Anchored Sheet Steel Pile Wall PDF

Companion Document to EN 1993 and EN 1994 – Steel and Steel and Concrete Composite Buildings
Appendix AA ––Eurocode
Appendix Eurocodeclause
clausereference
referencetables
tables
Steel design
Design Topic Eurocode Clause Number Companion Document
Section Number
Loading
Values BS EN 1991-1-1 Section 6 & 2.1
Annex A
Partial factors BS EN 1990 Table A1.2(B)
Combinations BS EN 1990 Table A1.2(B)
Combination coefficients ( i) BS EN 1990 Table A1.1
Analysis methods
Modelling BS EN 1993-1-1 Clause 5.1
Global analysis BS EN 1993-1-1 Clause 5.2
Imperfections BS EN 1993-1-1 Clause 5.3
Non-linear materials BS EN 1993-1-1 Clause 5.4
Sway stability
Classification BS EN 1993-1-1 Clause 5.2.1 4.1.4
Frame stability BS EN 1993-1-1 Clause 5.2.2
Notional horizontal force BS EN 1993-1-1 Clause 5.3 4.1.5
Material properties BS EN 1993-1-1 Clause 3.2.1 & 4.1.1
Table 3.1 or Product Standard
Cross-section classification BS EN 1993-1-1 Clause 5.5 &
Table 5.2
Shear resistance
Cross-section capacity BS EN 1993-1-1 Clause 6.2.6
Shear buckling resistance BS EN 1993-1-5 if requirements
of BS EN 1993-1-1 Clause
6.2.6(6) are met
Moment resistance BS EN 1993-1-1 Clause 6.2.5
Lateral Torsional Buckling 4.1.7
General method BS EN 1993-1-1 Clause 6.3.4
Member with plastic hinges BS EN 1993-1-1 Clause 6.3.5
Web bearing resistance BS EN 1993-1-5
Web buckling resistance BS EN 1993-1-5
Tension resistance BS EN 1993-1-1 Clause 6.2.3
Compression resistance
Effective length No values given
Buckling resistance BS EN 1993-1-1 Clause 6.3.1, 4.1.6
Table 6.1 & 6.2 (Class 4 Clause
6.3.4 or 6.3.3)
Compression and bending
Axial load & buckling BS EN 1993-1-1 Clause 6.3.3 4.1.8
resistance
56
Appendices

Section Number
Compression and bi-axial BS EN 1993-1-1 Class 1 & 2
bending Clause 6.2.9.1(6), Class 3
Cross-section resistance Clause 6.2.9.2, Class 4 Clause
6.2.9.3(2)
Buckling checks BS EN 1993-1-1 Clause 6.3.3
Moment shear and axial force BS EN 1993-1-1 Clause 6.2.10
Deflection limits BS EN 1993-1-1 Section 7 &
National Annex
Uniform built up compression
members
General BS EN 1993-1-1 Clause 6.4.1
Laced compression BS EN 1993-1-1 Clause 6.4.2
members
Battened compression BS EN 1993-1-1 Clause 6.4.3
members
Closely spaced built up BS EN 1993-1-1 Clause 6.4.4
members
57
Steel and Concrete Composite Design

Section Number
Loading
Values BS EN 1991-1-1 Section 6 & 2.1 & 5.1.4
Annex A
Partial factors BS EN 1990 Table A1.2(B)
Combinations BS EN 1990 Table A1.2(B)
Combination coefficients (ψi) BS EN 1990 Table A1.1
Design methods BS EN1990
Material properties BS EN1992-1-1 and prEN 5.1.1
10025-3
Cross-section classification BS EN 1993-1-1 Table 5.2
Shear resistance BS EN 1994-1-1 Clause 6.2.2 5.1.5
Cross-section capacity BS EN 1994-1-1 Clause 6.2.2.2
Shear buckling resistance BS EN 1994-1-1 Clause 6.2.2.3
Moment capacity BS EN 1994-1-1 Clause 6.2.1 5.1.5
Lateral Torsional Buckling BS EN 1994-1-1 Clause 6.4 5.1.5
Transverse forces on Webs BS EN 1994-1-1 Clause 6.5
Compression resistance BS EN 1994-1-1 Clause 6.7 5.1.7
Effective length
Buckling resistance BS EN 1994-1-1 Clause 6.7.3.5
Compression and uniaxial BS EN 1994-1-1 Clause 6.7.3.6 5.1.7
bending
Shear capacity BS EN 1994-1-1 Clause 6.2.2.2
Axial load & buckling BS EN 1994-1-1 Clause 6.7.3.6
resistance
Compression and bi-axial BS EN 1994-1-1 Clause 6.7.3.7 5.1.7
bending
Shear capacity BS EN 1994-1-1 Clause 6.2.2.2
Axial load & buckling BS EN 1994-1-1 Clause 6.7.3.6
resistance
Shear Connection BS EN 1994-1-1 Clause 6.6
Longitudinal Shear in beams BS EN 1994-1-1 Clause 6.6.2
Stud Connector Resistance BS EN 1994-1-1 Clause 6.6.3 &
6.6.4
Composite Joints BS EN 1994-1-1 Section 8 5.1.9
Design methods BS EN 1994-1-1 Clause 8.3
Resistance of Components BS EN 1994-1-1 Clause 8.4
Composite slabs with profiled BS EN 1994-1-1 Section 9 5.1.10
steel sheeting
Actions and action effects BS EN 1994-1-1 Clause 9.3
58
Appendices
Fire Design – Steel

Section Number
Loading
Thermal actions BS EN1991-1-2 Section 3
Mechanical actions BS EN1991-1-2 Section 4
Values
Partial factors - material BS EN 1993-1-2 National
Annex
Combinations BS EN1990 Table A1.3
Partial factors - loading BS EN 1991-1-2 National
Annex
Design methods BS EN 1993-1-2 Section 4 4.2.3, 4.2.4 and 4.2.5
Material properties BS EN 1993-1-2 Section 3 4.2.1

(Annex C for stainless steel)
Cross-section classification BS EN 1993-1-2 4.2.2
Moment capacity BS EN 1993-1-2 4.2.3.3 (Class 1

or 2 sections)
BS EN 1993-1-2 4.2.3.4 (Class 3
sections)
Tension resistance BS EN 1993-1-2 4.2.3.1
Tension and bending

Cross-section capacity
Buckling resistance
Compression resistance BS EN 1993-1-2 4.2.3.2 4.2.3
Effective length 4.2.3.2 (3) and (4)
Cross-section capacity 4.2.3.2 (1)
Buckling resistance 4.2.3.2 (1)
Compression and bending BS EN 1993-1-2 4.2.3.5 4.2.4
Critical temperature BS EN 1993-1-2 4.2.4

Unprotected steel temperature BS EN 1993-1-2 4.2.5.1
development
Protected steel temperature BS EN 1993-1-2 4.2.5.2
Advanced calculation models BS EN 1993-1-2 4.3
Connection performance BS EN 1993-1-2 4.2.1 (6) 4.2.5
59
Steel Sheet Pile design

Section Number
Loading
Values BS EN1991-1 and EN1997-1
Tables A3 and A4
Partial factors BS EN 997-1 and EN1990
Table A1.2(B) & A1.2(C)
Combinations BS EN1990 Table A1.2(B) &
A1.2(C)
Combination coefficients (ψi) BS EN1990 Table A1.1
Design methods BS EN1990 and EN1997-1
Section 9 and Annex C
Material properties
Hot rolled sheet piles EN10248
(Product)
Cold formed piles (Product) EN10249
Material partial factors
EN1993-5 Clause 5.1.1(4)
Cross-section classification BS EN1993-5 Clause 5.2.1 and 4.5
Table 5.1
Moment capacity
Bending only BS EN1993-5 Clause 5.2.2(2) 4.5
Bending and shear BS EN1993-5 Clause 5.2.2(9)
Bending and compression BS EN1993-5 Clause 5.2.3(11)
Bending, shear and BS EN1993-5 Clause 5.2.3(12)
compression
Shear resistance
Cross section capacity BS EN1993-5 Clause 5.2.2(4) 4.5
Shear buckling capacity BS EN1993-5 Clause 5.2.2(7)
Compression resistance
Elastic critical load BS EN1993-5 Clause 5.2.3(2)
Effective length BS EN1993-5 Clause 5.2.3(5)
Cross section capacity BS EN1993-5 Clause 5.2.3(9)
Shear force transmission
factors
βB BS EN1993-5 Clause 5.2.2(2)
βD BS EN1993-5 Clause 6.4(3)
Welding or crimping of BS EN1993-5 Clauses
interlocks 5.2.2(10) and 6.4(4)
Resistance to concentrated BS EN1993-5 Clause 7.4.3
loads
Durability BS EN1993-5 Clause 4
Fatigue BS EN1993-5 Clause 5.1.3
60
Worked
Examples
61
Project Title: Project Number: Sheet 1 of 21 Rev:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples 02
Subject: Made by/date:

Anchored sheet pile wall JP / January 2005
Client: Checked/date:
PS / April 2005
Anchored sheet pile wall
The following Standards have been used for this worked example:
BS EN 1990:2002, Basis of Structural Design, July 2002, with UK National Annex, March 2004
BS EN 1991-1-1:2002, Eurocode 1 – Actions on structures – Part 1.1: General actions – Densities, self-
weight, imposed loads for buildings, July 2002
prEN 1993-1-1, Eurocode 3 – Design of steel structures – Part 1.1: General rules and rules for buildings,
December 2003
prEN1993-1-8, Eurocode 3 – Design of steel structures - Part 1.8: Design of Joints, December 2003
prEN1993-5, Eurocode 3 – Design of steel structures – Part 5: Piling, July 2004
BS EN 1997-1, Eurocode 7 – Geotechnical design – Part 1: General rules, currently in preparation
BS EN ISO 4063:2000, Welding and allied processes – Nomenclature of processes and reference
numbers,April
numbers, April2000
200
BS EN ISO 29692:1994, Metal arc welding with covered electrode, gas shielded metal arc welding and
gas welding – joint preparations for steel, June 1994
BS EN 12699:2001, Execution of special geotechnical work – displacement, February 2001
Notes on European Standards

BSEN denotes a European Standard that has been published by BSI
prEN denotes a draft European standard that is not publicly available
Note on values contained in this worked example

The computer software used to calculate the expressions given in this worked example does not
round the values at intermediate stages during the calculation. Therefore some values given on the
following sheets may appear to be ‘incorrect’ when determined using ‘rounded’ input values.
BRE and Buro Happold have made every effort to ensure the accuracy and quality of all the information
in this document when first published. However, they can take no responsibility for the subsequent use
of this information, nor for any errors or omissions it may contain.
© Queen's Printer and Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office 2005

PS / April 2005
1. Introduction Table & clause

numbers given
Design a ‘propped’ / anchored sheet pile wall to retain a height of 6.50 m of sandy relate to
soils as shown in Figure 1. EN1997-1
unless stated
otherwise
2
Surcharge 10 kN/m
1.00 m
j
4.00 m
Layer 1
5.00 m
h
Loose Fine Sand
GWL
Free WL
Layer 2 i
Compact Fine Sand
6.00 m
0.50 m
Over dig
2 d
γw = 9.81 kN/m
Figure 1. Section through sheet pile wall (not to scale)
1.1. Soil parameters

Layer 1
3
Density of dry loose fine sand, γd.1 = 14.7 kN/m
3
Density of wet loose fine sand, γsat.1 = 19.1 kN/m
Take the characteristic effective shear strength parameters equal to those given
Cohesion, ck.1' = 0
Effective friction angle, φk.1' = 32°
Layer 2
3
Density of dry compact fine sand, γd.2 = 15.4 kN/m
3
Density of wet compact fine sand, γsat.2 = 19.4 kN/m
Characteristic effective shear strength parameters equal to those given
Cohesion, ck.2' = 0 Effective friction angle, φk.2' = 37°

PS / April 2005
2. Design
The guidance given in EN 1997-1 is used to determine the design loads. It is

currently (2004) considered that in the UK ‘Design Approach 1’ (DA 1) of EN 1997-1
will be adopted. The UK National Annex to EN 1997-1 will finally specify which
approach should be used in the UK.
For DA 1, EN1997-1 gives two ‘combinations’ that need to be considered for ultimate
limit state design which in general relate to structural and ground related behaviour
(Combination 1 and 2 respectively).
For this example the free earth support method of design is adopted here. The
general steps to be followed in determining the design loads on the shortest piles
are:
• Determine the earth pressures acting.
• Determine the length of pile by taking moments about the prop or anchor point
so that there is zero resultant moment.
• Determine the prop / anchor force as the difference between active and
passive pressures acting on the sheet pile.
• Determine maximum bending moment which occurs at the level of zero shear
to determine design requirement of sheet pile section.
• Design anchorage of system.
2.1. Actions
To calculate the active and passive earth pressures account has to be taken of the
vertical stress due to the ground and the surcharge.
At any depth the horizontal active pressure (σ’a) is composed of two components one
from the retained soil weight (σ’a.g) and one from the surcharge (σ’a.q).
"' a.g = (K a x " v ' ) ! (2 x c ' x (K a )) Annex C Eq. C1

Note: This is an unfavourable (destabilising) action
Where:
σv’ is the vertical effective stress at the given depth (total stress less water pressure)
Ka is the coefficient of active earth pressure
c’ is the design value of cohesion intercept
!' a.q = K a x q and is an unfavourable variable geotechnical action Annex C Eq. C1

Where:
q is the surcharge load

PS / April 2005
At any depth the limiting passive earth pressure is calculated from

!' p = (K p x ! v ' ) + (2 x c ' x (K p )) and is favourable Annex C Eq. C2
Where:
σv’ is the vertical stress at the depth on the passive side
Kp is the coefficient of horizontal passive earth pressure
EN 1997-1 gives suggested values for active and passive coefficients of earth
pressure which are related to the design soil parameters and the ratio of the interface
angle of friction (δ) to the critical state soil angle of friction (φcv) i.e. δ / φcv.
The design values of the above actions are determined by using the above equations
and the relevant partial factors. Table A3
So the design active pressure at a given depth is determined from:

" 'a.d = (# G x " 'a.g ) + (# Q x " 'a.q )
For this example, c’ = 0
Therefore
! "'a.d = (# G x K a x " v' ) + (# Q x K a x q)
And design passive resistance is determined from:
! "' p.d = (K p x " v ' ) / ! R (as c’ = 0 in this example) Table A13

Where:
γR is the resistance partial factor
This example has differential water pressures acting across the wall as shown in
Figure 1. It is assumed that the water pressures equalise at the toe of the wall and
that pressure can be determined from the general expression:
U f = ((2 x (d + h " j) x (d " i)) /((2 x d) + h " i " j)) x ! w (assuming that the wall is thin) CIRIA 580
Where: (see Figure 1 also)

Uf is the equalised pore water pressure at the toe of the wall
d is the wall embedment depth
h is the free standing height (including overdig)
j is the depth to the GW surface on the retained side
i is the depth to the GW surface on the excavated side (+ve down)
γw is the unit weight of water
Note: Potential for piping should be considered
It is assumed that the pore pressures vary linearly from the free surface through the
soil to this equalised value (on the passive side the free water maintains a hydrostatic
profile).

PS / April 2005
In general terms the water pressure acting behind the wall would be an unfavourable EN1997-1
action whilst that on the passive side would be favourable. 2.4.2
Note: However giving them different partial factors is unrealistic and the ‘single source’
principle in EN1997 is applied.
As such the action can be calculated based on the net water pressure acting on the
pile. As this resultant action is unfavourable γG is applied giving a net resultant
pressure.
u d = " G x !u
Where:
ud is the design water pressure
Δu is the net water pressure
2.2. Combination 1
Use A1 “+” M1 “+” R1 for Combination 1 for this example 2.4.7.3.4.2 (1)
Where:
A represents the partial factors for actions (γF) or the effect of actions (γE)
M represents the partial factors for material (γM)
R represents the partial factor for resistance (γR)
“+” means used in combination
For Combination 1
The material factors (γm) are: Annex A
γφ = 1.0 (partial factor for angle of shear resistance) Table A4
γc = 1.0 (partial factor for cohesion) Table A4
and the weight density factor is 1.0 Table A4
#1
" d '= tan ($ " x tan " k ') = " k ' (design effective shear angle)
c d ' = ! c x c k = c k (design effective cohesion)
Therefore:
! Layer 1 φd.1’ = 32° and cd.1’ = 0.0
Layer 2 φd.2’ = 37° and cd.2’ = 0.0
Using these values and the charts given in EN 1997-1 the values of Ka and Kp are
determined for " / !cv ' = 0.67 . The values determined are given in Table 1. 9.5.1 (6)
Table 1. Ka and Kp values

Ka Kp Figure C1.1
Layer 1 0.26 5.28 Figure C2.1
Layer 2 0.21 7.95

PS / April 2005
For Combination 1
The action partial factors are: Annex A
Unfavourable permanent action, γG = 1.35 Table A3
Unfavourable variable action, γQ = 1.5 Table A3
And the resistance partial factor is, γR = 1.0 Table A13
Using these factors and the equations in section 2.1 the pressure diagram in Figure 2
is obtained
3.9
4.00 m
5.00 m
5.10 m
7.00 m
24.54
0.0
19.82
9.25 m
10.00 m
9.17 23.01
0.0
7.5
35.05 135.10
0.0 37.22 181.42
Net water
Effective Earth Pressure
pressure
2
All Pressures given in kN/m
Figure 2. Pressure diagram for Combination 1
Moments are taken about the tie at a depth of 1 m to determine the pile length and
using a mixture of iteration and ‘trial and error’ this gives a pile length of 9.25 m.
The horizontal component of the anchor load (Poh per m run of wall) is equal to the
difference between the total active, passive and water pressures acting on the wall.
Poh = !p ad
+ !u + !p d pd
Poh = 198.96 + 43.00 - 148.82 = 93.14 kN
Figure 3 shows the shear forces acting across the sheet pile. The point of zero shear
is seen to be at a depth of 5.3m.
The maximum bending moment is at the point of zero shear and so taking moments
about and above this point it is found to be 222.2 kNm
Therefore Mmax = 222.2 kNm

PS / April 2005
1.00 m
-88.97
4.00 m
5.00 m
6.70 m
7.00 m
7.70 m
-38.57
9.25 m
-11.12
51.48
63.06
77.05
0.0
All Shear forces given in kN
Figure 3. Shear force diagram for Combination 1
2.3. Combination 2
The calculations for Combination 1 are repeated for Combination 2 using

A2 “+” M2 “+” R1 2.4.7.3.4.2(1)
(see section 2.2 on sheet 4 for definitions)
So, γφ = 1.25 and γc = 1.0 Table A4
tan ! d ' = (tan ! R ' ) / 1.25

Therefore
Layer 1 φd’ = 26.56 cd’ = 0.0
Layer 2 φd’ = 31.08 cd’ = 0.0
Using these values and " / !cv ' = 0.67 the values given in Table 2 were determined. 9.5.1 (6)
Table 2. Ka and Kp values

Ka Kp Figure C1.1
Layer 1 0.33 3.74 Figure C2.1
Layer 2 0.27 4.97

PS / April 2005
The action partial factors are: Annex A

Unfavourable permanent action, γG = 1.0 Table A3
Unfavourable variable action, γQ = 1.3 Table A3
And the resistance partial factor is, γR = 1.0 Table A13

Using these factors and the equations in section 2.1 the pressure diagram in Figure 4
is obtained.
Moments are taken about the tie at a depth of 1 m to determine the pile length and
using a mixture of iteration and ‘trial and error’ this gives a pile length of 9.92 m.
The horizontal component of the anchor load (Poh) is equal to the difference between
the total active, passive and water pressures acting on the wall.
Poh = ! p ad + ! u d + ! p pd
Poh = 217.0 + 32.58 - 158.34 = 91.24 kN
Figure 5 shows the shear forces acting across the sheet pile. The point of zero shear
is seen to at a depth of 5.45m.
The maximum bending moment is at the point of zero shear and so taking moments
about and above this point it is found to be 225.18 kNm
Therefore Mmax = 225.18 kNm
For Combination 2,
The design horizontal component of the tie force is, Poh = 91.24 kN/m
The design bending moment is, MEd = Mmax = 225.18 kNm

PS / April 2005
4.29
4.00 m
5.00 m
5.40 m
7.00 m
0.0 23.7
19.38
9.92 m
10.00 m
9.17
23.25
7.5 0.0
35.74 135.10
0.0
35.96 113.42
Net water Effective Earth Pressure
pressure
2
All Pressures given in kN/m
Figure 4. Pressure diagram for Combination 2
1.00 m
2.00 m
-86.85
4.00 m
-75.29
5.00 m
6.40 m
7.00 m
8.00 m
-37.6
-12.25
9.92 m
33.67
54.51
72.49
0.0
All Shear forces given in kN
Figure 5. Shear force diagram for Combination 2


PS / April 2005
2.4. Discussion
From the above it can be seen that Combination 2 gives the longer pile length.
Combination 1 should be repeated using the Combination 2 pile length and using a
soil structure interaction program to check the anchor load and maximum bending
moment. In this example this has been done using the FREW package. (There is
currently an ongoing debate with regards to this procedure which will hopefully be
resolved very soon). These calculations are undertaken using unfactored parameters
but applying γG = 1.35 to the output results. The FREW calculations are affected by
the stiffness assigned to the sheet pile section so an iterative procedure is required
where the section needs to be selected before the calculations can be undertaken.
As will be discussed below EC3-5 requires loss of section to be allowed for also and
so calculations were performed with both the as new and corroded section
stiffnesses (maximum loss assumed over full length), this resulted in maximum tie
loads of 110 kN/m run (corroded section) and maximum bending moment of
167.4kNm (as new section). When factored by γG = 1.35 these become 148.5kN/m
and 226kNm respectively. As these values exceed those of the hand calculations
above they are carried forward for design.
3. Selection of pile section

EN 1993-5 allows the use of both elastic and plastic section modulus for pile
selection depending on the 'class of section'
The Section classification limits for U profiles are: EN1993-5

Class 1 The same limit as for Class 2, plus a rotation check has to be carried out. Table 5.1
Class 2 (b / tf) / ε ≤ 37 (45) Table 5.1
Class 3 (b / tf) / ε ≤ 49 (66) values for Z piles are in brackets Table 5.1
Where:
b is the flat portion of the flange measured between the corner radii, provided that the
ratio r / tf is not greater than 5.0, otherwise a more precise method should be used
tf is the thickness of the flange for flanges with constant thickness
! = ( 235 / f y ) where fy is the yield strength
For typical steels used for sheet piling f y = 270 or 355 N / mm 2 giving
! = 0.93 or 0.81 respectively.

EN1993-5
EN 1993-5 explains that section Class determines the method of analysis to use. 5.2.1(3)
Class 1 – uses plastic analysis involving moment redistribution and check on rotation
capacity.
Class 2 – uses elastic global analysis, but advantage can be taken of plastic
resistance of the cross-section.

PS / April 2005
Class 3 – uses elastic global analysis and elastic distribution of stress over the cross-
section.
It can be seen that to use Class 1 then more sophisticated computation analyses are
needed than those given here (and as will be discussed below, more refined
information on plastic section modulus with loss of section).
Having established the maximum value of design bending moment (MEd). The
selected section has to fulfil: EN 1993-5
MEd ≤ Mc.Rd Eq. 5.1
Where:
Mc.Rd is the design moment of resistance of the cross-section
EN1993-5 says that Mc.Rd should be determined using equations that relate to the
Class of cross-section
The design moment of resistance of the cross-section (Mc.Rd) is determined as: EN1993-5
For Class 1 and 2 Mc.Rd = (" B x Wpl x f y ) / ! M0 5.2.2(2) Eq. (5.2)
For Class 3 Mc.Rd = (" B x W el x f y ) / ! M0 5.2.2(2) Eq. (5.3)
Where:
βB is a factor that takes account of a possible lack of shear force transmission in the
interlocks, βB = 1.0 for Z-piles. But may be ≤ 1.0 for U piles (this will be set in the
National Annex but will be taken as 1.0 here)
Wpl is the plastic section modulus determined for a continuous wall
Wel is the elastic section modulus determined for a continuous wall
γM0 is the partial safety factor determined from clause 5.1.1(4)
For the partial factors γM0, γM1 and γM2 applied to resistance refer to EN1993-1-1 EN1993-5, 5.1.1(4)
EN1993-1-1
γM0 = 1.00 6.1(1)
Note: Recommended value used for γM0. This value may be altered by the UK National
Annex to EN1993-1-1.
Note: The Class of a given physical section can of course change with steel grade e.g. an
as manufactured AZ13 is Class 2 in S270, but Class 3 in S355 and this can result in the
value of Mc.Rd increasing very little despite the higher value of fy as the elastic modulus is
used for Class 3.
Similarly, the section class may change with time as a result of corrosion
So:
The design bending moment from Combination 1 , MEd = 226 kNm Sheet 10

PS / April 2005
2
For S270 grade steel the yield stress is fy = 270 N/mm
Therefore for S270 grade steel the minimum section modulus required is
3 3
226×10 / 270 = 837.04 cm /m
On this basis a PU12 is chosen based on manufacture's data and being the smallest
standard section fulfilling the elastic section requirements
3 3
Modulus Wel = 1200 cm and a plastic modulus Wpl = 1457 cm
Note: A PU12 section in 270 grade is a Class 2 section and so either elastic or plastic
values could be used - other smaller standard sections have too low a section modulus.
For PU12 (b / tf) / ε becomes, (258 /9.8 ) / 0.93 = 28.3 ≤ 37 (see above).
Therefore
Mc.Rd = (βB × Wel × fy) / γM0 = 324.00 kNm
MEd = 226 kNm
Mc.Rd > MEd, therefore OK
On this basis a section PU12 would be satisfactory (This design can be compared
directly with that using current design procedures in the Arcelor Piling handbook)
However there is a requirement in EN1993-5 that the loss of section due to corrosion
be accounted for. In this case then for a 100 year design life assuming the ground is EN1993-5
non aggressive and the maximum bending moment is within the free water depth Tables 4.1 & 4.2
(and considered very polluted) then the loss of section is
1.2 mm + 4.3 mm = 5.5 mm
The section modulus remaining when the loss of thickness due to corrosion has been
taken into account should be found from manufacturers' literature (Note: at present
manufactures’ make available information on the change of elastic section modulus with loss
of section, however at present the same information is not generally available for the
corresponding change of plastic section modulus but it is anticipated that this will be made
available in the future. The required information was calculated for this example).
In this case, for a total loss of thickness of 5.5mm and a bending moment capacity in
excess of 226 kNm/m, it will be necessary to adopt a PU22 section being the
smallest standard section fulfilling the requirements when loss of section allowed for.
Manufacturers information shows that PU22 is a Class 2 section (as (b / tf) / ε equals
(297 / 12.1) / 0.93 = 26.39 ≤ 37) but becomes a Class 3 after corrosion has been
taken into account (as (b / tf) / ε equals (292 / 6.6) / 0.93 = 47.57 ≤ 49) and therefore
3
has to use the elastic section modulus for design purposes, Wel = 1210cm .

PS / April 2005
This gives a design moment resistance after loss of section of

Mc.Rd = (βB × Wel × fy) / γM0 = 326.70 kNm
MEd = 226 kNm Sheet 10
Mc.Rd > MEd, therefore OK
3.1. Shear check

A check on shear at each cross-section has to be carried out such that EN1993-5
VEd < Vpl.Rd 5.2.2(4)
Where:
VEd is the design shear force
Vpl.Rd is the plastic shear resistance for each web given by
Vpl.Rd = ( A v x f y ) /( ( 3) x ! M0 ) EN1993-5, Eq(5.5)
Where:
Av is the projected shear area for each web acting in the same direction as VEd.
Av may be determined from the following expression EN1993-5, 5.2.2(5)

A v = t w x (h ! t f ) Eq.(5.6)
Where:
h is the overall height
tw is the web thickness
tf is the flange thickness
Figures 4 and 5 show that for the design length then the shear is of the order of 90kN
per m run at the level of the tie, but the FREW calculations with loss of section give a
value of 99kN per m run (but not dissimilar values occur at greater depths) which is
59.4 kN per sheet pile of 600mm width. Therefore the design shear force per sheet
is:
VEd = 59.4 kN
For EN1993-5 design we check for PU22 - allowing for loss of section due to
corrosion.
Determine the plastic shear resistance for the web (Vpl.Rd) (see note below)
h = 450 mm – 5.5 mm = 444.5 mm
tw = 9.5 mm – 5.5 mm = 4.0 mm
tf = 12.1 mm – 5.5 mm = 6.6 mm
2
Av = tw × (h – tf) = 1752 mm EN1993-5, Eq(5.6)

PS / April 2005
Therefore
Vpl.Rd = (Av × fy) / (√(3) × γM0) = 273.05 kN EN1993-5, Eq(5.5)
VEd / Vpl.Rd = 0.22
Vpl.Rd > VEd therefore OK
As VEd / Vpl.Rd < 0.5 no reduction in the plastic bending moment resistance is required EN1993-5, 5.2.2(9)
Note: Strictly one should check the shear at all levels with the relevant loss of section and
shear force as the losses will be less away from the water, however here the most critical
values have been taken and as all is satisfactory then no further calculations are
necessary.
Therefore the PU22 section is OK in bending with loss of section due to

corrosion
3.2. Buckling resistance

It is also required that shear buckling resistance of the web of the sheet piles should EN1993-5
be verified if: 5.2.2(6)
c / tw > 72 x ε for the selected section
c / tw > 72 × 0.93 = 66.96 for the S270 steel
Where:
tw is the web thickness
c is the length of the web EN1993-5
c = (h " t f ) /(2 x sin ! ) for u sections Figure 5.1
where:
h is the overall height
tf is the flange thickness
α is the inclination of the web (defined in Figure 5.1 of EN1993-5)
For a PU22 full section

h = 450 mm tf = 12.1 mm tw = 9.5 mm α = 62.4°
c = (h – tf) / (2 × sin(α)) = 247.07 mm
Therefore c / tw = 26.01 < 67
As c / tw < 67 Shear buckling check is not required EN1993-5, 5.2.2(6)
If loss of section is included in the above calculation then for PU22, c / tw becomes
37.4, so a shear buckling check is still not required.

PS / April 2005
If U piles are connected by welding or crimping to improve shear transmission in the EN1993-5
interlock then connection shall be verified assuming that the shear force can be 5.2.2(10)
transferred only in the connected interlocks.
The driveability of the section should also be checked
4. Anchor design
For Ultimate Limit State Design the force to resisted by the anchors is 148.5 kN/m. Sheet 10
Assuming ties are at 2.40m spacing and sloping down at 5° towards the anchorage,
the anchor tie load can be determined as:
Anchor tie load is 1.1 x ULS design load/m x spacing between anchors x (1/slope)
Anchor tie load is 1.1 × 148.5 × 2.4 × (1/cos (5°)) = 393.5 kN/m
Note: The 1.1 factor is included to allow for possible unequal distribution on a continuous
beam.
Consider M42 tie bar with upset ends on 40mm dia. bar in steel grade ASDO355
2
Thread area As = 1120 mm
The plain bar will be subject to corrosion of 1.2mm all round for a 100 yrs design life
in non aggressive natural soils. However the tie rods will be laid in a trench, which EN1993-5 Table 4.1
will subsequently be backfilled. If it is believed that the backfill will not be properly
compacted the corrosion allowance may need increasing. Conversely it is common
practise to wrap tie rods in Denso tape, which may well reduce the potential corrosion
allowance. So assuming 1.2mm all round on a 40mm bar, diameter becomes 40 -2.4
= 37.6mm
2 2
Then the bar area Ag = π × 37.6 / 4 = 1110 mm
2
For steel grade ASDO355 Yield strength fy = 355 N/mm
2
Tensile strength fu = 510 N/mm
4.1. Ultimate limit state verification

The tensile resistance (Ft.Rd) of anchors shall be taken as the lesser of the tensile EN1993-5, 7.2.3(1)
resistance of the threads (Ftt.Rd) and the tensile resistance if the shaft (Ftg.Rd)
The tensile resistance of the threads is determined from:
Ftt.Rd = k t x (( f ua x A S ) / ! Mb ) EN1993-5, 7.2.3(2)
Where:
2
As is the tensile stress area at the threads (As =1120 mm )
2
fua is the tensile strength of the steel anchor (fua = 510 N/mm )
kt = 0.9
Note: Recommended value used for kt. This value may be altered by the UK National
Annex to EN1993-5.
γMb = 1.25 EN1993-5 7.1(4)

PS / April 2005
EN1993-1-8.
From previous calculation, Ftg.Rd = 394 kN
EN 1993-1-8
B p.Rd = (0.6 x " x dm x t p x fu ) / ! M2 Table 3.4
Where:
dm is the mean of the across points and across flats dimensions of the bolt head or
the nut, which ever is smaller, dm = 70 mm
tp is the thickness of the plate, tp = 30 mm
2
fu = 510 N/mm Sheet 10
γM2 = 1.25 EN1993-1-8
Note: Recommended value used for γM2. This value may be altered by the UK National Table 2.1
Bp.Rd = 0.6 × π × dm × tp × fu / γM2 = 1615.03 kN
Ftg.Rd < Bp.Rd therefore:

Bt.Rd = Ftg.Rd =394.0 kN
Anchor tie load is 393.5 kN (from sheet 10) < 394 kN

Therefore the tensile resistance of the washer plate assembly is satisfactory
The washer plate should also be verified for bending resistance

The plate should be considered to span across the waling webs with the load from
the nut uniformly distributed over the mean dimension dm.
-3
Design bending moment is (393.5 / 2) × (53 – (35 / 2))×10 = 6.98 kNm
2 -6
Elastic resistance moment is ((135 × 30 ) / 6) × (355×10 / 1) = 7.19 kNm
Since the resistance moment is greater than the design moment the bending
resistance of the washer plate can be considered satisfactory.
4.3. Walings
EN1993-5 (under Walings and bracing) contains a note suggesting that it might be EN1993-5 7.3(2)
appropriate to allow for the failure of an anchor. If such an allowance is made in the
structural analysis of the waling then it would seem reasonable to apply some
increase to the anchor tie rod loading to prevent progressive collapse by tie rod
failure. No such allowance is included in the calculations above.
Clause 7.3 paragraph (3) states that “the resistance of waling members should be in EN1993-5 7.3 (3)
accordance with EN 1993-1-1”.
As before assuming 2.4m span with a continuous beam and no allowance for tie rod
failure.
2
Max bending moment is 0.1 × 148.5 × 2.4 = 85.54 kNm

PS / April 2005
Max shear force is 0.6 × 148.5 × 2.4 = 213.84 kN
Assume twin UPE 200 channels in steel grade S355J0. No allowance is made for
corrosion since it is normal to either paint walings or surround them in concrete.
4.3.1. Bending moment check

From manufacturer’s literature the section is class 1, therefore the design resistance
bending moment (Mc.Rd) is determined from: EN1993-1-1
Mc.Rd = Mpl.Rd = ( Wpl x f y ) / ! M0 6.1.5(2) Eq. (6.13)
Where:
3
Wpl is the plastic section modulus, Wpl = 220.1 cm (for a single UPE 200 channel)
2
fy is the yield strength of the section, fy = 275 N/mm
γM0 = 1.00 EN1993-1-1, 6.1(1)
Mc.Rd = (2 × Wpl × fy) / γM0 = 121.06 kNm
Note: The plastic modulus is multiplied by 2 as twin channel sections are used.
Design bending moment, MEd = 85.54 kNm Sheet 17

EN1993-1-1
MEd / Mc.Rd = 0.71 < 1.0 therefore OK 6.2.5(1), Eq (6.12)
4.3.2. Shear check

The design shear resistance for a Class 1 section is determined from EN1993-1-1
(
Vc,Rd = V pl,Rd = Av x f y / ( 3) / " M 0) 6.2.6(2), Eq. (6.18)
Where:
Av is the shear area
! For a rolled channel section with load parallel to the web the shear area is
determined from EN1993-1-1
A v = A ! (2 x b x t f ) + (( t w + r ) x t f ) 6.2.6(3)
Where:
tf is the flange thickness,
tw is the web thickness,
r is the root radius,
b is the overall breadth
For UPE 200
2
tf =11mm tw = 6 mm r = 13 mm b = 80 mm A = 2900 mm
2
Av = 1349 mm (for a single channel section)
Vc.Rd = (2 × Av × (fy / √(3))) / γM0 = 428.37 kN
Note: The shear area is multiplied by 2 as twin channel sections are used.

PS / April 2005
Design shear force, VEd = 213.84 kNm Sheet 18

EN1993-1-1
VEd / Vc.Rd = 0.50 < 1.0 therefore OK 6.2.6(1), Eq (6.17)
4.3.3. Combined bending and shear check

Since the design shear force is less than half the plastic shear resistance its effect EN1993-1-1
on the moment resistance may be neglected. 6.2.8(2)
4.3.4. Buckling check

It is not possible to verify the buckling resistance of the unrestrained channels since
there is no guidance on determining the value of Mcr, the elastic critical moment for
lateral-torsional buckling.
4.3.5. Localised stress check

Verification of the resistance of the sheet pile to the localised stresses produced EN1993-5, 7.4.3
by the connections between sheet piles, walings and tie rods.
For this example it is assumed that the waling is behind the pile wall and that
alternate pile pans are fastened to the waling with tie bolts (Figure 7-4 of EN1993-5).
(The tie bolts are checked in a similar manner to the anchor tie rods and a
satisfactory size is M30 bolts in steel grade S355J0 with 210x210x25 washer plates.)
The resistance of the sheet pile wall is determined using the method given in 7.4.3(3)
a) Shear resistance of flange EN1993-5, 7.4.3(3)

Verify that FEd ≤ RVf,Rd EN1993-5 Eq.(7.4)
Where:
FEd is the design value of the localised transverse force applied through the flange
(anchor load x span i.e. 1.2m here).
FEd = 148.5 × 1.2 = 178.20 kN
RVf,Rd is the design value of the shear resistance of the flange under the washer plate
given by
R Vf .Rd = (2.0 x ((b a + h a ) x t f ))(f y /( ( 3) x ! M0 ) EN1993-5 Eq.(7.5)
Where:
ba is the width of the washer plate, ba = 210 mm
ha is the length of the washer plate (but ≤ 1.5 x ba), ha = 210 mm < 1.5 x ba
tf is the flange thickness, tf = 9.8 ! (1 + 1.2) = 7.6 mm (allowing for corrosion)
Note: The corrosion allowances are 1.0 mm for the atmospheric exposure and 1.2 mm for
the buried face.
2
fy is the yield strength of the sheet pile, fy = 270 N/mm
γM0 = 1.00 EN1993-1-1, 6.1(1)

PS / April 2005
RVf.Rd = (2 × ((ba + ha) × tf)) × (fy / (√(3) × γM0)) = 995.17 kN
FEd < RVf.Rd therefore OK
b) Tensile resistance of webs EN1993-5, 7.4.3(3)

Verify that FEd ≤ Rtw.Rd EN1993-5 Eq.(7.6)
Where:
RVf.Rd is the design value of the tensile resistance of 2 webs given as
R tw .Rd = (2 x h a x t w x f y ) / ! M0 EN1993-5 Eq.(7.7)

Where:
tw is the web thickness, tw = 9.0 ! (1 + 1.2) = 6.8 mm (allowing for corrosion)
Note: The corrosion allowances are 1.0 mm for the atmospheric exposure and 1.2 mm for
the buried face.
Rtw.Rd = (2 × ha × tw × fy) / γM0 = 771.12 kN
FEd < Rtw.Rd therefore OK EN1993-5 Eq.(7.6)
c) Width of washer plate EN1003-5 7.4.3(3)

Verify that ba ≥ 0.8b EN1993-5 Eq.(7.8)
Where:
ba is the width of the washer plate ba = 210 mm
b is the width of the flange (as defined in Table 5.1 of EN1993-5), b = 258 mm
0.8 × b = 206.40 mm
ba > b therefore OK
d) Thickness of washer plate EN1003-5 7.4.3(3)

The minimum thickness for the washer plate is 2 x t f
where:
Tf is the flange thickness, tf = 9.8 mm
2 × tf = 19.60 mm
The specified thickness of the washer plate is 25 mm
25 mm > 2 x tf therefore OK
There is a requirement to verify the bending capacity which will depend on the
method of analysis adopted to determine the design bending moment. Using

PS / April 2005
Engineering judgement it is considered that the 25 mm thick washer plate will be

sufficient for the applied load in this example.
Therefore thickness of washer plate is OK

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Companion Document to EN 1993 and EN 1994 – Steel and Steel and Concrete Composite Buildings

Design Topic Eurocode Clause Number Companion Document

Steel and Concrete Composite Design

Fire Design – Steel

Material properties BS EN 1993-1-2 Section 3 4.2.1

Moment capacity BS EN 1993-1-2 4.2.3.3 (Class 1

Tension and bending

Critical temperature BS EN 1993-1-2 4.2.4

Steel Sheet Pile design

Subject: Made by/date:

Anchored sheet pile wall

prEN1993-5, Eurocode 3 – Design of steel structures – Part 5: Piling, July 2004

BS EN 1997-1, Eurocode 7 – Geotechnical design – Part 1: General rules, currently in preparation

BS EN 12699:2001, Execution of special geotechnical work – displacement, February 2001

Notes on European Standards

prEN denotes a draft European standard that is not publicly available

Note on values contained in this worked example

Subject: Made by/date:

1. Introduction Table & clause

Figure 1. Section through sheet pile wall (not to scale)

1.1. Soil parameters

Subject: Made by/date:

The guidance given in EN 1997-1 is used to determine the design loads. It is

"' a.g = (K a x " v ' ) ! (2 x c ' x (K a )) Annex C Eq. C1

!' a.q = K a x q and is an unfavourable variable geotechnical action Annex C Eq. C1

Subject: Made by/date:

At any depth the limiting passive earth pressure is calculated from

So the design active pressure at a given depth is determined from:

! "'a.d = (# G x K a x " v' ) + (# Q x K a x q)

And design passive resistance is determined from:

! "' p.d = (K p x " v ' ) / ! R (as c’ = 0 in this example) Table A13

Where: (see Figure 1 also)

Subject: Made by/date:

Table 1. Ka and Kp values

Subject: Made by/date:

Figure 2. Pressure diagram for Combination 1

Poh = 198.96 + 43.00 - 148.82 = 93.14 kN

Subject: Made by/date:

All Shear forces given in kN

Figure 3. Shear force diagram for Combination 1

The calculations for Combination 1 are repeated for Combination 2 using

So, γφ = 1.25 and γc = 1.0 Table A4

tan ! d ' = (tan ! R ' ) / 1.25

Table 2. Ka and Kp values

Subject: Made by/date:

The action partial factors are: Annex A

And the resistance partial factor is, γR = 1.0 Table A13

Subject: Made by/date:

Figure 4. Pressure diagram for Combination 2

All Shear forces given in kN

Figure 5. Shear force diagram for Combination 2

Subject: Made by/date:

3. Selection of pile section

The Section classification limits for U profiles are: EN1993-5

! = 0.93 or 0.81 respectively.

Subject: Made by/date:

Subject: Made by/date:

Subject: Made by/date: