Lesson 5

Gases and other Properties

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to:
 Evaluate the properties of gases on the macroscopic level.
 Explain the behavior of gases using different gas laws, assuming all ideal.
 Introduce the concept of non-ideality.

5.1 Gas Pressure

Definition 5.1.1 Gas Pressure
Pressure is the force exerted on an object divided by the area over which
it is exerted, and the atmospheric pressure can be measured with a barometer.
It is is defined as a force divided by the area over which the force is applied :
P = F/A

Definition 5.1.2 Barometer

The pressure of the atmosphere on the surface of the mercury in the dish
is balanced by the downward pressure exerted by the column of mercury. The
barometer was invented in 1643 by Evangelista Torricelli (1608–1647)

Pressure is often reported in units of

millimeters of mercury (mm Hg),
the height (in mm) of the mercury
column in a mercury barometer
above the surface of the mercury in
the dish. At sea level, this height is
about 760 mm.
Pressures are also reported as
standard atmospheres (atm), a unit
defined as follows:

1 standard atmosphere = 760 mm Hg

The SI unit of pressure is the pascal

(Pa).

1 pascal (Pa) = 1 newton/meter2

Source: http://slideplayer.com/slide/5921091/
Another unit used for gas pressures
is the bar, where

1 bar = 100,000 Pa = 100 kPa

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5.2 Dimensional Analysis

Definition 5.2.1 Dimensional Analysis

It is a general problem-solving approach that uses the dimensions or units
of each value to guide us through calculations.

 A conversion factor expresses the equivalence of a measurement in two

different units
Ex. (1 cm ≡ 10 mm; 1 g ≡ 1000 mg; 12 eggs ≡ 1 dozen; 12 inches ≡ 1 foot).
 A conversion factor is always written so that it has the form “new units divided
by units of original number.”

Source: https://bookshelf.vitalsource.com/#/books/9781305176461/cfi/80!/4/4@0.00:31.7

5.3 Gas Laws

Definition 5.3.1 Boyles Law (the compressibility of gas)

Robert Boyle (1627-1691)

Volume of a fixed amount of gas at a given temperature is inversely
proportional to the pressure exerted by the gas.
𝑃∝1/𝑉
Amount of gas (n) and Temperature (T) are constant

When two quantities are proportional to each other, they can be equated to a
proportionality constant, k
1
P∝
V
1
P=k ×
V
PV =k
When a gas experienced a change in its pressure and volume (initial condition 
new condition)
PV =k
P1 V 1=P2 V 2

Where: P1 – Initial Pressure ,P2 – Final Pressure, V1 – Initial Volume ,V2 – Final Pressure
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Definition 5.3.2 Charles Law (The effect of temperature on gas volume)

Jacques Charles (1746-1823)

Volume of a fixed quantity of gas at constant pressure is directly
proportional to the absolute temperature (in Kelvins) of the gas.

𝑉∝𝑇
Amount of gas (n) and Pressure (P) are constant

V ∝T
V =k ×T
V
=k
T
V1 V2
=
T 1 T2

Where :T1 – Initial Temperature, T2 – Final Temperature, V1 – Initial Volume ,V2 – Final Pressure

Definition 5.3.3 Gay-Lussac Law

Gay-Lussac’s shows the relationship between the pressure and temperature of a

fixed mass of gas kept at a constant volume.

Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778–1850)

Pressure of a fixed quantity of gas at constant pressure is directly
proportional to the absolute temperature (in Kelvins) of the gas.
𝑃∝𝑇
Amount of gas (n) and Volume (T) are constant

P ∝T
P=k ×T
P
=k
T
P 1 P2
=
T1 T 2

Where: T1 – Initial Temperature, T2 – Final Temperature, P1 – Initial Pressure, P2 – Final Pressure

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Definition 5.3.4 Combined Gas Law

Boyle’s and Charles’ Law

General Gas Law
P1V 1 P2V 2
=
T1 T2

Amount of gas (n) is constant

Definition 5.3.5 Avogadro’s Hypothesis

Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro (1776-1856)

Volume of a gas at a given temperature is directly proportional to the
amount of gas in moles.

𝑉 ∝𝑛
Where: V – Volume , n – Amount of gas

Definition 5.3.6 Ideal Gas Law

Relates four quantities to describe a gas:
Pressure, Volume, Temperature, Amount of gas (in moles)

nT
V∝
P

Transforming into a mathematical equation:

nT
V∝
P
nT
V =R
P
PV =RnT
PV =nRT
Where : R – Gas constant

Gas constant is measured experimentally at Standard Temperature and Pressure

(STP)
T = 0.0oC (273.15 K)
P = 1 atm
n = 1 mole
V = 22.414 L (Standard Molar Volume)
PV =nRT
PV L∙ atm
R= R=0.082057
nT mol ∙ K
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Definition 5.3.7 Density of Gas

Defined as mass divided by volume : 𝜌=𝑚/𝑉

Density is a function of pressure and temperature

Using Ideal Gas Equation: 𝑃𝑉=𝑛𝑅𝑇

Definition 5.3.8 Gas Laws and Chemical Reaction

Partial Pressure is the portion/fraction of the total pressure exerted by the a gas
within a system.

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure

John Dalton (1766-1844)
The pressure of a mixture of ideal gases is the sum of the partial pressures
of the different gases in the mixture.
PTotal =P1 + P2+ P3+ …+ Pn
Where:
Ptotal – Total Pressure
P1, P2, P3, Pn – Pressure of different gases in a mixture

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure

Source: https://aboutchem.weebly.com/daltons-law-of-partial-pressures.html

Constant volume and temperature

P A V =n A RT PB V =nB RT PTotal V =nTotal RT
*Ptotal = PA + PB
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*nTotal = nA + nB
Mole fraction, X
 Number of moles of a particular substance in a mixture divided by the total
number of moles of all substances present.
nA
X A=
n A + nB + nc + …+nn
n
X A= A
nTotal

Using the mole fraction concept and by combining P A and Ptotal equations, derive:

P A =X A PTotal

The pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases is the product of its mole fraction and the
total pressure of the mixture

5.4 Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases

Definition 5.4.1 Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases

Set of postulates regarding the behavior of gases
 Gases consist of particles (molecules or atoms) whose separation is much
greater than the size of the particles themselves;
 The particles of a gas are in continual, random, and rapid motion. As they
move, they collide with one another and with the walls of the container, but
they do so in a way in which the total energy is unchanged; and
 The average kinetic energy of gas particles is proportional to the gas
temperature. All Gases, regardless of their molecular mass, have the same
average kinetic energy at the same temperature

5.5 Diffusion and Effusion

Definition 5.5.1 Diffusion

The gradual mixing of molecules of one gas with the molecules of another by
virtue of their kinetic properties

Source: https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/images/2345-properties-of-gases-explained
General Chemistry 01 7

Definition 5.5.2 Effusion

The process by which gas under pressure escapes from one compartment of a
container to another by passing through a small opening.
¿
Rat e1 M2
Rat e2
Where:
=
√
M1

Rate1 – Rate of effusion of gas 1

Rate2 – Rate of effusion of gas 2
M1 – Molar mass of gas 1
M2 – Molar mass of gas 2
*Based from KMT

Source: https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/images/2345-properties-of-gases-explained