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PRAES - SCHICKHOFER - 2013 - JAPAN - II - Kochi2
PRAES - SCHICKHOFER - 2013 - JAPAN - II - Kochi2
Prof. G. Schickhofer
Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology
Graz University of Technology
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 1
CONTENT
Methods of Design
Connections
Structures
Conclusions
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 2
CONTENT
Methods of Design
Connections
Structures
Conclusions
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 3
PROPERTIES & DESIGN
factor CLT
tl,GLT,ref
shrinkage and
GLT
bCLT,ref
hGLT,ref
swelling
→ bearing models for CLT mostly
tl,GLT,ref
based on GLT
strength
→ comparability of the demanded
reference volumes
stiffness
→ ntop layer ≥ 4 for consideration of the system effect
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 5
PROPERTIES & DESIGN
strength
stiffness
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 6
PROPERTIES & DESIGN
strength
stiffness
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 7
PROPERTIES & DESIGN
shrinkage and
→ classification as plywood due to crossed lay-up
swelling
and stress towards rolling shear
strength → consideration of the lay-up is necessary: >7s | ≤ 7s
→ for simplification: classification as plywood, type 2
stiffness
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 8
PROPERTIES & DESIGN
shrinkage and
swelling
strength
stiffness
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 9
PROPERTIES & DESIGN
deformation
factor
shrinkage and
swelling
strength
stiffness
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 10
PROPERTIES & DESIGN
stiffness
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 11
PROPERTIES & DESIGN
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 12
PROPERTIES & DESIGN
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 13
CONTENT
Methods of Design
Connections
Structures
Conclusions
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 14
PROPERTIES & DESIGN
#5 0 E0 G0 t5 ‘saw tooth’
#4 90 E90 G90 t4 - like
stress
tCLT
#3 0 E0 G0 t3
distribution
#2 90 E90 G90 t2
#1 0 E0 G0 t1
Serviceability Limit State
Mmax,d t CLT
m,i 5,edge,d Ei 5
K CLT 2 m,edge,d
SLS
1.0
n n fm,clt,d
K CLT i i i i Ei
J E A e
2
normally very low utilization
i 1 i 1
ratio → seldom relevant
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 15
PROPERTIES & DESIGN
#5 0 E0 G0 t5
#4 90 E90 G90 t4 v,d
tCLT
#3 0 E0 G0 t3
#2 90 E90 G90 t2
#1 0 E0 G0 t1
Serviceability Limit State
v,d
1.0
Vz,d E(z) z dA
fv,clt,d
SLS
(z 0 )d
A0
K clt b(z 0 ) r ,d
1.0
v,d (longitudinal) und r,d (transverse) fr ,clt,d
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 16
PROPERTIES & DESIGN
M M dx S V V dx
1 1
w ges
K CLT
ULS
CLT
single-span beam
5 q l4 q l2
w(l / 2)
384 K CLT 8 SCLT
Serviceability Limit State
Shear Stiffness
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 17
PROPERTIES & DESIGN
• due to the cross layers (rolling shear) higher values than for
solid timber or glued laminated timber
• combinations of actions for instantaneous (t = 0), final and
net final (t = ∞) deflections from EN 1990 and EN 1995-1-1
combination wlim
Serviceability Limit State
high performance
specification of performance
normal performance
low performance
limits for w and v
Serviceability Limit State
YES
SLS
YES
verification fulfilled verification not fulfilled
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 19
PROPERTIES & DESIGN
specification of performance
ULS
NO NO
1st natural frequency: f1 ≥ fcrit 1st natural frequency: f1 ≥ fmin
YES
Serviceability Limit State
YES YES NO
vibration acceleration: a ≤ acrit
SLS
NO
stiffness: w(2kN) ≤ wcrit
YES
YES
verification fulfilled verification not fulfilled
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 20
PROPERTIES & DESIGN
1.562
(EI)
1.5
æ k ö
km/p2
ULS
f1,beam = ç m 2÷ l,ef
éëHz ùû 1.0
è 2p ×l ø m 1.000
0.5
0.356
F ×l3 F ×l
w(F,bF ) = +
( ) ( )
48 × EI l,ef ×bF 4 × GA ef ×bF
SLS
• effective width bF
l ( )
EI b,ef
bF = ×4
1.1 ( )
EI l,ef
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 21
PROPERTIES & DESIGN
æ F0 × a i,f ö l b
0.4 × ç 1
÷ Mgen = m× ×bF éëkg/m2 ùû with bF £
M
è gen ø 2 2
a= ém / s 2 ù
ULS
2 ë û
ææ f ö2 ö æ f ö
2 Fourier coefficient
ç ç 1 ÷ - 1÷ + ç 2 ×z × 1 ÷ mass and self weight of excitatory person
çè è ff ø ÷ø è ff ø span and effective width
frequeny and frequency of excitation
damping ratio
damping ratio ζ
type of floor construction
supported on 2 sides supported on 4 sides
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 22
CONTENT
Methods of Design
Connections
Structures
Conclusions
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 23
RESEARCH & TESTING
mechanism I mechanism II
nominal shear forces shear forces
RVE and RVSE of a CLT element idealised RVSE without checks RVSE with checks or gaps, without edge bonding
with edge bonded boards τ0 half system!
tCLT
a = wl a a
Y Y Y
RVE
a = wl a Mtor a
RVSE
X Z X Z X
Z
tl
tl tl
tl
2
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 24
RESEARCH & TESTING
FR
FR FR
gap
shear
failure
FV cross layer
plane
FH a
top layers
shear
fracture
14° zone
tgap
FR FR
FR
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 25
RESEARCH & TESTING
15
10
5 steady state
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
global deformation [mm]
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 26
RESEARCH & TESTING
Failure Process
shear forces perpendicular to grain lead to
shear failures parallel to grain!
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 27
RESEARCH & TESTING
Tests
Norway spruce | C24 | u = 12 % | density matched samples
comparison of configurations
„EN“ (Hirschmann, 2011) and „CIB“ (Jöbstl et al., 2008)
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 28
RESEARCH & TESTING
11
10
fv,net,mean [N/mm²] 11.2 8.9 7.5 11.2 10.8 9.5 8.9 8.0 8.9 7.2 8.8
CV[fv,net] [%] 6.3 4.9 9.3 6.3 6.0 8.5 4.9 5.6 4.9 10.1 4.2
fv,net,05 [N/mm²] 10.3 8.5 6.7 10.3 10.1 8.5 8.5 7.2 8.5 6.3 8.3
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 29
RESEARCH & TESTING
11 10
10
Results
significantly influencing parameters
lamella thickness tl decreasing fv,net with increasing tl
gap width tgap decreasing fv,net with increasing tgap
annual ring orientation AR fv,net,rgB ≤ fv,net,hB ≤ fv,net,fgB
not significant parameter
lamella width wl 150 mm ≤ wl ≤ 200 mm
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 31
RESEARCH & TESTING
Results
proposal for test configuration net-shear on single nodes
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 32
RESEARCH & TESTING
wCLT,ref = 600 mm
Net Shear in CLT Element
four RVEs
parallel
net shear failure only if all nodes nxy nxy
in x-direction fail (parallel)
serial system action in y-direction
high potential for load transfer x
nxy
y tCLT,ref
wl,ref = 150 mm
current verification of shear in plane 150 mm
30 mm
on single nodes judged as reliable!
tl,ref
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 33
RESEARCH & TESTING
τgross,12 fv,net,12
[N/mm²] [N/mm²]
test 1 3.95 7.89
test 2 4.16 8.32
test 3 4.20 8.40
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 34
RESEARCH & TESTING
240 mm
240 mm 300 mm
Fd
c,clt,90,d with: Ac,90 ... contact area
A c,90
© Picture: DI R. Salzer (AUT) © Picture: Architect Reinberg (AUT) © Picture: TU Graz (AUT)
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 37
RESEARCH & TESTING
slab-like specimen
specimen formed like a cube slab-like specimen (‚point – point‘)
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 38
RESEARCH & TESTING
F
F
`hang-in effect´
(two sides)
F F
`hang-in effect´
(one side)
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 39
RESEARCH & TESTING
uy
uy
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 40
RESEARCH & TESTING
result:
lower failure probability at the same load level and higher
load bearing capacity perpendicular to the grain
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 41
RESEARCH & TESTING
fc,glt,90,k = 2.1 ... 2.4 N/mm2 [res. publ.] fc,clt,90,k = ... 3.0 ... 3.1 N/mm2
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 42
RESEARCH & TESTING
edge centric
`line supported´ `point supported´
fc,glt,90,k · kc,glt,90 = 3.75 N/mm2 fc,clt,90,k · kc,clt,90 = 4.5 ... 6.0 N/mm2
+ 20 %
+ 60 %
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 43
CONTENT
Methods of Design
Connections
Structures
Conclusions
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 44
RESEARCH & TESTING
Transport | Assembling
mounting parts for roof mounting parts for ceiling mounting parts for wall
elements elements elements
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 45
RESEARCH & TESTING
dowel diameter d = 16 mm
tension test
configuration
perp. to the
grain
dowel diameter d = 12 mm
NOTE:
Extension of knowledge regarding
the load carrying behavior of
mounting parts is required! failure mode [steel dowel]
plastic hinges caused by
→ Research activities are reaching the yield
important! moment (ductile)
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 47
RESEARCH & TESTING
cyclic behaviour
groups and
CLT - side face CLT - narrow face CLT - side and narrow face
ONGOING ONGOING
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 48
CONTENT
Methods of Design
Connections
Structures
Conclusions
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 49
RESEARCH & TESTING
CLT Lintels
Master Thesis A. Reichhart (2013)
Seismic Tests
3-steps
I – connections
• angle brackets, hold downs and screws
• CLT/CLT and CLT/concrete/steel
• shear and tension | monotonic and cyclic
• about 200 tests
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 51
RESEARCH & TESTING
Seismic Tests
3-steps
I – connections
II – walls
• 5 configurations – 17 tests
variation of connections, vertical loads and geometries
walls with and without vertical joints – with and without door opening
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 52
RESEARCH & TESTING
Seismic Tests
3-steps
I – connections
II – walls
III – building
• shaking table tests on a three-storey building
• EU-project ‚SERIES‘ (Seismic Engineering Research Infrastructures for European Synergies)
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 53
CONTENT
Methods of Design
Connections
Structures
Conclusions
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 54
CONCLUSIONS
Conclusions
1. The development of CLT about 25 years ago provides a panel-like product
for timber constructions. Combined with one-dimensional GLT members, it
was - and still is - possible to open up new markets for timber products.
2. Enhanced by the simultaneously occurring development of screw technology
for innovative connection concepts, new possibilities regarding construction
and spans were created, increasing the market of timber products.
3. An ongoing trend concerning both solid timber construction with CLT and
connection systems with screws is to be expected.
4. An increasing competition for resources, also affecting forest and timber
industry, can be noticed too. This will lead to a selective and resource-
friendly use of wood diversity.
5. An intelligent mix of solutions in solid and lightweight construction combined
with the use of regionally available wood diversity, will gain more visibility in
future timber engineering.
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 55
CONCLUSIONS
Contact
Univ.-Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr.techn. Gerhard Schickhofer
Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology
Graz University of Technology
Inffeldgasse 24/I
A-8010 Graz
gerhard.schickhofer@tugraz.at
P: +43 316 873 4600
www.lignum.at
Gerhard SCHICKHOFER CLT-Forum 2013 | KOCHI Institute of Timber Engineering and Wood Technology | TU Graz 58