434 ÈÀÅÉ ÌÄÛÅÉÃÄ

II. ntmcnbc kbyudbcnbrf

1\ ntmcnbc kbyudbcnbrbc cfufyb lf fvjwfyt,b

1\1\ Ôtmcnbc kbyudbcnbrf fye lbcrehcbc kbyudbcnbrf (ilh\ kfs\

discursus @fmts-bmbs cdkf= h,tyf#= @cfe,fhb# > ahfyu\ discours @cfe-
,fhb#= @cbnydf#= @vc/tkj,f# > byuk\ discourse @cfe,fhb#= @cbnydf#=
@vc/tkj,f#= @lbcrecbf#) fy= hjujhw vfc [fylf[fy eojlt,ty= rjveyb-
rfwbehb kbyudbcnbrf itbcofdkbc cfvtnydtkj ghjwtcbc fye kjre-
wbehb fmnbc (byuk\ locution) itltufl itmvybk tyj,hbd ufvjyfsmdfv-
sf cbvhfdktc= hjvtkbw ofhvjflutyc aeymwbehfl lfchekt,ek cf-
rjveybrfwbj thstekc ─ ntmcnc\ vfc eylf f[fcbfst,ltc fphbc
vskbfyj,f= hfw c[dflfc[dfudfhb tmcgkbwbnehb se bvgkbwbnehb cf-
iefkt,t,bs vbbqotdf+ bub eylf ittcf,fvt,jltc rjyntmcnc ─ hj-
ujhw kbyudbcnehc= bct fhfkbyudbcnehc (cbnefwbehc)\Y
kjrewbehb (t\b\ cfvtnydtkj) vbpyt,bcfsdbc itmvybkb ntmcnb
fbut,f tyj,hbdb cbcntvbc thstekt,bcf lf vbcb ydtkf ljybc cnhem-
nehekb vf[fcbfst,kt,bc ufvjytyt,bs\ lfchekt,ekb ntmcnbc vf[f-
cbfst,kt,bf cfrjveybrfwbj rjyntmcnbc ufsdfkbcobyt,f lf uflvj-
wtvekb fphbc vskbfyj,f\ ntmcnbc kbyudbcnbrf itbcofdkbc v[j-
kjl bcts tyj,hbd ufvjyfsmdfvt,c= hjvtksfw ite.kbfs cfrjveyb-
rfwbj aeymwbbc itchekt,f\ fv sdfkcfphbcbs ntmcnb fye lbcrehcb
itb.kt,f byjc wfkrtekb cbnydf (vfufkbsfl= itcfcdktkb)= fhfc-
hekb obyflflt,f= ahfpf= lfcf[tkt,f (vfufkbsfl= s,bkbcbc cf[tk-
vobaj eybdthcbntnb)= obyflflt,f (vfufkbsfl= ye vjotds!) lf= ,j-
kjc= vstkb obuyb (vfufkbsfl= lfchekt,ekb vjs[hj,f fy hjvfyb)
lf c[d\

1\2\ ßbyflflt,f ─ cfreshbd cbynfmcbc itcofdkbc j,btmnb ─ fhbc

ktmcbreh-uhfvfnbrekb vskbfyj,f= [jkj ntmcnb fye lbcrehcb ─
ntmcnbc kbyudbcnbrbc itcofdkbc j,btmnb ─ ktmcbreh-uhfvfnbrek
vskbfyj,fcsfy thsfl fhct,bsfl ctvfynbrehb vskbfyj,fw fhbc\
ntmcnb fye lbcrehcb bc tyj,hbdb thstekbf= hjvtkcfw cfpjufljl
cfrjveybrfwbj aeymwbf fmdc= hjvkbc cfiefkt,bsfw afmnj,hbdfl
[jhwbtklt,f rjveybrfwbbc ghjwtcb+ obyflflt,f ─ ntmcnbc itvfl-
utytkb thstekb ─ itcf.kt,tkbf ufhrdtek itvs[dtdfib fchekt,-
ltc cfrjveybrfwbj aeymwbfcfw lf ntmcnbc cf[bs vjudtdkbyjc\
obyflflt,bcfufy ufyc[dfdt,bs ntmcnc fhf fmdc uhfvfnbrekb
cnhemnehf| vfcib dth ofhvjdflutys @wfhbtk flubkt,c#= hjvkt-
ÄÍÀÈÌÄÝÍÉÄÒÄÁÉÓ ÀáÀËÉ ÃÀÒÂÄÁÉ. ÔÄØÓÔÉÓ ËÉÍÂÅÉÓÔÉÊÀ 435

,bw itb.kt,f itdfdcjs vjwtvekb cnhemnehekb vf[fcbfst,kt,bc

vmjyt obyflflt,t,bs\ w[flbf= itcf.kt,tkbf ntmcnib ufvjnjdt,ek
yfobksf fqlutyf lf itdct,f= jqjyl ctvfynbrbcf lf fhf uhfvfnb-
rekb cnhemnehbc cfae.dtkpt\ ntmcnbc [fhdtpt,b bct eylf itbd-
cjc= hjv vj[ltc fphj,hbdb uflf,vf lf itbmvyfc ctvfynbrehb vskb-
fyj,f\
ntmcnbc ,eyt,bcf lf nbgbc ufycfpqdhbcfsdbc fhct,bsbf itvltub
vf[fcbfst,kt,b| ntmcnbc lfybiyekt,bc= vjkfgfhfrbc vbpfylfcf[e-
kj,bcf lf ufyphf[dbc ufyvfhnt,f+ vcvtytkbc lfvjrblt,ekt,f
vskbfyb ntmcnbcflvb= vbc vbth itn'j,byt,bc fqmvf+ ntmcnbc byajh-
vfwbekj,f ─ vjcfkjlytkj,f fy vjekjlytkj,f+ ntmcnbc vbvfh-
st,f cbnefwbfcsfy= fye= thsb v[hbd= vbcb ofhvjmvybc vbptpbc= [jkj
vtjht v[hbd ─ vbcb sdbct,hbj,bc ufyvcfpqdhtkb ufhtvjc ufsdfkbc-
obyt,f\ fvfcsfy lfrfdibht,bs ufyb[bkt,f ntmcnbc itcf,fvbcj,f cb-
nefwbfcf lf ufhtvjcsfy= vbcb @tatmnehj,f#= fye vcvtytkpt ntmcnbc
ptvjmvtlt,bc [fhbc[b= hfcfw erfdibhlt,f ntmcnj,hbdb cnhemnehbc
bctsb ybiyt,b= hjujhbw fhbc eo'dtnj,f~o'dtnbkj,f= cbhsekt~cb-
vfhnbdt= ntmcnbc cojhb fut,f lf ufajhvt,f= vbcb cnbkbcnehb vf-
[fcbfst,kt,b lf vhfdfkb c[df\

2\ ntmcnbc itcofdkbc fcgtmnt,b

2\1\ Äyj,hbdb cbcntvbc aeymwbjybht,bc evybidytkjdfytcb fcgtmnbf

ghfuvfnbrf\ ntmcnbc kbyudbcnbrf vjbs[jdc cftyfsvtwybthj rdktdbc
cojhtl fv fcgtmnbc ufsdfkbcobyt,fc+ ghfuvfnbrf itbcofdkbc 'jdt-
kbdt bvfc= hfw ptufdktyfc f[ltyc cfrjveybrfwbj ghjwtcpt= cf[tk-
lj,h| cfrjveybrfwbj fmnbc vjyfobktt,c= vfs ufyo'j,fc= cbnefwbfc=
rjveybrfwbbc ufy[jhwbtkt,bc gbhj,t,c= vbc tatmnehj,fc= vbpfylfcf-
[ekj,fc= itltucf lf c[d\

2\2\ Évbc itcofdkf= se hf vbpfyc tvcf[eht,f vjwtvekb cfrjveybrf-

wbj thstekb= hfvltyfl chek'jabkbf vbcb ajhvf fv vbpybc ufycf-
[jhwbtkt,kfl= hf vf[fcbfst,kt,b epheydtk'jac cfrjveybrfwbj
vbpyt,bc itchekt,fc= hfvltyfl vjotchbut,ekbf byajhvfwbf= hf cf-
iefkt,t,bf ufvj'tyt,ekb fphbc cbw[flbcf lf vskbfyj,bc itcfmvyt-
kfl= hf cgtwbabrehb sfdbct,eht,fyb vjmvtlt,c cfvtn'dtkj ufvj-
yfsmdfvbc ufajhvt,bc lhjc= hf vbvfhst,fib bv'jat,bfy thsvfytssfy
436 ÈÀÅÉ ÌÄÛÅÉÃÄ

lf ntmcnsfy vjkfgfhfrt lf vcvtytkb ─ 'jdtkbdt tc itflutyc

pjuflfl ntmcnbc kbyudbcnbrbc cgtwbabreh fvjwfyt,c\

2\3\ Ôtmcnbc kbyudbcnbrf fhrdtdc= hf cf[bc ntmcnsfy udfmdc cfmvt

─ v[fndhek yfofhvjt,sfy se cfvtwybthj s[pekt,fcsfy= cfcfe,-
hj-cfrjveybrfwbj se c[df [fcbfsbc ntmcnsfy+ hjujhbf vjwtvekb
ntmcnbc vjwekj,f= ;fyhb= cnbkb= vbcb vbpfyb lf stvf= vbcb cnhem-
nehf lf c[d\ fvfcsfyfdt= itbcofdkt,f c[dflfc[df pjvbc ntmcnt,bc
fut,bc rfyjypjvbtht,t,b ─ vfufkbsfl= hf rfyjyt,c tvjhxbkt,f hj-
vfybc hjujhw ntmcnbc fut,f= hf sfdbct,eht,t,b f[fcbfst,c= dsmdfs=
cfvtwybthj cnfnbbc fut,fc lf c[d\

2\4\ Ôtmcnbc kbyudbcnbrfc fbynthtct,c= hf epheydtk'jac ntmcnbc

ajhvfkeh lf ibyffhcj,hbd vskbfyj,fc\
ufhlf fvbcf= ntmcnbc kbyudbcnbrbc itcofdkbc cfufybf bctsb vb-
vfhst,f= hjujhbw fhbc stvf ~ htvf (b[\ mdtvjs) lf vfsb lfvjrblt-
,ekt,f ntmcnib uflvjwtvekb .dtkb lf f[fkb byajhvfwbbc vbvfhs+
fuhtsdt= bctsb fhftmcgkbwbnehb vybidytkj,t,b= hjujhbw fhbc
ghtcegjpbwbf lf bvgkbrfnehf\ gbhdtkb uekbc[vj,c vybidytkj,t,c=
hjvtksf cfthsj wjlyf fewbkt,tkb cfae.dtkbf vjkfgfhfrtcf lf
vcvtytkc ijhbc rjveybrfwbbc ufycf[jhwbtkt,kfl= vtjht ─ bv f[fk
ibyffhcc= hjvtkbw ufvjb[fnt,f vjwtvekb tmcgkbwbnehb ibyffhcbc
vmjyt ufvjyfsmdfvt,bs\
fvfcsfyfdt fhct,j,c ufhrdtek tyj,hbd vbvfhst,fsf lf vf[fcbf-
st,tksf o't,f= hjvtksf chek'jabkb ufut,f lf f[cyf [th[lt,f
v[jkjl vskbfyb ntmcnbc cnhemnehfpt lf'hlyj,bs= [jkj obyf-
lflt,bc afhukt,ib tc vjdktyt,b lfvfrvf'jabkt,kfl dth fb[cyt,f\
fctst,bf= vfufkbsfl= fyfajhf (b[\ mdtvjs)= fhnbrkbc ithxtdf= yfw-
dfkcf[tkeh thsteksf [vfht,f= itcbn'dt,bc vf[dbksf ufyfobkt,f=
[fpufcvf lf rjynhfcnb= vbptpitltuj,hbdb rfdibht,b obyflflt,t,c
ijhbc= lhjsf sfyvbvltdhj,f wfkrtek obyflflt,t,ib lf vhfdfkb
c[df\
'dtkf tc ybifyb lf cnhemnehekb vf[fcbfst,tkb vzblhjl fhbc
thsvfytssfy lfrfdibht,ekb= thsvfytsptf lfvjrblt,ekb lf [ib-
hfl ufeut,fhbf ntmcnbc vskbfyj,fib ufy[bkdbc ufhtit\
ÄÍÀÈÌÄÝÍÉÄÒÄÁÉÓ ÀáÀËÉ ÃÀÒÂÄÁÉ. ÔÄØÓÔÉÓ ËÉÍÂÅÉÓÔÉÊÀ 437

3\ vybidytkj,fsf nbgt,b ntmcnib

3\1\ Ôtmcnib fhct,ekb vhfdfkb c[dflfc[dfudfhb vybidytkj,f lfb'dfyt,f

jh .bhbsfl nbgpt ─ rjuybnbeh fye fcthwbek (vnrbwt,bs) ─ byuk\
assertive ─ lf tmcghtcbek vybidytkj,t,pt+ vtjht nbgib [ibhfl ufvj'jaty
tvjnbeh (byuk\ emotive @tvjwbehb#) lf cjwbfkeh vybidytkj,t,c\
cjwbfkehb vybidytkj,f epheydtk'jac cfvtn'dtkj fmnbc vjyf-
obktt,c ijhbc ehsbthsj,bc lfv'fht,fcf lf ityfhxeyt,fc\ pjubth-
sb ufvjyfsmdfvb tvcf[eht,f rjveybrfwbbc lfo't,fc fy lfvsfdht,fc=
vfufkbsfl|
cfkfvb! hf rfhub fvbylbf= fhf~
cfcbfvjdyj b'j smdtyb ufwyj,f!
vjrbs[df 'dtkfc!
tc vybidytkj,f [ibhfl fhftyj,hbdb cfiefkt,t,bsfw ufvjb[fnt,f
(sdfkt,bc vj.hfj,f= cf[bc ufvjvtn'dtkt,f= ;tcnb= vbvbrf= gjpf lf
c[d\)\
se ufdbsdfkbcobyt,s cfvtn'dtkj fmnbc cfv itvflutytkc| vjkf-
gfhfrtc= vcvtytkcf lf afmnc= ufcfut,b uf[lt,f [ctyt,ekb cfvb nbgbc
vybidytkj,t,bc ufvj'jaf| tvjwbbc ufvj[fndf= vcvtytksfy vjkfgf-
hfrbc vbth rjynfmnbc lfv'fht,f lf afmnbc fqothf (fcthwbf)\ it-
rbs[df= ,h.fyt,f= gfce[b tybc cjwbfkehb aeymwbbc ufvj[fnekt,ff=
[jkj cehdbkb= it.f[bkb ─ tvjwbehb aeymwbbcf\
bvbcfsdbc= hjv vcvtytkvf ntmcnb ufbujc= vfc eylf ]mjyltc vjkf-
gfhfrtcsfy cfthsj c[dflfc[df cf[bc obyfcofhb wjlyf= rth.jl| 1\
cfv'fhjc wjlyf ─ vcvtytkvf eylf bwjltc vjwtvekb tybc cbn'dt,b
lf cbynfmcehb otct,b= fuhtsdt eylf ]mjyltc vjkfgfhfrtcsfy
afmnt,bc cfthsj wjlyf\ obyffqvltu itvs[dtdfib vfy itb.kt,f uf-
bujc= vfuhfv cfsfyfljl dth itfafcjc ufvjyfsmdfvb\ se vjkfgfhf-
rtcf lf vcvtytkc fhf fmds ufhtvjc thsyfbhb wjlyf= vfiby cfzbhj
[lt,f ufyvfhnt,t,b vjkfgfhfrbc v[hblfy+ 2. cbnefwbbc wjlyf= hfw
uekbc[vj,c vjkfgfhfrtcf lf vcvtytksfy lfrfdibht,ek byajhvfwb-
fc+ cfe,hbc lhjbc= flubkbcf lf c[df vf[fcbfst,kt,bc wjlyfc\ yjh-
vfkehb rjveybrfwbbc gbhj,t,ib tc sfdbcsfdfl vbbqotdf+ 3. ntmcnbc
wjlyf= fye wjlyf bv byajhvfwbbcf= hjvtkbw ufvjvlbyfhtj,c eief-
kjl tyj,hbdb= dth,fkehb rjyntmcnblfy\ fvbc ufhtit dth vjdf[-
ltys= vfufkbsfl= bctsb obyflflt,bc bynthghtnfwbfc= hjujhbw fhbc
thsb ktmcc othc= vtjht ─ vjs[hj,fc\ v[jkjl ntmcnbc obyf vj-
yfrdtsblfy itudb.kbf ufdbujs= se dby fhbc tc @thsb# lf dby ─ @vt-
jht#\
438 ÈÀÅÉ ÌÄÛÅÉÃÄ

4\ rjyntmcnbc vybidytkj,f ntmcnbcfsdbc

4\1\ Âfvjyfsmdfvb ntmcnfl bmwtdf v[jkjl vfiby= hjltcfw vfc ufy-

db[bkfds ufhrdtekb cbnefwbbc afhukt,ib lf hjltcfw udfmdc fv
ufvjyfsmdfvbc kbyudbcnehb rjyntmcnbc wjlyf\
cojhtl rjyntmcnb b.ktdf obyflflt,t,bc thsvybidytkjdyfl by-
nthghtnfwbbc cfiefkt,fc\ xdtyb ufvjyfsmdfvt,bc fphc mvybc fhf
vfhnj kbyudbcnehb vybidytkj,t,b= fhfvtl vfsb cjwbfkehb vybi-
dytkj,fw= hfw ntmcnbc fphbc itmvyfib vjyfobktj,c c[dflfc[dfudf-
hb rjyntmcnt,bc vtidtj,bs\

4\2\ Òjujhw tyj,hbdb= bct cbnefwbehb rjyntmcnb vcvtytkc fodlbc

byajhvfwbfc= hjvkbc ufhtitw ofhvjelutytkbf ntmcnbc cojhb uf-
ut,f\
hjvfy bfrj,cjyb fcts cfrjveybrfwbj cmtvfc ofhvjudblutyc| vj-
kfgfhfrt (kjrewbbc o'fhj) itn'j,byt,fc uflfcwtvc flhtcfnc
(kjrewbbc vbpfyc)= [jkj cfvtn'dtkj fmnbc vtcfvt itvflutytkbf
sdbs itn'j,byt,f= ufvjyfsmdfvb= kjrewbf\ bvbcfsdbc= hjv itn'j,b-
yt,fv itfchekjc sfdbcb aeymwbf= vfc czbhlt,f rjyntmcnb ─ hj-
ujhw htathtywbbc j,btmnb= hjvtkbw yfwyj,bf flhtcfnbcfsdbc lf
hjvtkcfw erdt fmdc dth,fkehb (tyj,hbdb) ajhvf\ 'jdtkbdt tc
mvybc tmcnhfkbyudbcneh rjyntmcnc\ fvfcsfyfdt= kjrewbf ufyatyb-
kbf lhjib\ fvltyfl= cbnefwbehb rjyntmcnb= tyj,hbd rjyntmcnsfy
thsfl= fewbkt,tkb gbhj,ff ofhvfnt,ekb rjveybrfwbbcfsdbc\

4\3\ Ûtn'j,byt,f itb.kt,f b'jc vnrbwt,f= obyfcofhvtn'dtkt,f=

,h.fyt,f= dfhfelb= itehfw['jaf= vemfhf= s[jdyf= lfgbht,f lf c[d\ tc
'jdtkbdt itn'j,byt,bc bkjrewbeh (fhfcfvtn'dtkj= byuk\ illocu-
tional) gjntywbfkc itflutyc\ vjwtvekb ufvjyfsmdfvbc obyfgbhj,t-
,bc fqcfothfl eylf ufdbsdfkbcobyjs kjrewbbc jgnbvfkehb ufy-
[jhwbtkt,bcfsdbc cfzbhj afmnjht,b ─ ibyffhcb= ufhtvj= lhj= rj-
veybrfwbbc vjyfobktt,b lf c[d\
ufydb[bkjs fctsb ufvjyfsmdfvb|
se itb.kt,f= rfhb lf[eht!
fv ufvjyfsmdfvbc obyfgbhj,t,b uflvjwtvekbf itvltub geymnt,bs|
1\ vjkfgfhfrt lf vcvtytkb bcts vbvfhst,fib fhbfy thsvfytssfy=
hjv vjkfgfhfrtc ite.kbf lffdfkjc vcvtytkc vjwtvekb vjmvtlt-
,bc itchekt,f+ 2\ vcvtytkc ite.kbf lf[ehjc rfhb (vfufkbsfl= bub
ÄÍÀÈÌÄÝÍÉÄÒÄÁÉÓ ÀáÀËÉ ÃÀÒÂÄÁÉ. ÔÄØÓÔÉÓ ËÉÍÂÅÉÓÔÉÊÀ 439

f[kjc fhbc vfcsfy)+ 3\ vcvtytkvf bwbc= hjvtk rfhpt esbst,ty+ 4\

rfhb qbff+ 5\ vjkfgfhfrtc eylf rfhbc lf[ehdf\

4\4\ Óbnefwbehb rjyntmcnbc vybidytkj,bc ths-thsb ufvj[fnekt-

,ff ufvjyfsmdfvbc ghtcegjpbwbekb fcgtmnb= hfcfw mvybc bc obyfgb-
hj,t,b= hjvkt,bw eylf lfrvf'jabkltc= hfsf cojhb lf tatmnehb
b'jc rjyrhtnekb bkjrewbehb fmnb vjwtvekb ufvjyfsmdfvbc ofh-
vjmvybc lhjc\ vfifcflfvt= ufvjyfsmdfvbc ghtcegjpbwbf bc gbhj,ff=
hjvtkbw eylf itchekltc= hjv fv tyj,hbdvf ufvjyfsmdfvvf cojhfl
vbfqobjc sfdbc vbpfyc\
xdty vbth ptvjs ufy[bkekb obyflflt,f v[jkjl bv itvs[dtdfib
ufyf[jhwbtkt,c sfdbc fhfcfvtn'dtkj aeymwbfc= hjvtkbw ufhrdte-
kb ,h.fyt,bc itchekt,fib vlujvfhtj,c= se| vjwtvekb bkjrewbe-
hb fmnbc vjvtynib rfhb qbff+ vcvtytkvf bwbc= hjvtk rfhptf kfgf-
hfrb+ bub yjhvfkehfl xfsdkbc vjkfgfhfrbc vbth vbcsdbc ,h.fyt,fc+
vfc ite.kbf rfhbc lf[ehdf lf f\i\ ydtkf tc cbnefwbehb vjyfwtvb
mvybc [ctyt,ekb ufvjyfsmdfvbc ghtcegjpbwbt,c\ se tc obyfcofhb gb-
hj,t,b lfrvf'jabkt,ekbf= ufvjyfsmdfvb itfchekt,c sfdbc bkjre-
wbeh aeymwbfc+ se rfhb lf[ehekbf= fy se vcvtytkb fqfiajsf bvfy=
hjv vfc vbvfhstc= fy se vfy fh bwbc= hjvtk rfhptf kfgfhfrb= vfiby
fvudfhb vbvfhsdf itecf,fvj lf evbpyj ufvjyfsmdfvfl bmwtdf\
ghtcegjpbwbekb vybidytkj,f= hjvtkbw vjwtvekb thstekbc
@ufhts# fhbc vbvfhsekb= ktmcbreh thstekt,cfw itb.kt,f ]mjyltc\
vfufkbsfl= ktmcbrehb thstekb vbcltdc uekbc[vj,c= hjv dbqfw
ufh,bc+ ufbgfhf xdtekt,hbd uekbc[vj,c= hjv dbqfw lfzthbkb b'j
lf c[d\
ktmcbrehb ghtcegjpbwbbc c[df vfufkbst,b erfdibhlt,f= dsmdfs=
bcts ghtlbrfnt,c= hjujhbw fhbc dibij, lf dbvtljdyt,\ bvbc ufvj=
hjv vfs cfdct,bs ufhrdtekb ghtcegjpbwbt,b fmds= fcts ktmcbreh
thstekt,c sfdbct,ehb itpqeldf itvjfmdc ufvjyfsmdfvib ─ vjwt-
vekb ktmcbrehb ghtcegjpbwbf rh.fkfdc vbcb cfobyffqvltuj vybi-
dytkj,bc uflvjwtvfc ntmcnbc bvfdt vjyfrdtsib= vfufkbsfl|
dibij,= hjv ybrj vjdf\
dibij, pvybc ktmcbrehb ghtcegjpbwbf udbxdtyt,c vjkfgfhfrbc
efh'jabs lfvjrblt,ekt,fc ybrjc vjcdkbc vbvfhs\ vjwtvekb obyf-
lflt,f fh itb.kt,f itvltuyfbhfl ufydfdhwjs|
dibij,= hjv ybrj vjdf lf cb[fhekbs dtkjlt,b vfc\
ghfuvfnbrekb ghtcegjpbwbt,b vbudfybiyt,ty cjwbfkeh ehsbth-
sj,t,pt vjkfgfhfrtcf lf vcvtytkc ijhbc= hfw pju tyfib uhfvfnb-
rekb= ajhvfkehb cfiefkt,t,bs fhbc ufvj[fnekb\
440 ÈÀÅÉ ÌÄÛÅÉÃÄ

ghfuvfnbrekb ghtcegjpbwbbc ibyffhcc ufycfpqdhfdc| f) kjre-

wbehb fmnbc vjyfobktsf cjwbfkehb cnfnecb lf ehsbthsvbvfhst-
,f+ ,) vjkfgfhfrbcf lf vcvtytkbc cmtcb lf fcfrb+ u) cfe,hbc j,btm-
nfl v'jab gbht,bc cmtcb= fcfrb= cjwbfkehb cnfnecb lf c[df vf[fcb-
fst,kt,b+ l) cfufysf abpbrehb fhct,j,f lf vlujvfhtj,f cfcfe,hj
ufhtvjib+ t) bkjrewbehb lfvjrblt,ekt,f kjrewbbc otdht,cf lf
vtn'dtkt,fib yf[ctyt, cfuyt,c ijhbc lf c[d\

4\5\ Òjujhw fqbybiyf= ntmcnbc ufut,bcfsdbc cbnefwbbc wjlyf

fewbkt,tkbf= hflufyfw ntmcnbc thstekt,b vbvfhst,fc fv'fht,c
cbnefwbbc tktvtynt,sfy+ vfifcflfvt= tybc ufhts v'jab thstekt,bcf
lf wyt,t,bc fqybidyf= uflvjwtvf lf fqothf [lt,f cojhtl tyj,hbdb
cfiefkt,t,bs\ tc fhbc t\o\ tupjajhekb (t\b\ ufhts vbvfhsekb) ht-
athtywbf\ fvudfhb rfdibht,b ctvfynbrehb ljybc rfdibht,bf\ tc lf bc=
fm lf bm fcf[fdc @xtvsfy f[kjc# lf @xtvufy ijhc# cbdhwek (ltbm-
neh) vbvfhst,t,c= hjvkt,bw tybc ufhts fhbc ofhvjlutybkb\ fctdt=
vt lf ity itb.kt,f b'jc bkjrewbehb cbnefwbbc itcf,fvbcfl vjkf-
gfhfrt lf vcvtytkb= lf fvfdt lhjc ltbmnehb vybidytkj,t,bc ufl-
vjvwtvb thstekt,b tyfib\
fvfc ufhlf= [ibhfl xylt,f fewbkt,kj,f vbdfybiyjs bvfpt= hfw
ths[tk erdt itvjdbnfyts ntmcnib\ fv itvs[dtdfib ntmcnib flht
yf[ctyt, dth,fkeh thstekcf lf vjvltdyj thstekc ijhbc v'fhlt-
,f htathtywbbc vbvfhst,f\ gbhdtkb [ctyt,f bvfdt hjkc fchekt,c=
hfcfw tmcnhfkbyudbcnehb thstekb tupjajhekb htathtywbbc
lhjc+ vbsbst,f [lt,f fhf cbnefwbeh tktvtynpt= fhfvtl ntmcnbc
tktvtynpt\ fvudfhfl [jhwbtklt,f tyljajhekb (t\b\ ntmcnbc ibu-
ybs vbvfhsekb) htathtywbf= hjvkbc fhct,bsb aeymwbf fhbc uflf,-
vf= ntmcnbc mcjdbkbc itmvyf\
hjltcfw cfresfhb cf[tkbc itvltu d[vfhj,s vbc xfvyfwdkt,tk
yfwdfkcf[tkc= bub xdtysdbc erdt ufycfpqdhekb rjyrhtnekb gbhbc
fqvybidytkbf+ fv gbhbc dbyfj,f erdt dbwbs ntmcnbc obyf vjyfrdtsb-
lfy= t\b\ yfwdfkcf[tkbc ufut,f [lt,f ntmcnbc cfiefkt,bs\ tc fhbc
tyljajhekb htathtywbbc vfufkbsb\
bv thstekc= hjvkbc fvj[cyf [lt,f fy ntmcnib= fy cbnefwbehb
vjyfwtvbc vb[tldbs= htathtywbek tktvtync deojlt,s\

4\6\ Äyljajhekb htathtywbf evtntcfl fyfajhekbf\ fyfajhf fye

fyfajhekb vbvfhst,f (,th.y\ anaphorá @uf(lf)nfyf#= @fnfyf#) fhbc
ufvjyfsmdfvt,c ijhbc bctsb vbvfhst,f= hjltcfw ntmcnbc vjvltdyj
ÄÍÀÈÌÄÝÍÉÄÒÄÁÉÓ ÀáÀËÉ ÃÀÒÂÄÁÉ. ÔÄØÓÔÉÓ ËÉÍÂÅÉÓÔÉÊÀ 441

vjyfrdtsib vjwtvekbf vbsbst,f obyfvfdfkb vjyfrdtsbc hjvtkbvt

thstekpt|
@xdty gbhlfgbh vj[ewb mfkb lf rfwb b/lf\
vfufs 'dtkfathb bwbfy thsvfytsbcf= fhf~# (htdfp byfybidbkb)\
vfufs fhbc fyfajhekb htathtywbekb thstekb\
bltynehj,bc ufvjv[fndtkb htathtywbf fhbc gbhbc= resdybkt,b-
sb= xdtyt,bsb yfwdfkcf[tkt,bs ufvj[fnekb yfwdfkcf[tkehb tylj-
ajhekb htathtywbf\
yfwdfkcf[tkehb htathtywbf 'jdtksdbc ufycfpqdhekbf= vfiby
hjltcfw obyfvfdfkb tktvtynb= hjvtkptw lfvjrblt,ekbf vbcb
fvjwyj,f= itb.kt,f b'jc ufyecfpqdhtkb fy ufycfpqdhekb\
yfwdfkcf[tkb itb.kt,f tyfwdkt,jltc fhf vfhnj fhct,bs cf-
[tkc= fhfvtl vstk pvyeh ahfpfc fy obyflflt,fc= vfufkbsfl|
@deahs[bklt,b= fh ufdf/fdhj vfbyw xtvptl - c[df hfqf cbrtst
f'hbf xtvufy~! hfvltyflfw itvb.kbf= fvfc dwlbkj,= sevwf [ibhfl
tctw vfdbo'lt,f xtvlf cfe,tlehjl!# (lfdbs rklbfidbkb)\
fvfc= tctw ajhvt,b fv'fht,ty fyfajhek rfdibhc fh ufdf/fdhj
vfbyw xtvptl pvyeh rjycnhemwbfcsfy\
fctsb uflf,vf itb.kt,f rfnfajhekbw b'jc\ rfnfajhf (,th.y\
kataphorá @xfcdkf#= @xfvjidt,f#) bvbs ufyc[dfdlt,f fyfajhbcfufy=
hjv fv vbvfhst,bc lhjc ntmcnbc obyf vjyfrdtsib [lt,f vjvltdyj
ufvjyfsmdfvbc itvflutytkpt vbsbst,f\ vfufkbsfl|
@rbhbktv rbltd lbl[fyc bkfgfhfrf sfdbc 'jxfqj,fpt= ,tdhb
bnhf,f[f sfdbc cbvfh/dtpt lf vstkb upf bvbc fv,t,ib b'j=
se cfl hf x[e,b it[dljvbf= dbcsfy hbsb ufsfdt,ekf lf hf
df;rfwj,f ufvjextybf# (lfdbs rklbfidbkb)\
itlfht,bsb htathtywbbc lhjc htathtywbekb thstekbc bynth-
ghtnfwbf [lt,f htathtynsfy vbcb itlfht,bc cfae.dtkpt\ htathty-
wbekb thstekt,b ptlcfhsfdbs fy pvybptlbs ufvjb[fnt,f\ vfufkb-
sfl|
@lfdxevlts lf dbfhjs fct# - xdtyw lfdxevlbs lf fct
vbdlbjlbs rfhuf [fyc# (htdfp byfybidbkb)\
htathtywbekvf thstekvf itb.kt,f itwdfkjc fhf v[jkjl
ntmcnbc obyf fy vjvltdyj vjyfrdtsib ofhvjlutybkb cf[tkb= fy db-
sfht,bcf se sdbct,bc ufvjv[fndtkb cbn'df= fhfvtl vstkb ahfpt,b=
ghtlbrfnekb rjycnhemwbt,b= obyflflt,t,b= vstkb f,pfwbw rb|
@xdtyib fctf= qdbyjc 'dtkb lf gehb vfbyw eylf lff'jkj#\\\
(htdfp byfybidbkb)\
fm rfnfajhekb htathtywbf udfmdc| fctf ufyvfhnt,ekbf
vjvltdyj obyflflt,bs\
442 ÈÀÅÉ ÌÄÛÅÉÃÄ

4\7\ Ôtmcnbc uflf,vbc rbltd ths cfiefkt,fc ─ ce,cnbnewbfc

erfdibhlt,f ntmcnib rjynhfcnekb byajhvfwbbc itvjnfyf\
uf,vek ntmcnib [ibhbf itvs[dtdt,b= hjltcfw cfe,fhbf thsb lf
bvfdt rkfcbc cfuyt,pt= vfuhfv xfyfwdkt,ekb cbn'dbc rjyrhtnekb
htathtynt,b ufyc[dfdt,ekbf\ vfufkbsfl= itvltu byukbceh ufvj-
yfsmdfvt,ib|
Would you like this teapot? No, I want a square one.
(@uyt,fds tc xfblfyb~ fhf= vt js[res[f vbylf#)= one f[jhwbt-
kt,c cojhtl fvudfh ce,cnbnewbfc| vbylf xfblfyb= vfuhfv c[df\
ce,cnbnewbf evtntc itvs[dtdfib tyljajhekbf= t\b\ ce,cnbne-
wbehb thstekbs [lt,f ntmcnib flht yf[ctyt,b thstekbc ityfw-
dkt,f= hjujhw tc ptvjs vj'dfybk vfufkbst,ib udmjylf\ vfuhfv
pju/th ce,cnbnewbf (tkbacbcbw) ntmcnbc ufhts fhbc vbvfhsekb
lf tupjajhekbf+ vfiby vbcb fvj[cyf cbnefwbbc cfiefkt,bs [jhwb-
tklt,f\ vfufkbsfl|
v'bldtkb lufc lf[ksfy= cfpfvshjc 'bldf eylf+ ufv'bldtkb
trbs[t,f| @thsb (cfpfvshj) ubylf= se jhb (cfpfvshj)~#
ufvjnjdt,ekb itvflutykt,b fm cbnefwbbc cfiefkt,bs fqlut-
,f\
tkbacbcb vzblhjl fhbc lfrfdibht,ekb ce,cnbnewbfcsfy= bub
bvfdt hbubc vjdktyff= jqjyl fm [lt,f rkfcbc fqvybidytkb cbn'dbc
ufvjnjdt,f|
hfvlty xfblfyc 'blekj,~ ─ cfvc (=cfv xfblfyc)\
tkbacbcbc lhjc bc= hfw ufvjnjdt,ekbf= w[flfl buekbc[vt,f
lf fldbkfl fqlut,f\ ufvjnjdt,f fm fhfdbsfh ufeut,hj,fc fh bo-
dtdc= bub lfcfidt,bf cojhtl cbw[flbc gbhj,t,ib+ sdbs fv ufvjnjdt-
,bc itcf.kt,kj,f fhbc ntmcnbc eo'dtnj,bc vfxdtyt,tkb\ tkbacbcb=
hjujhw otcb= fyfajhekbf= t\b\ ufvjnjdt,ekbf vfyfvlt erdt yf[ct-
yt,b= fvfcsfy= cnhemnehekfl fewbkt,tkb thstekb\
ufydb[bkjs htathtywbbc= ce,cnbnewbbcf lf tkbacbcbc byukbce-
hb vfufkbst,b|
This is a fine hall you have here. I'am proud to be lecturing in it
@vidtybthb lfh,fpb umjybfs\ dfvf'j,= hjv fm (vfcib) ofdbrbs[fd
ktmwbt,c# (yfwdfkcf[tkehb fyfajhekb htathtywbf= it ufycfpq-
dhek lfh,fppt vbesbst,c)+
This is a fine hall you have here. I've never lectured in a finer one
@vidtybthb lfh,fpb umjybfs\ fhfcjltc ofvbrbs[fdc ktmwbf ert-
stc (lfh,fp)ib# (byukbceh vfufkbsib ce,cnbnewbff= one ufyecfp-
qdhtkb yfwdfkcf[tkbf)+
ÄÍÀÈÌÄÝÍÉÄÒÄÁÉÓ ÀáÀËÉ ÃÀÒÂÄÁÉ. ÔÄØÓÔÉÓ ËÉÍÂÅÉÓÔÉÊÀ 443

This is a fine hall you have here. I've never lectured in a finer
@vidtybthb lfh,fpb umjybfs\ fhfcjltc ofvbrbs[fdc ktmwbf ert-
stcib# (fv vfufkbst,blfy rfhufl xfyc= hjv tkbacbcb fhbc ce,cnb-
newbbc rth.j itvs[dtdf)\

5\ stvf lf htvf

5\1\ Ôtmcnbc vskbfyj,bcf lf vbcb mcjdbkbc itmvybc vybidytkjdfyb

afmnjhbf fuhtsdt ntmcnbc stvf~htvfnekb cnhemnehf\ nthvbyt,b
stvf lf htvf b[vfht,f ufvjyfsmdfvib bvbc ufcfvb/yfdfl= se hfpt
dkfgfhfrj,s ─ stvf= lf hfc dfv,j,s stvbc itcf[t, ─ htvf (,th.y\
́ a @yfsmdfvb#)\
rhēm
.dtkb lf f[fkb byajhvfwbbc itcf[t, vc/tkj,f= ntmcnib vfsb
ufvjwfkrtdt,bcf lf ehsbthsvbvfhst,bc cfrbs[bc ufhrdtdf ufyt-
resdyt,f= thsb v[hbd= ctvfynbrbc= [jkj vtjht v[hbd ─ ghfuvfnbrbc
ghj,ktvt,c| ctvfynbrfc= hfvltyflfw cfmvt t[t,f ibyffhcbc gkfyc= lf
ghfuvfnbrfc= hfvltyflfw ufcfsdfkbcobyt,tkbf vcvtytkbcfsdbc itn-
'j,byt,bc qbht,ekt,f= byajhvfwbbc cbf[kt= vjwtvekb ibyffhcbc it-
ltubfyb uflfwtvbcfsdbc cfertstcj ajhvbc vj.t,yf lf c[d\

5\2\ Áeyt,hbdb tyf c[dflfc[df cfiefkt,fc udsfdfpj,c bvbcfsdbc= hjv

vjkfgfhfrbc vbth uflfwtvek itn'j,byt,fib vcvtytkc vbtybiyjc
f[fkcf lf .dtk byajhvfwbfpt\ hjujhw xfyc= cffvbcjl eybdthcf-
kehb tmcgkbwbnehb cfiefkt,t,bf= egbhdtktc 'jdkbcf= ufvjyfs-
mdfvbc bynjyfwbehb cnhemnehf= tvafnbrehb (ufvjv'jab) vf[dbkb=
cgtwbfkehb fhfchekvybidytkj,bfyb cbn'dt,b\ njybc fotdf fy vf[-
dbkbc uf.kbtht,f [lt,f bv itvflutykt,pt= hjvkt,bw itbwfdty
f[fk byajhvfwbfc\ fv upbs bmvyt,f t\o\ rjynhfcnekb obyflflt,t,b\
obyflflt,fib .dtkb lf f[fkb byajhvfwbbc ufycfc[dfdt,kfl
vhfdfk tyfib ufvjb'tyt,f fuhtsdt pjubthsb uhfvfnbrekb rfntuj-
hbf+ vfufkbsfl= wyj,bkbf= hjv ufycfpqdhekj,bcf lf pjuflj,bc
rfntujhbt,b= hjvkt,bw fhnbrkt,bcf lf yfwdfkcf[tkt,bc cfief-
kt,bs uflvjbwtvf c[dflfc[df tyfib= .dtkb byajhvfwbbc sfyv[kt,b
rfntujhbt,bf= [jkj ufyecfpqdhtkj,f fhbc f[fkb byajhvfwbbc yb-
ifyb\ ufycfpqdhek cf[tksf hfjltyj,f ntmcnib vtnb eylf b'jc=
hflufy tc epheydtk'jac vbc vskbfyj,fc\
444 ÈÀÅÉ ÌÄÛÅÉÃÄ

fctdt= yfwdfkcf[tkehb htathtywbf= ce,cnbnewbf lf tkbacbcb

itcf.kt,tkbf v[jkjl .dtkb byajhvfwbbc ufvjv[fndtkb tktvty-
nt,bc vbvfhs ufy[jhwbtkltc\
ufhlf eybdthcfkehbcf= fhct,j,c rjyrhtnekb tyt,bcfsdbc lfvf-
[fcbfst,tkb cgtwbabrehb cfiefkt,t,b= hjvkt,bw ajhvfkehfl fq-
ybiyfdty stvfcf lf htvfc\ vfufkbsfl= xt[ehib= bctdt hjujhw pju
c[df tyfib= .dtkb byajhvfwbbc vfnfht,tkb otdhb ─ stvf ─ 'jdtk-
sdbc obyflflt,bc sfdib tmwtdf= [jkj eyuhekib f[fkb byajhvfwbbc
itvwdtkb otdhb ─ htvf ─ vjsfdct,ekb eylf b'jc eiefkjl pvybc
oby\
.dtkb lf f[fkb byajhvfwbbc uflvjwtvbc sdfkcfphbcbs cfbynt-
htcj eybdthcfkehb rfyjypjvbtht,t,bs [fcbfslt,f ghfuvfnbrekfl
ytbnhfkehb obyflflt,t,b\ se fvudfh obyflflt,fib v[jkjl thsb
kjubrehb fhuevtynb udfmdc= bub .dtkb byajhvfwbbc vfnfht,tkbf=
f[fkb byajhvfwbbc itvwdtkb (htvf) rb fhbc ghtlbrfnb\
ghtlbrfnc itb.kt,f f[kltc vfcsfy c[dflfc[df ctvfynbrehb vb-
vfhst,bs lfrfdibht,ekb hfvltybvt fhuevtynb _ futycb= gfwbtycb=
tmcgthbtycthb lf c[d\= hjvkt,bw ntmcnib ufyc[dfdt,ekb stvf-htvf-
nekb gjntywbbs [fcbfslt,bfy\

6\ kbyudbcnbrf lf gjtnbrf

6\1\ Ähbc reknehekb gjntywbbc ufvjdkbyt,bc ths-thsb evsfdht-

cb ajhvff v[fndhekb kbnthfnehf= vfqfkb vothkj,f\ v[fndhe-
kb yfofhvjt,bcfsdbc ,eyt,hbdb tyf thslhjekfl ce,cnfywbfw fhbc
lf ufvj[fndbc cfiefkt,fw+ vothkj,f tybc ghjlemnc ofhvjflutyc=
hfw ufyfgbhj,t,c vzblhj= fewbkt,tk rfdibhc vothkj,bc itvcofd-
ktk lfhuc ─ gjtnbrfcf lf ,eyt,hbdb tybc itvcofdktk lfhuc ─
kbyudbcnbrfc ijhbc\
sfyfvtlhjdt vtwybtht,fib nthvby gjtnbrfc lfe,heylf bc ibyf-
fhcb= hjvtkcfw vfc .dtkb nhflbwbf fybzt,lf lf fv;fvfl bub ufvj-
bytyt,f vskbfyfl v[fndhekb kbnthfnehbc vbvfhs\ fct ufut,ekb
gjtnbrf lfrfdibht,ekbf tyfsvtwybtht,bc ydtkf lfhusfy= c[dt,pt
vtnfl rb ntmcnbc (lbcrehcbc) kbyudbcnbrfcsfy= hflufy gjtnbrbc
rdktdbc j,btmnbf v[fndhekb ntmcnbcfsdbc ybifylj,kbdb sdbct-
,t,b\
gjtnbrbc .bhbsfl fvjwfyfc itflutyc bvbc ufhrdtdf= se hf fmwtdc
cfvtnydtkj itnyj,byt,fc [tkjdyt,bc ybveifl\ hfvltyflfw gjtnb-
rfc cfmvt fmdc ufycfresht,ekb nbgbc tyj,hbd (cfvtnydtkj) cnhem-
ÄÍÀÈÌÄÝÍÉÄÒÄÁÉÓ ÀáÀËÉ ÃÀÒÂÄÁÉ. ÔÄØÓÔÉÓ ËÉÍÂÅÉÓÔÉÊÀ 445

neht,sfy= [jkj tyj,hbdb cnhemneht,bc itvcofdktkb pjuflb

vtwybtht,f kbyudbcnbrff= gjtnbrf vbc itvflutytk yfobkfl itb.kt-
,f bmytc ufy[bkekb (hjvfy bfrj,cjyb)\P
gjtnehb vtnydtkt,bc sfdbct,eht,t,b= bctdt hjujhw vskbfyfl
v[fndhekb cbnydbtht,f= ctvbjnbrbc ─ ybifysf cbcntvt,bc itvcofd-
ktkb vtwybtht,bc ─ cfufybw fhbc\ ctvbjnbrbc cfrdktdb j,btmnt,bc
dhwtk /ueaib thsvfytssfy ydtkfpt f[kjc fhbc cojhtl tyf lf
v[fndhekb kbnthfnehf ─ [tkjdyt,f= hjvtkbw tybc cfiefkt,bs
ufvjb[fnt,f\

6\2\ Ófkbnthfnehj rhbnbrbcfufy ufyc[dfdt,bs= vothkj,bc itvc-

ofdktkb vtwybtht,f ─ gjtnbrf ─ fh uekbc[vj,c v[fndhekb yf-
ofhvjt,bc ce,btmneh itafct,fc= bub fqothc kbnthfnehek mvyb-
kt,fsf ibyfufy (sfdbcsfdfl) qbht,ekt,t,c (ilh\ yjhvfnbekb
uhfvfnbrf lf kbyudbcnbrf)\
vothkj,fc= bctdt hjujhw reknehbc yt,bcvbth cathjc= utuvfpj-
vbtht,f lf cbcntvehj,f f[fcbfst,c+ gjtnbrf= wfkrtek yfofhvjt,sf
bynthghtnfwbbcfufy ufyc[dfdt,bs= vjojlt,ekbf lfflubyjc cfpjuf-
ljl v[fndhekb yfofhvjt,bc itmvybc ibyfufyb rfyjypjvbtht,t,b+ fv-
ltyfl= gjtnbrbc j,btmnc ofhvjflutyc fhf rjyrhtnekb kbnthf-
nehekb yfofhvjt,b= fhfvtl ufvjyfsmdfvsf ufycfresht,ekb nbgbc=
cf[tklj,h= v[fndhekb ntmcnbc ufyvfc[dfdt,tkb ybifyb ─ kbnthf-
nehekj,f\ c[dfudfhfl hjv dsmdfs= gjtnbrf fhrdtdc bv vbptpt,c=
hjvkt,bw ufyfgbhj,t,ty vjwtvek tgjmfib fvf se bv ntmcnbc
v [ f n d h e k ntmcnfl fqbfht,fc\ yjdtkb kbnthfnehekb yfofh-
vjt,b ufyb[bkt,f hjujhw (eahj) f,cnhfmnekb cnhemnehbc ths-
thsb htfkbpfwbf+ gjtnbrbc fvjwfyff kbnthfnehekb yfofhvjt,bc
cnhemnehbcf lf aeymwbjybht,bc stjhbbc fut,f\

6\3\ Òjvfy bfrj,cjybc wyj,bkb ajhvekbc sfyf[vfl= gjtnbrf itb.-

kt,f ufybcfpqdhjc hjujhw kbyudbcnbrbc bc yfobkb= hjvtkbw uf-
yb[bkfdc tybc gjtneh aeymwbfc vbc c[df aeymwbt,sfy vbvfhst,fib\
tybc aeymwbt,bc ufvjyjaf erfdibhlt,f cfvtnydtkj fmnbc c[df-
lfc[df rjvgjytynbc obyf gkfypt ofvjotdfc= cf[tklj,h| tybc htat-
htywbekb aeymwbf uekbc[vj,c jhbtynfwbfc itnyj,byt,bc rjyntmc-
npt= tmcghtcbekb aeymwbf ─ itnyj,byt,bc ufvupfdypt= fgtkfwbe-
hb aeymwbf ─ vbvqt,pt= afnbrehb aeymwbf ─ ufvupfdybcf lf vbvqt-
,bc ehsbthslfvjrblt,ekt,fpt= vtnfkbyudbcnehb aeymwbf ─ tyj,-
hbd rjlpt= hjvkbsfw itnyj,byt,f uflfbwtvf= [jkj gjtnehb aey-
446 ÈÀÅÉ ÌÄÛÅÉÃÄ

mwbf ─ cfreshbd itnyj,byt,fpt hjujhw fctspt\ sfyfvtlhjdt kby-

udbcnb udthlc dth fedkbc tybc dthw ths aeymwbfc+ fctdt= kbnthf-
nehbc sfyfvtlhjdt vrdktdfhb fewbkt,tkfl eylf bwyj,ltc tyfs-
vtwybtht,bc ghj,ktvt,cf lf vtsjlt,c\

6\4\ Ðjtnehb aeymwbf lfvf[fcbfst,tkbf hjujhw gjtpbbcfsdbc= bct

vothkj,bc c[df cf[tj,t,bcsdbcfw+ vtjht v[hbd= gjtpbfc fmdc fhf
vfhnj gjtnehb= fhfvtl c[df aeymwbt,bw\ gjtneh yfofhvjt,ib
kbyudbcnb fqvjfxtyc cnhemneht,c= hjvkt,bw cfjwhfl ]ufdc ts-
yjkjubc vbth= dsmdfs= vbst,bc fyfkbpbc itltufl ufvjdktybk
cnhemneht,c (tsyjkjubcf lf kbyudbcnbc sfyfvihjvkj,bc sdfk-
cfxbyj ybveic ofhvjflutyc ifhk ,jlkthbc @rfnt,bc# fyfkbpb=
hjvtkbw tresdybc hjvfy bfrj,cjycf lf ufvjxtybk tsyjkjuc
rkjl ktdb-cnhjcc)\ kbnthfnehekb ntmcnbc ─ hjujhw gjtne-
hbc= bct ghjpfekbc ─ tyfc yjdtksdbc cfae.dkfl eltdc otct,bc
ufhrdtekb cbcntvf lf bub ufyc[dfdlt,f yjdtklqbehb tybc (vtnydt-
kt,bc) otct,bc cbcntvbcfufy ─ v[fndhek ntmcnib ctvfynbreh lf
ktmcbreh thsteksf rjv,byfwbt,c yfrkt,b itpqeldt,b tlt,f= eahj
afhsjl ufvjbytyt,f cbyjybvehb xfyfwdkt,t,b lf c[d\ fvudfhfl= gj-
tnehb tyf s f d b c t , e h b t y f f lf ,eyt,hbdb tybc yt,bcvbth c[df
cf[tj,fcsfy thsfl bub kbyudbcnbrbc rdktdbc cfufyc eylf ofhvjfl-
utyltc\

6\5\ Äyfsvtwybtht,bc vcufdcfl= gjtnbrfcfw fmdc rdktdbc cbymhjybe-

kb lf lbfmhjybekb fcgtmnb\ cbymhjybekb gjtnbrf= bctdt hjujhw
cbymhjybekb kbyudbcnbrf= fh uekbc[vj,c cfrdktdb j,btmnbc cnf-
nbrehj,fc+ vbcb ths-thsb evsfdhtcb ghj,ktvff obyf tgjmt,bc
rkfcbrehb yfofhvjt,t,bc ithxtdf lf htbynthghtnfwbf sfyfvtlhj-
dt kbnthfnehekb vbvlbyfhtj,t,bc sdfksf[tldbs\ vtjht v[hbd=
lbfmhjybekb vblujvbc lhjc gjtnbrfib= bctdt hjujhw kbyudbcnb-
rfib= ufyb[bkt,f fhf vfhnj wdkbkt,t,b= fhfvtl ewdktkb= velvbdb
tktvtynt,bw\

7\ afnbrehb rjveybrfwbf

7.1\ Êjveybrfwbbc cgtwbabreh cathjc ofhvjflutyc cbnefwbt,b= hj-

ltcfw tyf tvcf[eht,f fhf byajhvfwbbc afmnj,hbd ufwdkf-ufvjwd-
ÄÍÀÈÌÄÝÍÉÄÒÄÁÉÓ ÀáÀËÉ ÃÀÒÂÄÁÉ. ÔÄØÓÔÉÓ ËÉÍÂÅÉÓÔÉÊÀ 447

kfc= fhfvtl vjcfe,htsf ijhbc s,bkb= vtuj,hekb fnvjcathjc

itmvyfc lf e[th[ekb gfept,bc itdct,fc fy vfs sfdblfy fwbkt,fc\
se yfwyj,t,c it[dtlhbcfc vybidytkjdfyb fhfathb fmds thsvf-
ytsbcfsdbc cfsmvtkb= bcbyb boyt,ty fhfahbcvsmvtk cfe,fhc fvbylpt=
yfwyj,-vtuj,ht,bc /fyvhstkj,fpt lf f\i\ fv itvs[dtdfib vybidyt-
kjdfybf fhf bc= se hfc bnydb= fhfvtl bc= se hjujh bnydb lf fvbs
yehflqt,fc ufvj[fnfd sfyfvjcfe,hbc vbvfhs\ fv nbgbc cfvtnydtkj
ehsbthsj,fc afnbreh rjveybrfwbfc (,th.y\ phēmí @dfv,j,= dkfgf-
hfrj,#= phatós @yfsmdfvb#)@eojlt,ty (,\ vfkbyjdcrb)\
afnbrehb rjveybrfwbf thsudfh sfvfic offufdc= hjvtkibw sf-
yfvjcfe,htt,b ufhrdtek otct,c tvjhxbkt,bfy+ fctsb otct,b cgtwb-
abrehbf sbsjtekb tybcfsdbc\ fct= vfufkbsfl= byukbcehbcfsdbc af-
nbrehb rjveybrfwbbc ufdhwtkt,ekb ybveibf fhfahbcvsmvtkb cfe-
,fhb fvbylbc itcf[t,| Fine weather, isn’t it @vidtybthb fvbylbf= fhf~#
v[jkjl bvbnjv bsmvbc= hjv thsvf flfvbfyvf cfe,fhb ufe,fc vtjhtc
(seylfw cbyfvldbktib cfibytkb fvbylb byjc)+ ufwyj,bc lhjc byu-
kbcehb ahfpf Nice to meet you @cfcbfvjdyjf smdtyb ufwyj,f# afnb-
reh aeymwbfc fchekt,c+ fctsbdtf mfhsekb| hf itcfybiyfdfl ufvjb-
yeht,bs! lf vhfdfkb vcufdcb ufvjyfsmdfvbc aeymwbf\ vbcfkvt,bc=
lfvidblj,t,bc= vflkbtht,bc ufvjv[fndtkb ahfpt,b= mfsbyfeht,b
vhfdfk tyfib= xdtekt,hbd= afnbrehb rjveybrfwbbc nbgehb ybveit-
,bf\

7\2\ ×fnbrehb rjveybrfwbbc lhjc elbltcb vybidytkj,f tybzt,f lf-

sfy[vt,bc atyjvtyc _ vfibyfw rb= hjltcfw fh dbpbfht,s xdtyb sfyf-
vjcfe,hbc it[tlekt,t,c fvf se bv cfrbs[pt\
cfpjufljl= yjdtkb tybcfsdbc fhct,j,c afnbrehb vtnydtkt,bc
ufycfpqdhekb otct,b= hjvtksf itchekt,f fewbkt,tkbf vjwtvek
tyj,hbd cjwbevib yjhvfkehb ehsbthsj,bcf lf cojhb rjveybrfwbbc
lfvyfht,bcfsdbc\
7\3\ ×fnbrehb rjveybrfwbf .bhbsflfl vyfhlt,f bv flfvbfyt,c ij-
hbc= hjvkt,bw itvs[dtdbs [dlt,bfy thsvfytsc lf b.ekt,ekyb fhb-
fy hfvtpt bcfe,hjy\ cojhfl ofhvfhsekb afnbrehb cfe,hbc itvltu
[ibhfl ewyj,b flfvbfyt,bw rb vtuj,hekfl ijhlt,bfy thsvfytsc\
fvudfh cfe,ht,c pju/th acbmjsthfgbek ctfyccfw flfht,ty= hjvkbc
lhjcfw cekbthb lfvidblt,f lf ibyfufyb ufojyfcojht,f afnbrehb
rjveybrfwbbc cfiefkt,bs [lt,f\
448 ÈÀÅÉ ÌÄÛÅÉÃÄ

8\ gfhfkbyudbcnbrf

8\1\ Ófvtn'dtkj rjveybrfwbbc ghjwtcib flfvbfyb= xdtekt,hbd= fhf-

dth,fkeh cfiefkt,t,cfw b'tyt,c= hfw cgtwbfkehb itcofdkbc cf-
ufyb itb.kt,f uf[ltc\ gfhfkbyudbcnbrf (,th.y\ pará @-sfy#= @f[kj#)
itbcofdkbc rjveybrfwbbc ghjwtcib cfvtnydtkj itnyj,byt,bc coj-
htl bv sfyv[kt, fhftyj,hbd cfiefkt,t,c (hjujhbw fhbc ;tcn-
vbvbrf= c[tekbc vj.hfj,f= cf[bc ufvjvtnydtkt,f lf c[d\)= hjvkt,bw
thsudfhfl fpecnt,ty lf fdct,ty vtnydtkt,bc upbs uflfwtvek by-
ajhvfwbfc\ tc ghj,ktvfnbrf= itcf.kt,tkbf= cekfw fh t[t,jltc cf-
reshbd tyfsvtwybtht,fc (hfw sdbs lfhubc cf[tkojlt,fibw fbcf-
[f|^@gfhfkbyudbcnbrf#= t\b\ @kbyudbcnbrbc sfyv[kt,b lfhub#)= vfuhfv
cfvtnydtkj rjveybrfwbbc fhfdth,fkehb cfiefkt,t,b _ t\o\ gfhf-
kbyudbpvt,b _ eiefkj fy ntktrjveybrfwbbc fewbkt,tkb sfy-
v[kt,b rjvgjytynt,bf+ bcbyb fdct,ty lf fpecnt,ty dth,fkehb cf-
iefkt,t,bs uflfwtvek byajhvfwbfc lf= fvltyfl= [tkc eoyj,ty
rjveybrfwbbc ghjwtcc\ fv sdfkcfphbcbs gfhfkbyudbcnbrf itb.kt,f
ufydb[bkjs kbyudbcnbrbc sfyv[kt, lfhufl pjuflb ctvbjnbrehb
stjhbbc afhukt,ib\

8\2\ Üdtekt,hbd ufvjyjaty ajyfwbeh (@cfvtnydtkj#) lf rbytcbreh

(@vj.hfj,bsc#= ilh\ ,th.y\ kínēsis @vj.hfj,f#) gfhfkbyudbpvt,c\ aj-
yfwbeh gfhfkbyudbpvt,fl vbbxytdf vtnydtkt,bc bctsb vf[fcbfst,kt-
,b= hjujhbw fhbc= vfufkbsfl= [vbc ntv,hb= byntycbdj,f= vtnydtkt-
,bc ntvgb lf c[d\ vtnydtkt,bc ajyfwbehb gfhfkbyudbcnehb rjvgj-
ytynt,b sfyv[kt,b tktvtynt,b rb fh fhbc= fhfvtl vbcb itvflutytkb
lf ufyeyjatkb vf[fcbfst,kt,bf _ cojhtl vfsb cfiefkt,bs [jh-
wbtklt,f yjdtkb cfvtnydtkj fmnb\ fvbnjv bcvbc rbs[df| hfvltyfl
itb.kt,f vbdbxybjs vtnydtkt,bc fvudfhb ajyfwbehb rjvgjytynt,b
gfhfkbyudbpvt,fl lf fhf vtnydtkt,bc cfreshbd tyj,hbd cfiefkt-
,t,fl= hjvkt,bw ptgbhb vtnydtkt,bc c[df vf[fcbfst,kt,sfy thsfl
cbyrhtnek vskbfyj,fc mvybfy~

8\3\ Óek c[df dbsfht,ff rbytcbrehb gfhfkbyudbpvt,bc itvs[dtdfib

(;tcn-vbvbrf= c[tekbc vbvj[dhf lf vbcs\)= hjltcfw cfmvt udfmdc pt-
gbhb vtnydtkt,bc sfyv[kt,= fhfcfvtnydtkj jhufyjt,bs itchekt-
,ek cfrjveybrfwbj cfiefkt,t,sfy+ cojhtl fcts itvs[dtdfib [lt,f
ptgbhb vtnydtkt,bc upbs uflfwtvekb byajhvfwbbc fhftyj,hbdb cf-
iefkt,t,bs @itdct,f# lf @lfpecnt,f#\