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Eurocode 4: Serviceability Limit States of Composite Beams
Eurocode 4: Serviceability Limit States of Composite Beams
Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
Eurocodes
Background and Applications
Dissemination of information for training
18-20 February 2008, Brussels
Eurocode 4
Serviceability limit states of
composite beams
1
G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Contents Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
Part 1: Introduction
Part 2: Global analysis for serviceability limit states
Part 3: Crack width control
Part 4: Deformations
Part 5: Limitation of stresses
Part 6: Vibrations
2
G. Hanswille
Serviceability limit states Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
Limitation of stresses
Limitation of deflections
vibrations
web breathing
3
G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Serviceability limit states Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
characteristic combination: {
Ed = E ∑ Gk, j + Pk + Qk,1 + ∑ ψ 0,i Qk,i }
frequent combination: {
Ed = E ∑ Gk, j + Pk + ψ1,1 Qk,1 + ∑ ψ 2,i Qk,i }
quasi-permanent combination: {
Ed = E ∑ Gk, j + Pk + ∑ ψ 2,i Qk,i }
serviceability limit states
Ed ≤ Cd:
- deformation
- crack width
- excessive compressive stresses in concrete
Cd= - excessive slip in the interface between steel
and concrete
- excessive creep deformation
- web breathing
- vibrations
4
G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
Part 2:
Global analysis for serviceability limit states
5
G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Global analysis - General Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
shear lag;
creep and shrinkage of concrete;
cracking of concrete and tension stiffening of concrete;
sequence of construction;
increased flexibility resulting from significant incomplete
interaction due to slip of shear connection;
inelastic behaviour of steel and reinforcement, if any;
torsional and distorsional warping, if any.
6
G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Shear lag- effective width Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
5 bei
be stresses taking into
y
account the effective
width bi
bei
bei
≥ 0,2
The flexibility of steel or σmax σR bi
concrete flanges affected by σ(y)
shear in their plane (shear ⎡b ⎤
σR = 1,25 ⎢ ei − 0,2⎥ σmax
lag) shall be used either by ⎣ bi ⎦
rigorous analysis, or by using 4
⎡ y⎤
an effective width be
y σ( y ) = σR + [σmax − σR ] ⎢1− ⎥
⎣ bi ⎦
bi
7
G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Effective width of concrete flanges Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
b1 bo b2
L3
L1 L2
Mc,o -Mc,r
-Nc,o Nc,r
-zi,c
ast ML
zi,st Mst,o Mst,r
Nst,o -Nst,r
In the following the different types of loading and action effects are distinguished by a
subscript L :
L=P for permanent action effects not changing with time
L=PT time-dependent action effects developing affine to the creep coefficient
L=S action effects caused by shrinkage of concrete
L=D action effects due to prestressing by imposed deformations (e.g. jacking of
supports)
MD
MPT(ti) δ
ϕ(t,to) ML=MD
ϕ(ti,to) ϕ(t∞,to) +
10
G. Hanswille
Modular ratios taking into account Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
effects of creep Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
zis,L -zic,L zc
centroidal axis of the transformed
ast
zi,L composite section
zist,L
centroidal axis of the steel section
zst (structural steel and reinforcement)
nL = no [ 1+ ψL ϕ( t, t o ) ]
Ea
Modular ratios: no =
Ecm
σc(x)
Ns mean strain εsm=εs,2- βΔεs,r fct,eff
Δε s = β
ρs E s σc(x)
τv
Nsy β = 0,4 σs(x) σs,2
Δε s = β Δε s,r ρs = A s / A c
σc(x)
Nsm
σs(x)
Ns,cr fully
cracked
section Ns Ns
Δε s,r
σ s2
εsr,1 εsr,2 εsm,y εsy ε ε s,2 =
Es
εsm β Δε s,r
A B C
εs(x)
fct
stage A: uncracked section Ec εc(x) x
stage B: initial crack formation
stage C: stabilised crack formation
13
G. Hanswille
Influence of tension stiffening of concrete on Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
stresses in reinforcement Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
εsm
Ns
equilibrium:
zs
Ms≈0 M Ma = M − Ns a
a
Ma εa Na = − Ns
-κ
za Na
compatibility:
εsm = εa + κ a
mean strain in the concrete slab:
Ns Ns a2 M a
εsm + + =
Ea A a Ea A a Ea Ja
Δεs=β Δεs,r
εs,2 mean strain in the concrete
εs,m slab:
εs
Ns fct,eff
ε sm = ε s2 − β Δε sr = −β
εc Es A s ρs Es
14
G. Hanswille
Redistribution of sectional forces due to tension Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
stiffening Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
fctm A s
M f M ΔNts ΔNts a ΔNts = β
σ s = Ed z st,s + β ctm σa = Ed z st − + za ρs α st
Jst ρs α st Jst Aa Ja
16
G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Influence of tension stiffening on flexural stiffness Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
Ns εsm Curvature:
M Ma M − Ns a
κ= = =
-Ms -M Est I2,ts Est Ja Est Ja
a
zst κ
-Ma Effective flexural
εa stiffness:
-Na
Ea Ja
Est J2,ts =
M EJ (N − Ns,ε ) a
1− s
M
Est J1
17
G. Hanswille
Effects of cracking of concrete - General Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
ΔM Redistribution of
bending moments due to
cracking of concrete
un-cracked analysis
cracked analysis
18
G. Hanswille
Effects of cracking of concrete – Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
simplified method Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
19
G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
Part 3:
Limitation of crack width
20
G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Control of cracking Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
General considerations
minimum reinforcement
If crack width control is required, a minimum amount of bonded
reinforcement is required to control cracking in areas where tension due to
restraint and or direct loading is expected. The amount may be estimated
from equilibrium between the tensile force in concrete just before cracking
and the tensile force in the reinforcement at yielding or at a lower stress if
necessary to limit the crack width. According to Eurocode 4-1-1 the
minimum reinforcement should be placed, where under the characteristic
combination of actions, stresses in concrete are tensile.
control of cracking due to direct loading
(1) For XO and XC1 exposure classes, crack width has no influence on
durability and this limit is set to guarantee acceptable appearance. In
absence of appearance conditions this limit may be relaxed.
(2) For these exposure classes, in addition, decompression should be
checked under the quasi-permanent combination of loads.
22
G. Hanswille
Exposure classes according to EN 1992-1-1 Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
(risk of corrosion of reinforcement) Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
XC2 wet, rarely dry concrete surfaces subjected to long term water contact, foundations
XC4 cyclic wet and dry concrete surfaces subject to water contact not within class XC2
XD2 wet, rarely dry swimming pools, members exposed to industrial waters containing
chlorides
XD3 cyclic wet and dry car park slabs, pavements, parts of bridges exposed to spray containing
23
G. Hanswille
Cracking of concrete (initial crack formation) Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
w
Ns Equilibrium in longitudinal direction:
Ns
σs A s = σs,1 A s + σc,1 A c
ε εs Compatibility at the end of the introduction
εc length:
σ σ
ε s,1 = εc,1 ⇒ s,1 = c,1
Es Ec
Les Les ⎡ ρs no ⎤ =
Es
σ σs,1 = σs ⎢ ⎥
n o
Ec
Δσs ⎣ 1+ ρs no ⎦
σs Change of stresses in reinforcement
σc,1 σs,1 due to cracking:
σs
Δσ s = σ s − σ s,1 =
Les Les 1+ ρ s no
σc,1 Ns,r = fctm A c (1+ ρs no )
σs,2
w
Ns Change of stresses in reinforcement
Ns due to cracking:
σs
Δσs = σs − σs,1 =
ε εs 1+ ρs no
εc Equilibrium in longitudinal direction
L es Us τsm = Δσs A s
π d2s
Les Les L es π ds τsm = Δσs
σ 4
As
Δσs ρs =
introduction length LEs Ac
σs
σc,1 σs,1
σ d Es
1 no =
L es = s s Ec
4 τsm 1+ no ρs
Les Les
σc,1 crack width
τsm σs,2 Us -perimeter of the bar
As -cross-section area
σs,1
ρs -reinforcement ratio w = 2 L es (εsm − εcm )
τsm -mean bond strength
Les 25
Determination of the mean strains of G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
reinforcement and concrete in the stage of initial Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
crack formation University of Wuppertal-Germany
w
Mean bond strength:
Ns Ns
1 LEs
τs,m = ∫ τs ( x ) dx ≈ 1,8 fctm
Les o
x 26
G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Determination of initial crack width Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
w
Ns Ns crack width
∗ Crack width w:
σs maximum bar diameterds for
[N/mm2] (1 − β) σ 2s ds 1 σ 2s ds
wk= 0,4 wk= 0,3 wk= 0,2 w= ≈
2 τsm E s 1+ no ρs 6 fct,m E s
160 40 32 25
Maximum bar diameter for a
200 32 25 16
required crack width w:
240 20 16 12
2 τsm Es ( 1+ no ρs )
280 16 12 8 ds = w
σ2s (1 − β)
320 12 10 6
With τsm= 1,8 fct,mo and the reference
360 10 8 5 value for the mean tensile strength of
400 8 6 4 concrete fctm,o= 2,9 N/mm2 follows:
29
G. Hanswille
Crack width for stabilised crack formation Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
w
Ns The maximum crack spacing sr,max in the
stage of stabilised crack formation is twice
the introduction length Les.
ε σ
εs,2 = s w = sr,max (ε sm − εcm )
Es
εs(x)
εs(x)- εc(x) fctm A c fctm ds
fct Les = =
Ec Us τsm ρs 4 τsm
εc(x)
maximum crack width for sr= sr,max
sr,max= 2 Les sr,min= Les
fctm ds ⎛ σs fctm ⎞
β= 0,6 for short term loading w= ⎜⎜ −β (1 + no ρs ) ⎟⎟
2 τsm ρs ⎝ Es ρs E s ⎠
β= 0,4 for long term loading and
repeated loading
30
G. Hanswille
Crack width and crack spacing according Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Eurocode 2 Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
w = sr,max (ε sm − εcm )
Crack width
σ fctm σs
εsm − εcm = s − β (1 + no ρs ) ≥ 0,6
Es Es ρs Es
β= 0,6 for short term loading
β= 0,4 for long term loading and repeated loading
kc,ε≈ 0,3
⎡ kc A c σc,ε (1+ ρs no ) ⎤
⎢ Nc + s,ε − ⎥
1 1+ hc /( 2 z o ) ⎥
Ncr = A c fct,eff (1 + ρ s n0 ) ⎢ +
⎢ 1 + hc /(2 z o ) A c fct,eff (1 + ρs n0 ) ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ 32
G. Hanswille
Simplified solution for the cracking moment Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
and the normal force in the concrete slab Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
Mc+s,ε
σcε
1
kc = + 0,3 ≤ 1,0
h
Nc+s,ε 1+ c
2 zo
33
G. Hanswille
Determination of minimum reinforcement Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
Mc Mc,ε
hc Nc,ε
zo Nc Mcr
cracking shrinkage
moment
zi,o Ma,ε
Na,ε
A c fct,eff 1 f
As ≥ k k s kc kc = + 0,3 ≤ 1,0 ds = d∗s ct,eff fcto= 2,9 N/mm2
σs 1+ hc z o fct,o
k = 0,8 Influence of non linear residual stresses due to shrinkage and temperature effects
ks = 0,9 flexibility of shear connection
kc Influence of distribution of tensile stresses in concrete immediately prior to
cracking
d∗s maximum bar diameter
ds modified bar diameter for other concrete strength classes
σs stress in reinforcement acc. to Table 1
fct,eff effective concrete tensile strength
34
G. Hanswille
Control of cracking due to direct loading – Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Verification by limiting bar spacing or bar diameter Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
stresses in reinforcement σ = σ
s,2 + Δσ ts
The calculation of stresses is taking into account tension s
based on the mean strain in the MEd fct,eff
stiffening for the bending
concrete slab. The factor β σs = z st,s + β
results from the mean value of
moment MEd of the quasi J2 ρs α st
crack spacing. With srm≈ 2/3 permanent combination:
sr,max results β ≈ 2/3 ·0,6 = 0,4 As A 2 J2
ρs = β = 0,4 α st =
Ac A a Ja
36
G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Direct calculation of crack width w for Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
composite sections based on EN 1992-2 University of Wuppertal-Germany
As -Ms
Ns σs,
-zst,s
-Ma MEd
zst
-Na
w = sr,max (ε sm − εcm )
MEd fct,eff
σs = zst,s + β
Jst ρs α st σ fctm σs
εsm − εcm = s − β (1 + no ρs ) ≥ 0,6
Es Es ρs Es
A st Jst As
α st = ρs = β = 0,4
A a Ja Ac d
sr,max = 3,4 c + 0,34 s
ρs
c - concrete cover of reinforcement
37
G. Hanswille
Stresses in reinforcement in case of bonded Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
tendons – initial crack formation Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
σs=σs1+Δσs
σ s A s = π ds τsm L e,s
σp Δσp A p = π dp τpm L ep
Ap, dp
Equilibrium at the crack:
As, ds N − Po = σs2 A s + Δ σp2 A p
Maximum crack spacing:
σs
fct A c =
sr,max
2
[
τsm ns ds π + τpm np dp π ]
Δσp2
ds fct,eff A c
sr,max =
2 τsm ( A s + ξ2 A p )
Ap As
σs,σp Stresses σ*s in reinforcement
at the crack location
neglecting different bond
-zst,s behaviour of reinforcement
MEd and tendons:
zst MEd f
σ*s = z st,s + β ctm
Jst ρ tot α st
A st Jst
α st = β = 0,4
A a Ja
Stresses in reinforcement taking into account the
different bond behaviour:
⎡ Ac Ac ⎤ ⎡ 1 1 ⎤ A s + Ap
σ s = σ *s + 0,4 fct,eff ⎢ − ⎥ = σ *s + 0,4 fct,eff ⎢ − ⎥ ρ tot =
⎢ A s + ξ12 A p A s + A p ⎥ ⎣ ρeff ρ tot ⎦ Ac
⎣ ⎦
⎡ A ⎤ A s + ξ12 A p
ξ12 A c ⎡ 1 ξ12 ⎤ ρeff =
Δσp = σ *s − 0,4 fct,eff ⎢ c − ⎥ = σ *s − 0,4 fct,eff ⎢ − ⎥ Ac
⎢ A s + A p A s + ξ12 A p ⎥ ⎢
⎣ ρ ρ ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ tot eff
40
G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
Part 4:
Deformations
41
G. Hanswille
Deflections Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
L1 L2
0,15 L1 0,15 L2 Deflections due to loading applied to the
composite member should be calculated
using elastic analysis taking into account
EaJ2
effects from
EaJ1
ΔM - cracking of concrete,
- creep and shrinkage,
- sequence of construction,
Sequence of construction - influence of local yielding of
gc structural steel at internal supports,
- influence of incomplete interaction.
F steel member
F composite member
42
G. Hanswille
Deformations and pre-cambering Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
combination limitation
general quasi - δ1 deflection of the steel girder
permanent δmax ≤ L / 250
δc deflection of the composite
risk of damage of adjacent quasi – girder
parts of the structure (e.g. permanent
finish or service work) δ w ≤ L / 500 Pre-cambering of the steel
(better frequent)
girder:
δp = δ1+ δ2+ δ3 +ψ2 δ4
δ1 δ1
δp
δ2 δmax maximum deflection
δ3 δc δw δw effective deflection for finish
and service work
δ4 δmax
44
G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
More accurate method for the determination of Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
the effects of local yielding on deflections University of Wuppertal-Germany
L1 L2
lcr lcr +
z2 -
- Mel,Rk
Mpl,Rk
σa=fyk fyk
EaJ1 EaJ2
(EJ)eff
EaJeff EaJ2
ΔM
EaJeff
P
P
cD
s s
su
46
G. Hanswille
Differential equations in case of incomplete Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
interaction Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
Mc Vc+dVc
Ec, Ac, Jc Vc Mc+ dMc
vL uc , u′c = ε c
ac N Nc+dNc
c
a zc vL
aa Ma
Ea, Aa, Ja Ma+ dMa
ua , u′a = ε a
za (w) Na Na+dNa
Va
Va+dVa
dx
Slip: sv = ua − uc + w ′ a
Ec A c u′c′ + c s (ua − uc + w ′ a ) = 0
Ea A a u′c′ − c s (ua − uc + w ′ a) = 0
(Ec Jc + Ea Ja ) w ′′′′ − c s a (u′a − u′c + w ′′ a) = q
Na = E a A a u′a Ma = − Ea Ja w ′′ Va = − Ea Ja w ′′′
x
47
G. Hanswille
Deflection in case of incomplete interaction for Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
single span beams Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
concrete section
F composite section
Aco=Ac/no, Jco= Jc/no
w
Aio, Jio
L steel section no=Ea/Ec
Aa, Ja
⎡
sinh 2 ( λ )⎤
3 ⎢ 12 48 ⎥
FL 2
w= 1+ −
48 E a Ii,o ⎢⎢ α λ2 α λ3 sinh( λ ) ⎥⎥
⎣ ⎦ 1+ α
λ2 =
q αβ
L E a A c,o A a
β=
A i,o c s L ²
⎡ λ ⎤ 1
4 cosh( ) − 1 α=
5 q L ⎢ 48 1 384 1 2 ⎥
w= ⎢1 + − ⎥ Ji,o
384 E a Ji,o ⎢ 5 α λ2 5 α λ4 cosh( λ ) ⎥ −1
⎣ 2 ⎦ Ja + Jc,o
48
G. Hanswille
Mean values of stiffness of headed studs Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
su
spring constant per stud:
CD =
PRd
cs
spring constant of the shear C n
cs = D t
connection: eL
q(ξ ) = q sin πξ
The influence of the flexibility of the shear connection is
taken into account by a reduced value for the modular
ratio.
L L4 1 L4 1
wo = q =q
x π4 βo Ecm A c Ea A a π 4 Ea Jio,eff
ξ= EcmJc + Ea Ja + a2
L Ea A a + βo Ecm A c
π2 Ecm A c
no,eff = no ( 1 + βs ) βs =
L2 c s
50
G. Hanswille
Comparison of the exact method with the Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
simplified method Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
q w/wc
1,5
cD = 1000 KN/cm
1,4
L
1,3
η=0,4
w 1,2
beff
1,1 η=0,8
Ecm = 3350 KN/cm² L [m]
99 1,0
5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0
51
exact solution
simplified solution with no,eff
450 mm w/wc
1,25
cD = 2000 KN/cm
1,2
1,15 η=0,4
wo- deflection in case of
neglecting effects from slip 1,1
of shear connection 1,05 η=0,8
L [m]
η degree of shear connection 1,0
5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0
51
G. Hanswille
Deflection in case of incomplete interaction- Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
comparison with test results Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
F
load case 1
1875 1875
F
load case 2 F/2 F/2
F [kN] Deflection at
200
midspan
load case 1
445
270
IPE 270 δ
0
20 40 60 [mm]
52
G. Hanswille
Deflection in case of incomplete interaction- Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Comparison with test results Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
F
F
160 push-out test
120
s 780
80
40
s[mm]
10 20 30 40
125 50
second moment Load case 1 Load case 2
of area F= 60 kN F=145 kN
cm4 Deflection at midspan in mm
Theoretical value, neglecting flexibility Jio= 32.387,0 7,8 (71%) 12,9 (65%)
of shear connection
Theoretical value, taking into account Jio,eff= 21.486,0 11,7 (106%) 19,4 (97%)
flexibility of shear connection
53
G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
Part 5:
Limitation of stresses
54
G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Limitation of Stresses Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
σc MEd
Stress limitation is not required for beams if
in the ultimate limit state,
- + - no+ verification of fatigue is required and
σa
- no prestressing by tendons and /or
σs
+ - - no prestressing by controlled imposed
MEd
deformations is provided.
σa
-
combination stress limit recommended
values ki
structural steel characteristic σEd ≤ ka fyk ka = 1,00
zio
x y
z Ac,eff
MEd +
MEd(x)
Concentrated longitudinal shear force at
sudden change of cross-section
VEd(x) VEd - 2 MEd A c,eff zio
Lv=beff
+ v L,Ed,max =
Ea / Ec Jio b eff
vL,Ed,max
longitudinal shear forces Nc
+
-
56
G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Local effects of concentrated longitudinal Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
shear forces University of Wuppertal-Germany
gc,d
system
L = 40 m
FE-Model
cross-section bc=10 m
300 shear connectors
y P
500x20
14x2000
800x60
CD = 3000 kN/cm
per stud
z δ
57
G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Ultimate limit state - longitudinal shear forces Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
EN 1994-2
ULS
x [cm]
P FE-Model:
cD
s
FE-Model
P
L = 40 m
cD s
x
58
G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Serviceability limit state - longitudinal Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
shear forces University of Wuppertal-Germany
vL,Ed[kN/m]
SLS EN 1994-2
500
x [cm]
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
-500
P FE-Model:
-1000
cD
-1500 s
-2000
-2500 FE-Model
-3000 P
L = 40 m
-3500 cD s
x
-4000
59
G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
Part 6:
Vibrations
60
G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Vibration- General Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
61
G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Vibration - General Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
EN 1990-A1.4.4:
For serviceability limit state of a structure or a structural member not to
be exceeded when subjected to vibrations, the natural frequency of
vibrations of the structure or structural member should be kept
above appropriate values which depend upon the function of the
building and the source of the vibration, and agreed with the client
and/or the relevant authority.
Possible sources of vibration that should be considered include walking,
synchronised movements of people, machinery, ground borne vibrations
from traffic and wind actions. These, and other sources, should be
specified for each project and agreed with the client.
Note in EN 1990-A.1.4.4: Further information is given in ISO 10137.
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G. Hanswille
Vibration – Example vertical vibration due Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
to walking persons Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
⎡ 3 ⎤
time t ∑
F( t ) = Go ⎢1 + αn sin (2 n π fs t − Φ n )⎥
⎢⎣ n =1 ⎥⎦
F(t) acceleration
( t ) = k a
w
Fn π
Mgen δ
(
sin (2 π fE t ) 1 − e − δ fE t ) t=
L
vs
Mgen
maximum acceleration a, vertical deflection w and
w(t) maximum velocity v
c a
w max =
δ
amax=k
Fn π
a
Mgen δ
(
1 − e − fE δ L / v s )
(2 π fE )2
xk a
Fn(t) v max =
2 π fE
m
fE natural frequency
w(xk,t) Fn load component of n-th harmonic
δ logarithmic damping decrement
L/2 vs forward speed of the person
ka Fn(t) ka factor taking into account the different
positions xk during walking along the beam
w(t) Mgen generated mass of the system
(single span beam: Mgen=0,5 m L)
L 65
G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Logarithmic damping decrement Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
acceleration [m/s2]
natural frequency of
0,1 typical composite
beams
0,05
Multiplying factors Ka for the basic curve
a ≤ ao K a
1 5 10 50 100
frequency [Hz]
68
G. Hanswille
Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing.
Institute for Steel and
Composite Structures
University of Wuppertal-Germany
70