1. Differentiate between simple and fractional Distillation, according to its process, and set-up.

- The difference between simple and fractional distillation is that, simple has liquid
components with large boiling point difference that can be separated, while Fractional distillation
has a liquid components with close boiling point difference that can be separated. In terms of their
set up the difference between the two, is that fractional distillation has a fractional column that is
why it is called Fractional distillation, that isn’t present in the setup of the simple distillation. For
their processes the difference is that doing simple distillation can cause us multiple times of
distillation to achieve that pure substance and that is very time consuming. This involves boiling
the mixture at first, and the compound with the lowest boiling point will start vaporizing. In a
mixture of two liquids the vapor formed will be rich in the compound which has the lowest boiling
point. At this point, the temperature remains steady until the fraction of the compound with the
lowest boiling point in the liquid mixture reaches zero. Thereafter, the temperature again starts to
rise until it reaches the boiling point of the compound with the highest boiling point. On the other
hand fractional distillation allow us to effectively do multiple distillation at ounce that gives us
much easier process in getting our desired result. In a mixture of two components, on heating the
mixture, the vapor formed will consist of both components. At some point, the top of the
fractionating column will reach the temperature of the lower boiling point, the component which
with the lower boiling point will be distilled. The whole amount of the component with the lower
boiling point will be gradually collected into the flask, and the one with higher boiling point remains
in the flask. Fractional distillation is the technique used to purify crude oil into numerous
components.

2. What is the role of fractional column?

- the role of fractional column is that, it is use in the fractional distillation which gives
repeating vaporization and condensation that gives much easier in distilling process.
Fractionating column contains glass beads to provide a larger surface area for vaporization and
condensation to happen Used to separate the liquids according to the order of their vaporization
so that they get separated as they are vaporized. Also, to increase the cooling surface area and
to provide hurdle or obstructions to the ascending vapors and descending liquid.

3. What is the purpose of boiling stones?

- putting some anti- bumping granules or these’ boiling stones have pores inside which
provide cavities both to trap air and to provide spaces where bubbles of solvent vapor can form.
These bubbles ensure even boiling and prevent bumping and boiling over and loss of the solution.
It allows the formation of a lot of small bubbles that preventing bumping or spilling.

4. Define boiling point.

- temperature at which the pressure exerted by the surroundings upon a liquid is equaled
by the pressure exerted by the vapor of the liquid; under this condition, addition of heat results in
the transformation of the liquid into its vapor without raising the temperature. Base on the video,
it is the slowly rising of temperature of the substance and it reach its peak of boiling or the hotness
of it.
5. What are azeotropes?

- a mixture that exhibits the same concentration in the vapor phase and the liquid phase,
means constant-boiling mixture with a constant mole fraction composition of components. These
mixtures can either have a lower boiling point or a higher boiling point of the components. They
are termed as constant boiling mixtures as their composition remains unchanged by distillation.
That is the constitutions stays in the same proportion even when the azeotrope is boiled. When
distillation cannot alter a fraction of a liquid, it results in azeotropes.

6. What are the different types of alcoholic beverages based on their source and alcoholic
content?

- There are two categories of alcoholic beverages are the distilled and undistilled.
Undistilled drinks also are called fermented drinks. Fermentation is that the process by which
bacteria or yeast chemically converts sugar into ethanol. Wine and beer are both fermented,
undistilled alcoholic beverages. Wineries ferment grapes to form wine and breweries ferment
barley, wheat, and other grains to create beer. Distillation is a process which follows fermentation.
The process converts a fermented substance into one with an even higher concentration of
alcohol. Distillation concentrates alcohol by separating it from the water and other components of
a fermented substance. Liquors and spirits are distilled alcoholic beverages. They contain more
alcohol by volume than undistilled drinks. In general, a distilled alcoholic beverage will have a
higher alcohol proof. Undistilled Drinks are; Beer is the most popular alcoholic beverage
worldwide. In fact, after water and tea, beer is the most commonly-consumed drink in the world.
Beer is also most likely the oldest alcoholic drink in history. A standard beer, whether it be a lager
or an ale, has between 4% to 6% ABV, although some beers have higher or lower concentrations
of alcohol. For example, “light beers” only have between 2% to 4% ABV while “malt liquors” have
between 6% to 8%. Wine is another popular and ancient alcoholic beverage. Standard wine has
less than 14% ABV. Champagne, the most well-known sparkling wine, has an alcohol
concentration of about 10% to 12%. Some wines are “fortified” with distilled alcohol. Port,
Madeira, Marsala, Vermouth, and Sherry are examples of fortified wines. They usually have about
20% ABV. Hard cider is fermented apple juice. It usually has about 5% ABV. Mead, a blend of
water and fermented honey, has between 10% to 14% ABV. Saké, a well-known Japanese drink
made from fermented rice, has an alcohol concentration of about 16% ABV. Distilled Drinks
(Liquors and Spirits) are: Gin is a spirit made from juniper berries. It can have anywhere from
35% to 55% ABV. Brandy is distilled wine. The concentration of alcohol in brandy ranges from
35% to 60%. For example, one famous brandy, Cognac, has 40% ABV. Whiskey is a spirit made
from fermented grain. The ABV of whiskey ranges from 40% to 50%. Rum, a distilled drink made
from fermented sugarcane or molasses, has a typical alcohol concentration of 40% ABV. Some
rum is “overproof,” meaning that it has alcohol concentration of at least 57.5% ABV. Most
overproof rum exceeds this minimum, usually reaching 75.5% ABV, which is equivalent to 151
proof. Tequila is a type of liquor. The main ingredient of tequila is the Mexican agave plant. The
alcohol concentration of tequila is typically about 40% ABV. Vodka, a liquor usually made from
fermented grains and potatoes, has a standard alcohol concentration of 40% ABV in the United
States. Absinthe is a spirit made from a variety of leaves and herbs. There is no evidence for
the idea that absinthe is a hallucinogen, but it does have a high alcohol concentration. Some
forms of absinthe have about 40% ABV, while others have as much as 90% ABV. Everclear, a
grain-based spirit, is another drink with a heavy concentration of alcohol. The minimum ABV of
Everclear is 60%, but Everclear can also have 75.5% and 95% ABV.
7. Discuss Raoult’s Law and Dalton’s Law.

- Raoult’s Law have a form of an equilibrium constant in which the particles are going from
the ideal liquid phase to the ideal gas phase. The partial pressure is the pressure that each gas
would exert if it alone occupied the volume of the mixture at the same temperature. It states that
the vapor pressure of a solvent above a solution is equal to the vapor pressure of the pure solvent
at the same temperature scaled by the mole fraction of the solvent present:
Psolution=χsolventPosolvent

Dalton’s Law states that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the
partial pressures of the component gases Ptotal = Pgas1 + Pgas2 + Pgas3 + …….It can also be
expressed using the mole fraction of a gas, x:Pgas1 = x1Ptotal. This follows the kinetic theory of
gases under the assumption of perfect gas and assumes no chemical interaction between the
component gases. It is approximately valid for real gases at sufficiently low pressures and high
tempratures.

8. What does distillation curve indicates? Explain.

- Distillation curved is shown in a graph where it indicates temperature and time. When the
heat rising slowly and reached its boiling point of a fluid mixture in the fractional distillation and
see a plateau that indicates phase change, that the temperature stays constant as the substance
change from liquid to gas. But that’s not exactly what happens, because it’s started with
increasing of heat but instead in a plateau a slope happens, because before getting your desired
result of a mixture to separate. The slopes indicates some fluid mixture. That means you still not
get the pure substance that you want.

9. What is the purpose of flammability test in distillation?

- Flammability test in the distillation process helps the mixture to know the characteristics
and color of it. Since the mixture contains alcohol, characteristics can be easily distinguished
when ignited.

10. What is the principle involved in extraction?

- Is a method used for the separation of compound from a combination of organic

compound. This system selectively dissolves one or more compounds into an appropriate
solvent. So, after separating the solvents, residual water will remain the organic layer.

11. Compare simple with multiple extraction. Which is more efficient? Explain.

- simple extraction used to separate compound from a mixture, on the other hand multiple
extractions involved quantity of solvent used to extract one layer sometimes aqueous layer,
multiple times in succession it is repeated two to three times or depending if the compound has
low partition coefficient in the organic solvent. Also, with small amounts of volume is much easier
that than single extraction with larger volume.
12. How will NaCl affect the efficiency of extraction?

- The bulk of water can be removed by shaking/ turning up side down the organic layer
with saturated aqueous sodium chloride. The salt water works to pull the water from the organic
layer to the water layer. This because the concentrated salt solution wants to become more dilute
and because salts have stronger attraction to water than organic solvents.