study is included to
investigate the reduction in energy consumption per unit in order to
make building energy efficient. A feasibility study is done to check
the increase in construction cost to gain energy efficiency credits
for LEED certification. Payback calculations are done to
understand the Investments required and hence feasibility is
confirmed.
Keywords: Energy conservation, Energy management, Energy
Audit, LEED certification, Solar Energy.
I. INTRODUCTION
Energy audit is an inspection, survey and analysis
of energy flows for energy conservation in a building, process
or system to reduce the amount of energy input into the system
without negatively affecting the output. In commercial and
industrial real estate, an energy audit is the first step in
identifying opportunities to reduce energy expense and carbon
footprints.
An energy audit is an assessment of how much
energy a home consumes and the development of a plan to
make the home more energy efficient. An energy audit can not
only reveal ways to help conserve precious energy, it can also
save you significant amounts of money by maximizing energy
efficiency in your household.
The present electricity consumption in the residential
buildings sector in India is about 4-5% of the total electricity.
The electricity demand in residential buildings is growing
annually by 10-14% due to demands for providing world class
level amenities and comforts. This presents a challenge to
ensure that energy growth in commercial building does not
become unmanageable, but at the same time, also presents an
opportunity to influence and address energy management
issues in various commercial buildings and facilities.
The energy management programme is a systematic
on-going strategy for controlling a building's energy
consumption pattern. It is to reduce waste of energy and
money to the minimum permitted by the climate the building
978-1-4673-6817-9/15/$31.00 ©2015 IEEE
Dr. R. K. Jain
Principal,
DYPIET, Pimpri,
Pune, India.
jainrb20@gmail.com
is located, its functions, occupancy schedules, and other
factors. It establishes and maintains an efficient balance
between a building's annual functional energy requirements
and its annual actual energy consumption.
Generally, four levels of analysis can be outlined
Level 0 – Benchmarking:
Level I – Walk-through audit:
Level II – Detailed/General energy audit:
Level III – Investment-Grade audit:
LEED Certification:
The LEED rating systems are designed for rating new
and existing commercial, institutional, and residential
buildings. They are based on accepted energy and
environmental principles and strike a balance between known,
established practices and emerging concepts. Each rating
system is organized into 5 environmental categories:
Sustainable Sites, Water Efficiency, Energy and Atmosphere,
Materials and Resources, and Indoor Environmental Quality.
An additional category, Innovation in Design (or Operations),
addresses sustainable building expertise as well as measures
not covered under the 5 environmental categories.
LEED certification is verified through the Green
Building Certification Institute (GBCI), an independent third
party that holds participants accountable to meet clearly
defined goals that optimize building performance. LEED
guides projects to save money, conserve energy, reduce water
consumption and drive innovation. Through a vigorous,
documented process that relies on performance and metrics,
LEED ensures a building project meets certain requirements
and can be trusted.
Objective:
The objective of this research is to conduct the energy
audit of construction project in order to reduce the
consumption of electrical energy and hence to make the
project more energy efficient. The primary objective of the
energy audit is to determine ways to reduce energy
consumption per unit of product output or to lower operating
costs. The energy audit is provides a benchmark, or reference
point, for managing and accessing energy use across the
organization and provides the basis for ensuring more
effective use of energy. In order to make the construction
project energy efficient and check its feasibility, a study is
done as to find out the efficiency of building in energy
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consumption as per Green building standards. Another
objective of this research is to find out the points gained as per
LEED Certification for residential building and find out the
cost escalations.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
R. Hari Baskar etc. al [6] in February 2014
conducted an energy audit at the hostels of National Institute
of Technical Teachers Training & Research, Chandigarh, to
identify the major areas of energy waste. They studied the
energy consumption under the categories: Lightings,
Ventilation and Heating/Cooling. The study concluded the
savings of 12.12% in the electrical energy and the pay back is
calculated.
Dr. K. Umesha, Miste. Mieee [5] in Jan.-Feb. 2013
conducted an energy audit at Jawaharlal College of
Engineering & Technology to Estimate the Energy consumed
in a day, week and monthly. In his Research he has clearly
defines the need of audit in present scenario and its types. He
also explains the Energy audit process and the same is
considered and improvised in this research.
A. Energy audit Process:
The energy audit may range from a simple walk-
through survey at one extreme to one that may span several
phases. The first stage is to reduce energy use in areas where
energy is wasted and reductions will not cause disruptions to
the various functions. The second stage is to improve
efficiency of energy conversion equipment and to reduce
energy use by proper operations and maintenance. The third
stage would require changes to the underlying functions of
buildings by remodelling, rebuilding, or introducing further
control upgrades to the building. The last stage is to carry out
large-scale energy reducing measures when existing facilities
have past their useful life, or require extensive repairs or
replacement because of obsolescence.
Malik Sameeullah etc. al [7] in August 2014
analyse the energy consumption pattern in hostel buildings
(National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra) with major
focus on lighting and fan load and came to the conclusion that
there will be an average saving of 463 MWh, which would be
about 21% energy savings. Further it reduces carbon emission
by 579 t which is equivalent to taking over 96 cars off road.
Furthermore, Energy audit is required in detail in order to
identify the loopholes in the energy Consumption patterns and
further improvement in efficient way of its usage and with the
Rise in demand for the sustainability in construction, GBC
(Green Building Council) has come up with the certification to
standardize the level of the energy consumption in buildings.
LEED certification provides a real time check on how efficient
the buildings are in their design in energy consumption.
LEED’s certification process and associated building
operating procedures have proven to lower our building’s
energy use. This directly translates into a reduction in
operating costs and a building’s bottom line. Undergoing the
certification process is one way owners can increase the value
of their projects while doing the right thing.
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III. METHODOLOGY
This energy audit would give a positive orientation to
the energy cost reduction, preventive maintenance, and quality
control programs which are vital for production and utility
activities. Such an audit program will help to keep focus on
variations that occur in the energy costs, availability, and
reliability of supply of energy, help decide on the appropriate
energy mix, identify energy conservation technologies, retrofit
for energy conservation equipment, etc. [5]
Detailed Energy Auditing Is Carried Out In Three Phases:
Phase I – Pre-Audit
Phase II – Audit
Phase III – Post-Audit
The Information To Be Collected During Detailed Audit
Includes:
Energy consumption by type of energy, department and major
equipment.
Energy cost and tariff data.
Sources of energy supply (e.g. electricity off the grid).
Energy management procedures.
IV. DATA COLLECTION
For data collection a case study of a residential
building is taken. Project named ‘Sai avishkar’ residential
scheme under the builder ‘Suyog Anjani Avishkar Associates’
is in Mouje Dhayari, Tq: Haveli, Dist.: Pune – 41 .
Following are the details of the project:
80 no. of flats (2BHK -48 no’s, 3BHK-32 no’s)
96,674 sqft. Of built-up area
40,000 sqft. Of landscape and development area.
This Audit is in the vision to make Residential Project Named
'Sai Avishkar', Dhayari, Pune energy efficient. It is a fact that
Residential Project Named 'Sai Avishkar', Dhayari, Pune
energy bill keeps up around INR 22-23 lacks per year. This
amount is huge and thus naturally attracts attention when we
understand that quite a lot of energy is being wasted, which in
turn would mean that huge amount of financial resources are
being wasted. This case study would act as a prototype
project; the lessons learnt here can be put to practice in the
future as we progress and move to other residential projects. It
can be confidently put that the results that will come out of
this exercise are bound to be of interest to everyone and can be
the first step to make the Project 'Sai Avishkar' energetically
the most efficient Project in India.
A. Energy audit strategy:
The strategy adopted for this audit will be as:
Visual inspection and data collection.
Observations on the general condition of the facility and
equipment and quantification.
Identification / verification of energy consumption and other
parameters by measurements.
Detailed calculations, analyses and assumptions.
Potential energy saving opportunities.
Implementation.
B. Strategy 2 Way
Stage 1: Lighting, fans etc. in building A, B, C, F, G and 10 Point LED lights 1 9 3 27
landscape area. TOTAL 4801
Stage 2: Data logging
Stage 3: Past Data Collection from Residents. Table I and II shows the comparison of electrical consumption
per day in 3 BHK using conventional Lighting and LED’s as
V. DATA ANALYSIS proposed in the energy audit conducted.

TABLE I .LOAD CALCULATION CONVENTIONAL – 3BHK TABLE III .LOAD CALCULATION CONVENTIONAL – 2BHK

Sr. Watts/ No. of W- Sr. Watts/ No. of W-

Room Appliances Nos. Room Appliances Nos.
No Point hr./day hr./day No Point hr./day hr./day
Ceiling Ceiling Fan
1 Fan
Fan Point 3 60 4.5 810
1 4 60 4.5 1080 2 5A switch Other Appl.
Point Fan 4 40 3 480
5A Half plug
2 switch Other Appl. 5 40 3 600 3 point 5A
2 20 1 40
half plug 4 15A switch Kitchen Appl.
2 1000 0.5 1000
3 point 5A 3 20 1 60
5 Wall light Tube Light
5 40 7 1400
15A Kitchen
Ceiling
4 switch Appl. 2 1000 0.5 1000
6 light Tube Light
1 60 7 420
Wall
7 Exhaust Fan 6"
2 60 0.5 60
5 light Tube Light 7 40 7 1960
8 TV point TV
2 120 6 1440
Ceiling
9 Tel point Tele
1 0 0 0
6 light Tube Light 1 60 7 420
2 Way
7 Exhaust Fan 6" 3 60 0.5 90
10 Point Tube Light
1 40 3 120
8 TV point TV 2 120 6 1440
TOTAL 5770
9 Tel point Tele 1 0 0 0
2 Way TABLE IV .LOAD CALCULATION WITH L.E.D – 2BHK
10 Point Tube Light 1 40 3 120 Sr. Watts/ No. of W-
Room Appliances Nos.
TOTAL 6770 No Point hr./day hr./day
Ceiling Fan
TABLE II .LOAD CALCULATION WITH L.E.D – 3BHK 1
Point Fan 3 60 4.5 1080
2 5A switch
Sr. Proposed Watts/ No. of W- Other Appl. 4 40 3 600
Room Nos. hr./day Half plug
No Appliances Point hr./day
3 point 5A
Ceiling 2 20 1 60
Fan 4 15A switch
1 Fan 4 60 4.5 1080 Kitchen Appl. 2 1000 0.5 1000
Point
5 Wall light
5A LED lights 5 9 7 441
2 switch Other Appl. 5 40 3 600 Ceiling
6 light
half plug LED lights 1 9 7 63
3 point 5A - 3 20 1 60 7 Exhaust
Fan6" 2 60 0.5 90
15A Kitchen 8 TV point
TV 2 120 6 1440
4 switch Appl. 2 1000 0.5 1000 9 Tel point
Tele 1 0 0 0
Wall 2 Way

5 light LED lights 7 9 7 441 10 Point

LED lights 1 9 3 27
Ceiling TOTAL 4235

6 light LED lights 1 9 7 63 Table III and IV shows the comparison of electrical
7 Exhaust Fan6" 3 60 0.5 90 consumption per day in 3 BHK using conventional Lighting
and LED’s as proposed in the energy audit conducted.
8 TV point TV 2 120 6 1440
9 Tel point Tele 1 0 0 0 A. Energy consumption details for flats:
No. of 3BHK units - 32 No’s

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No. Of 2 BHK units - 48 No’s
No. of electrical Units consumed per day per project
conventionally- (6.77*32) + (5.77*48) = 493.6 kWh
No. of electrical Units consumed per day per project with new
fixtures- (4.801*32) + (4.235*48) = 356.9 kWh
Reduction in Electrical consumption per day = 136.7 kWh.
TABLE V .LOAD CALCULATION CONVENTIONALY – COMMON
AREA
C. Energy consumption details for Sai avishkar:
Total Project Electrical consumption conventionally-
493.6+217.05 = 710.65 kWh
Total Project Electrical consumption as per new design -
356.9+57.66 = 414.56 kWh
Energy savings = 296.09 kWh per day
Percentage reduction in electrical consumption =
296.09/710.65*100 = 42% approx.

Sr. No Watts No. of W— TABLE VII .BOQ FOR ELECTRICAL FIXTURES USED IN SAI
Appliances Nos. AVISHKAR– COMMON AREA
/Point hr./day hr./day
1 Sodium vapour 26 300 10 78000 Sai Avishkar Electrical Lighting BOQ
2 CFL 32 28 10 8960
Development Areas Lighting (BOQ)
3 CFL 21 14 10 2940
4 Tube Light 15 14 10 2100 Sr.
No Particulars Qty. Unit Rate Vat Amount
5 CFL 3 14 6 252
1 Pole Street Light 26 No’s 3100 12.5% 90675
6 CFL 47 14 12 7896
2 Bollards Light 32 No’s 3500 12.5% 126000
7 Tube Light 80 28 12 26880
3 Tree Up Lights 21 No’s 3500 12.5% 82687
8 Tube Light 100 40 12 48000
4 Down Light 15 No’s 2400 12.5% 40500
9 Tube Light 12 40 6 2880
5 Led Spot Light 3 No’s 2000 12.5% 6750
10 Tube Light 36 40 6 8640
6 Concealed Light 47 No’s 1500 12.5% 79313
TOTAL 186548
ABC & FG Parking Light, Lobby Light & Staircase Light (BOQ)
TABLE VI .LOAD CALCULATION WITH L.E.D – COMMON AREA
1 1 FT Led T5 80 No’s 410 0.00% 32800
Sr. No Proposed Watts No. of W-
Operational 2 2 FT Led T5 100 No’s 315 0.00% 31500
Appl. /Point hr./day hr./day 9 Watt False
1 LED light 26 32 8 6656 3 Ceiling Light 30 No’s 850 12.5% 28687

2 LED light 32 6 6 1152 Gym hall Light (BOQ)

9 Watt False
3 LED light 21 3 6 378 1 Ceiling Light 6 No’s 850 0.00% 5100
4 LED light 15 3 6 270 Total Cost Rs. 5,38,413

5 LED light 3 3 6 54 D. Costing Calculations:

6 LED light 47 15 6 4230 Cost of Electrical fixtures for:
7 LED light 80 9 10 7200 2BHK - Rs.7000 (for 7 No’s - 9W LED) - 48 Nos.
8 LED light 50 14 6 4200
3BHK - Rs.9000 (for 9 No’s - 9W LED) - 32 Nos.
Total Cost: (7000*48) + (9000*32) = Rs. 6,24,000/-
9 LED light 12 15 6 1080
10 LED light 36 9 6 1944
E. Payback calculations:
TOTAL 27164
Unit rate for Electricity = Rs. 9 per unit.
Total costing as per new proposed design.
Table V and VI shows the comparison of electrical Rs 6, 24,000 (for LED fixtures for 80 flats)
consumption per day in 3 BHK using conventional Lighting Rs 5, 38,413 (for LED fixtures for Common area)
and LED’s as proposed in the energy audit conducted. Rs 48,000 (for Extra wiring, timer switches & relay function)
Comparison shows the difference in the electrical unit Total cost of fixtures (6,24,000+5,38,413+43,000) =12,05,413
consumption in the common area including Street lights, Total electrical power saving per day= 296.09 units.
parking lights and club house. Light are provided with the Cost Saved = 296.09*9 = Rs. 2664.81
timer switches to further reduce the consumption. Payback period = 12,10,413/2664.81 = 1.25 Years
B. Energy consumption details for Common Area: F. Generation of renewable energy by PV system (solar
No. of electrical Units consumed per day for common load per power)
project conventionally = 186.55+30.5 = 217.05 kWh It is proposed to generate electrical energy within the project
No. of electrical Units consumed per day for common load per for common area.
project with new fixtures = 27.16+30.5=57.66 kWh A Proposal is made to put PV system to produce 40 kW-hr/
Reduction in Electrical consumption per day = 159.39 kWh day.

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With 40 kW-hr per day PV system, total generation of Total Investment = 12,10,413 + 9,45,000 = 21,55,413/-
renewable energy passes 9%. Increase in Construction cost on built up = 21,55413/96,674 =
PV system is proposed to install above club house area in 22.26 per sqft.
south-west direction. Percentage increase (considering 1500rs per sq. ft. on built-up
Fabrication cost: 1,00,000/- as base cost) = (22.26/1500)*100 = 1.48%.
Wiring Cost: 35,000
Transportation and Taxes: 1,00,000 VII. CONCLUSION
Contingency: 20,000 It has been concluded from this research that the residential
Total cost of PV system: Rs. 9,45,400/- buildings can be LEED certified in present scenario. It is
Percentage units generated = (39.8/414.5)*100 = 9.6 %. contributed with the reduction of 42 % in energy consumption
and 9% of renewable energy generation. This is achieved with
VI. RESULTS an additional construction cost of 2% or less.
Following is the checklist [3] for the LEED Certificate Points
A. Future Scope of Research:
showing Total points gained for the Project ‘Sai Avishkar’:
During the course of this study it became apparent
TABLE VII .LEED CERTIFICATION CHECK LIST that data concerning energy use was quite limited. A data base
is needed which more succinctly and completely identifies
LEED 2009 for New Construction and Major
Renovations energy usage for typical site and equipment operating
SNo. Credit Heads conditions.
The Proposed project gives strong warning to the
1. Sustainable Possible 26
sites Points consumer not only in terms of the energy bills also the energy
2. Water Possible 10 crisis in the near future to all sectors of people and in this
Efficiency Points project the recommendations reduces the around 40-45% of
3. Energy and Possible 35 the energy with some investments that takes more payback
Atmosphere Points
Credit 1 Optimize Energy 1 to 19
period. There is a scope of improvement to include the
Performance advanced lighting scheme to reduce further 10% of the cost.
Improve by 38% for 14
New Buildings VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Improve by 40% for 15
New Buildings or I hereby take this opportunity to express my profound thanks
Improve by 42% for 16 and deep sense of gratitude towards my guide Dr. R. K .JAIN,
New Buildings or Principal, DYPIET Pimpri who gave his valuable guidance
Improve by 44% for 17 and the faculty of Department of Civil Engineering whose
New Buildings
Improve by 46% for 18 constant encouragement and expert advice was instrumental in
New Buildings the completion of this research.
Credit 2 On-Site Renewable 1 to 7 Let me, at the end, express gratitude to all those from whom I
Energy
7% Renewable 4 received co-operation and motivation during the research.
Energy
9% Renewable 5 VII. REFRENCES
Energy [1] James E. Rowings, Jr., A. M. ASCE and Richard O. Walker, Jr.,
11% Renewable 6
“CONSTRUCTION ENERGY USE”, Journal of Construction
Energy
Engineering and Management, (Vol. 110, No. 4, December, 1984).
13% Renewable 7
[2] S. D. Badrinath and N. S. Raman, “ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT:
Energy
INDIAN SCENARIO”, Journal of Environmental Engineering,
Materials and Possible 14
(Vol. 121, No.6, June, 1995).
Resources Points
[3] LEED 2009 for Existing Buildings Operations and Maintenance
Indoor Possible 15
Rating System Copyright © 2009 by the U.S. Green Building
Environmental Points
Council, Inc.
Innovation Possible 6 [4] LEED BD&C 2011 -Volume 3, “LEED Rating System 2nd Public
and Design Points Comment Draft”.
Regional Possible 4 [5] Dr. K. Umesha, Miste. Mieee (Madras Section), “Energy Audit
Priority Points Report on a Technical Institute”, IOSR Journal of Electrical and
Total Possible 110 Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE), (Volume 4, Issue 1 (Jan. -
Points Feb. 2013), PP 23-37).
[6] R. Hari Baskar, Hitu Mittal, Mahesh S Narkhede, Dr. S.Chatterji,
Total points gained in energy and Atmosphere: 16+5 = 21 “Energy Audit –A case study”, International Journal of Emerging
credits. Technology and Advanced Engineering,(Volume 4, Special Issue
Total Credits with present building designs: 1, February 2014).
Sustainable sites = 5, Water efficiency = 4, Material & [7] Malik Sameeullah, Jitendra Kumar, Kanhaiya Lal, Jagdish
Chander, “Energy Audit: A Case Study of Hostel Building”,
Resources = 4, Indoor Air Quality = 2, Innovation & Design International Journal of Research in Management, Science &
process = 2, Regional priority = 2. Technology ,( Vol. 2, No. 2, August 2014).
Total Credits =40 credits.

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