Name : Hamna Naveed

Roll no: 326144

Project Report

Submitted to: Dr. Mustafa Tahseen

Dated: 30-06-2020
Contents

 Summary
 Introduction
 Methodology
 Dimension
 Procedure
 Results
 Conclusion
 Applications
Table of Abbreviation

1. Electromagnetic Band Gap EBG

2. Microwave Integrated Circuits MICs
3. Finite Integration Technique FIT
4. Computer Simulation Technique CST
5. Microwave Studio MWS
6. Giga Hertz GHz

Table of figures

1.
Summary

The project represents the implementation of mushroom type EBG (Electromagnetic Band Gap) as a
ground plane in 2.4GHz microstrip patch antenna. EBG structures provide compactness, wide
bandwidth with low attenuation level and suppress surface fields. For wearable purpose, the 3mm
thicker wash cotton is used as a substrate with er and tan loss in the design of both microstrip patch
antenna and EBG structure. The paper perform the comparison of antenna parameters like gain,
antenna radiation efficiency and directivity with and without EBG. The parameters are evaluated
using the Finite Integration Technique (FIT) in CST MWS.
Introduction

In modern electronics, wearable e-system plays a significant role in many applications varying from
military operations to monitoring system in hospitals. For flexibility and body worn purpose, the
design should be compact, efficient and secure with minimal degradations enough as it operate
close to body. In this respect, Microstrip patch antenna are widely used due to its low cost, high
mechanical robustness and compactness in size that it can easily be integrated with MICs. But it has
some limitations such as low gain, low antenna efficiency and narrow bandwidth due to the surface
fields excitations. These surface fields lead to increase back and side lobes in antenna pattern and
thus, reduces the directivity and gain. In this paper, the mushroom type EBG is used to overcome
this problem.

EBG is one of the metamaterials that has the ability to suppress surface fields in particular frequency
band. It is formed from unit cells composed of dielectrics or conductors arranged periodically in
either a single row or column of multiple cells. EBG can be defined as “artificial periodic structure
that assist/prevent the electromagnetic waves propagation in a particular frequency band ”. EBG
periodic structure also provide shielding to human body by reducing surface fields.

In this project, the wearable mushroom type EBG is used because of it’s distinct features which are
as follows:

 Surface Fields Suppression

 Better return loss and reflection phase

Making it wearable, the substrate wash cotton of 3mm thickness is used in both EBG structure and in
antenna.

The comparison of microstrip patch antenna with and without EBG has been evaluated in the CST
MWS. The simulation results represent the improvement in radiation efficiency, gain and directivity
by the usage of EBG as a ground plane.
Methodology

The CST MWS is used to evaluate the rectangular microstrip patch antenna with an EBG based
ground plane.

Dimensions

Microstrip Patch Antenna

Name Value(mm) Description

Ws 110 Width of substrate and ground
Ls 96.05 Length of substrate and ground
mt 0.03 Height of patch and ground
hs 3 Height of substrate
Wp 55 Width of patch
Lp 48.25 Length of patch
Wf 11 Width of feedline
Wi 0.78 Width of inset
Li 17.13 Length of inset

EBG Unit Cell Structure

Name Value(mm) Description

g 1.3 Gap at the edges of patch
h 3 Height of substrate
mt 0.03 Height of patch and ground
Ws 110 Width of substrate and ground
Ls 96.05 Length of substrate and ground
Lp 41.4 Length of patch
Wp 41.4 Width of patch
rad 0.0635 Radius of via
Lsi 41.5 Length of stripline

Procedure

Microstrip Patch Antenna

 1. Draw brick of mentioned dimensions for ground with material ”copper annealed”.
2. Draw brick of mentioned dimensions for substrate.
3. For wash cotton substrate, choose new material > put er=1.51 and tan=0.023 > apply.
4. Draw brick of mentioned dimensions for patch with the same material of substrate.
5. For transmission feedline, draw brick of mentioned dimensions with the same material.
6. For inset, draw brick with defined dimensions. Then go to transform > mirror > apply.
7. Select patch > go to Boolean operations > select subtraction > select inset > apply.
8. Pick up the face at the bottom of feedline, go to home > Macros > Solver > ports > calculate
extension coefficient > calculate k.
9. Start simulation.

EBG Structure
 1. Draw Brick of mentioned dimensions for ground with material “copper annealed”.
2. Draw brick of mentioned dimensions for substrate with the same material.
3. Draw brick of mentioned dimensions for patch with same material of substrate as used in
antenna.
4. Draw cylinder of mentioned outer radius with same material.
5. Select patch and via together > transform with along y-axis.
6. Select patch and via together > transform > check copy and unite > put translate vector Y= 2*
(Lp+ g).
7. Repeat step 6 to get 4x4 mushroom type EBG.
8. Draw brick of particular dimensions for strip line.
9. For simulations, pick up the width edge of strip line, apply waveguide port.
10. Repeat step 9 for another side of strip line.
11. Start simulations.

Rectangular microstrip patch antenna with EBG ground plane

1. Remove ground plane from antenna.

 2. Put the microstrip radiator at the center of EBG plane and used full ground at the back side
of the EBG structure.

Results

Following are the simulation results:

Conclusion

Through the simulation results, it can be concluded that EBG enhances the antenna efficiency,
gain and directivity by reducing back and side lobes. For litheness and efficient wearable
antenna, the substrate of 3mm thickness is used in structure of both EBG and antenna. The
comparison between antenna with and without EBG reveals the improvement in antenna’s
parameter.

Applications

Mushroom type EBG