Generation and absorption of reactive power by various

components of a Power System

Synchronous Generators:

Can generate or absorb reactive power by control of field voltage. The amount of reactive
power which can be exchanged by a generator is given by the reactive power capability curve
in rotating-type excitation systems, field voltage is obtained using separate generators
connected to the same shaft as the main generator. The excitation for these excitation
generators themselves is obtained by self-excitation or permanent magnet generators. Control
is achieved by controlled rectification using thyristor bridges. A schematic of a brushless
rotating excitation system is shown on below.

Production and Absorption of Reactive Power

In static excitation systems, the field voltage is obtained directly by rectifying (using
controlled rectifiers) the output voltage of the main synchronous generator. Therefore in these
systems, the generator is practically self-excited with some initial voltage being obtained
temporarily using station batteries (called field flashing).

In static excitation systems, it is necessary to use slip rings to convey the field voltage
(output of the controlled rectifier) to the rotating field winding of the main generator. An
exciter is usually controlled so as to regulate generator terminal voltage. The general structure
of a voltage regulator system is shown on the right. While the regulator maintains voltage
close to the reference value, an operator may also slowly change the reference value itself if a
change in reactive power is desired. A typical excitation system also utilizes limiting signals
which change the reference voltage so that the generator works within its reactive power
capability.
Production and Absorption of Reactive Power: Other Power System Components

Overhead Lines: Absorb or supply reactive power based on loading conditions. Overhead
transmission lines may draw or supply reactive power depending on the loading conditions. A
line draws reactive power if loading is higher than the Surge Impedance Loading and
generates reactive power otherwise.

Cables: Surge Impedance of cables can be quite high (higher than the thermal limits) and
they are typically loaded much below their Surge Impedance Loading. This leads to
significant generation of reactive power and overvoltage problems if cable length is greater
than 30-40 km.

Transformers: Transformers generally absorb reactive power due to shunt magnetising and
series leakage reactances.

Loads: Normally absorb reactive power (see power factor of some loads in the previous
module).