Some%Important%Concepts%and%Enumerations%in%Public%International%Law%(Last%minute%reviewer)! CROMBONDS!

DISCLAIMER:+This+was+meant+to+supplement+other+reviewers.+This+was+meant+to+help+you+
NonIderogable'principle'
memorize/recall+the+important+concepts,+elements,+requisites,+in+PIL+as+discussed+in+
class.+Only+few+doctrines/cases+cited+here.+USE+AT+YOUR+OWN+RISK.+GOOD+LUCK.+Haha!++  Parties!to!a!treaty!cannot!enter!into!an!
agreement!that!will!be!contrary!to!the!norms!
SOURCES' recognized!and!accepted!by!the!international!
community.!!
Sources'of'international'law'
1) Treaty! Rebus'sic'stantibus'
2) Customary!international!Law!  Any!unforeseen!or!fundamental!change!not!a!
3) General!principles!of!law! ground!for!termination!or!suspension!
4) (subsidiary!means)!Judicial!decisions!and!
teachings!of!most!highly!qualified!publicists! Exception'to'Rebus'sic'stantibus'
*No!hierarchy!of!sources!! 1) Essential!basis!of!consent!
2) Obligation!is!transformed!radically!
Treaty'(elements)'
 International!agreement! In'any'case,'no'grounds'to'terminate'
 States! 1) Treaty!establishing!boundary!(principle!of!uti!
 Written!! possidetis)!
 Governed!by!international!law! 2) Fundamental!change!arose!from!a!breach!by!
the!invoking!party!
Exception'to'the'requirement'of'showing'“Full'
powers”' Customary'international'Law!(elements;!def:!
1. Head!of!states/governments! evidence!of!general!practice!accepted!as!law)!
2. Foreign!affairs!ministers!
1. State!practice!as!evidenced!by:!
3. Heads!of!diplomatic!missions!!(limited)!
a. Duration!
4. Representatives!to!international!conference!
b. Uniformity,!consistency!of!practice!
(limited)!
(substantial)!
Validation!–!even!action!was!not!authorized!but!was! c. Generality!(not!all!states!are!
later!validated!by!the!government! needed;!only!majority!of!specially!
affected!states)!
Reservation'to'treaties'not'allowed' 2. Opinio!juris!
1) If!prohibited!by!treaty!itself! a. Objective:!settled!practice!
2) If!only!specific!reservations!are!allowed! b. Subjective:!obligatory!
3) If!incompatible!with!treaty!purpose!
General'assembly'resolutions'that'are'binding'
Interpretation'of'treaties' 1) Admission!of!new!members!
1) Interpret!in!good!faith! 2) Budget!approval!
2) Ordinary!meaning!of!word!in!context!
3) Apportionment!of!expenses!
3) Relate!to!object!and!purpose!
4) Exception:!special!meaning!if!parties!intended! Note:+may+be+evidence+of+general+practice+of+states+

Pacta'sunt'servanda'' Persistent'objector''
 Parties!entering!into!an!agreement!must!  Persistently!objected!to!a!rule!of!customary!
comply!with!their!obligations!in!good!faith! international!law!during!the!course!of!its!
emergence!and!crystalization!
Jus'Cogens'
 Not!bound,!but!new!states!will!be!bound!
 Peremptory!Norms!of!international!law;!norms!
recognized!and!accepted!by!the!international!
community!(non,derogable)!

1!
DEAN!CANDELARIA!12,13!(based!on!the!Long!Outline!and!Transcript)!
Some%Important%Concepts%and%Enumerations%in%Public%International%Law%(Last%minute%reviewer)! CROMBONDS!
Equity' Associative'relationship'
 Law!cannot!cover!every!possible!situation,!so,!  Recognition!that!there!is!a!higher!authority!!
cases!may!be!decided!using!equitable!principles!
NonIstate'entities''
Ex'aequo'et'bono'  Npa,!milf,!mandate!system,!quebec!
 Power!of!ICJ!to!decide!a!case!equitably!outside!
Jurisdiction'of'states'
the!rules!of!law!
a) As!a!concept!–!it!is!the!capacity!to:!
Types'of'adopting'IL' 1. Legislate!or!to!prescribe!laws/rules!
 Incorporation!–!automatic,!except!if!in!conflict! 2. Enforce!law/rules!
with!domestic!system! b) As!a!power!–!it!is!exercised!over:!
 Transformation!–!thru!decision!of!judges,!law!or! 1. Persons!
custom! 2. Property!
3. Events!
Theory'on'relationship'between'municipal'law'
and'international'law' Forms'of'acquisition'of'title'
1) Monism!!(IL!supreme)! 1) Occupation!coupled!with!effectiveness!
2) Dualism!(each!distinct)! 2) Conquest!(before)!
3) Inverted!Monism!(ML!supreme)! 3) Cession,!and!
4) Harmonization!! 4) Accretion!

State'(elements!–!Montevideo!convention)! Principle'of'postliminium'
 Judge!the!act!of!States!in!accordance!with!the!
1) Permanent!population! law!applicable!at!the!time!
2) Defined!territory!
3) Government! Jurisdiction'over'persons'and'economic'activity'
4) Capacity!to!enter!into!relations! (theories)'(PUSON)'
1. Nationality!
State'Recognition'theories' • Civil!law!follows!you!!
1) Declarative!theory!–!possession!of!the!essential! 2. Passive!personality!
elements!
• Punish!aliens!abroad!who!injures!one’s!
2) Constitutive!theory!–!Recognition!is!what!
citizen!
constitutes!a!state!
3. Security!Principle!
Elements'of'the'right'to'selfIdetermination'of' • Punish!aliens!for!acts!against!a!state’s!
states:' security,!independence!and!territorial!
1) Right!to!determine!political!status;!and! integrity!
2) Right!to!pursue!their!economic,!social!and! 4. Universality!(type!of!crimes)!
cultural!development! 5. Objective!territoriality!
• Elements!of!crime!occurred!in!2!states!!
External'selfIdetermination'
 State’s!right!to!actually!exercise!self, Extradition'requisites'
determination!to!the!exclusion!of!other!states! 1. Is!there!a!treaty!
 Const:!independent!foreign!policy...!(Art2,!sec7)! 2. Is!the!crime!listed!!

Internal'selfIdetermination' *There!is!no!obligation!to!extradite!if!there!is!no!treaty!
 Local!autonomy,!autonomous!regions!(e.g.!
Not'extraditable'
ARMM)!
 Political!complexion!

2!
DEAN!CANDELARIA!12,13!(based!on!the!Long!Outline!and!Transcript)!
Some%Important%Concepts%and%Enumerations%in%Public%International%Law%(Last%minute%reviewer)! CROMBONDS!
 Except!if!attentat!clause!(assassination!of!head! 4. Specially!constituted!international!court!
of!states)!
Remedy'against'diplomatic'and'consular'
Bail'in'extradition'case'(requisites'–'clear'and' immunity'
convincing'proof)' 1. Sue!in!home!state!of!diplomat!
1. Accused!is!not!a!flight!risk;!! 2. Waiver!by!state!of!nationality!of!diplomat!
2. Will!abide!with!all!the!orders!of!the!extradition! 3. Declare!diplomat!persona!non!grata!
court;!(GHK!v!Olalia)!!and!
3. Compelling!circumstances!warrant!(GUS!v! RESPONSIBILITY'OF'STATES'
Purganan!–!overturned?)!
Reparation'require'
Exception'to'the'rule:'“jurisdiction'is'with'the' 1) Restitution!
state'of'registry'of'aircraft”' 2) Damages!
1. Has!an!effect!on!its!territory!(of!another!state)!
Requisites'for'state'responsibility'
2. Has!been!committed!by!or!against!its!national!
(Internationally'Wrongful'Act)'
or!permanent!resident!therein;!
1. Act/omission!attributable!to!the!state!
3. Is!against!its!national!security!
2. Breach!of!an!international!obligation!
4. Relates!to!a!breach!of!its!national!rules!on!flight!
5. Subject!of!an!exercise!of!jurisdiction!necessary! 'Minimum'duty'of'state'in'cases'of'extraIlegal'
to!ensure!the!observance!of!an!obligation!of! killings'
such!state!under!a!multilateral!agreement!! 1. Investigate!
2. Identify!
STATE'IMMUNITY!(head!of!states!and!the!state! 3. Prosecute!
itself)! 4. Convict!
5. Compensate!!
Immunity'of'state''
 State!may!not!be!sued!without!its!consent! Denial'of'justice'theory'
 When!the!minimum!standard!of!due!process!
Act'of'state'theory''
was!not!followed!!
, Act!of!state!carried!out!within!its!own!territory!
cannot!be!challenged!in!the!courts!of!other! Writ'of'amparo'
state!!  Remedial!measure!designed!to!direct!specific!
courses!of!action!to!government!agencies!to!
Exception'to'act'of'state'theory:''
safeguard!the!constitutional!right!to!life,!liberty!
1. war!crimes,!!
and!security!of!aggrieved!individuals!!
2. crimes!vs!peace,!!
3. crimes!against!humanity! Precautionary'principle'
 The!obligation!requires!a!state!to!abstain!from!
Scope'of'state'immunity'
conduct!that!carries!a!significant!risk!of!harm!
1. absolute!
 Duty!of!prior!information!and!consultation!
2. restrictive!
a. public!(jure!imperii)!–!immune! State'has'duty'to'protect'its'nationals'–'forms'of'
b. private!(jure!gestionis)!–!not!immune!! protection'
1. Protest!
Remedies'in'Pinochet'case''
2. Enquiry!
1. tried!in!his!own!country!
3. Negotiation!
2. in!any!other!country!that!can!assert!jurisdiction,!
4. Submission!to!arbitral!tribunal/court!
(Chile!waives)!
3. International!Criminal!Court!
3!
DEAN!CANDELARIA!12,13!(based!on!the!Long!Outline!and!Transcript)!
Some%Important%Concepts%and%Enumerations%in%Public%International%Law%(Last%minute%reviewer)! CROMBONDS!
Requisites'before'state'can'represent'and'protect' Bretton'Woods'system'
its'nationals'  World!Trade!Organization,!World!Bank,!
1. Exhaustion!of!local!remedies!by!the!individual!in! International!Monetary!Fund!
the!State!alleged!to!have!committed!wrong!  To!have!a!world!economy!after!WWII!
a. If!indirect!responsibility!
b. Unless!useless/ineffective??! !
2. Show!bond!of!nationality!(Estonia!v!Lithuania!
ICC'
also!Nottebohm)!!
Jurisdiction'of'ICC'
Nationality'of'a'corporation'–'Material'elements:''
1. genocide!
1. place!of!incorporation;!and!!
2. crimes!against!humanity!
2. location!of!the!registered!office!
3. war!crimes!
! 4. crimes!of!aggression!

SPECIAL'TOPICS'IN'INTERNATIONAL'LAW' General'Principles'
1. nullum!crimen!sine!lege!(ex!post!facto!law)!
'
2. Nullum!poena!sine!lege!(void!for!vagueness)!
UN' 3. Double!jeopardy!
4. Non,retroactivity!
Issues'outside'the'domestic'jurisdiction'of'states' 5. Mens!rea!–!intent!
1. breach!of!international!law!
2. threat!to!international!peace! Penalty:!maximum!30!years!imprisonment;!no!death!
3. gross!violation!of!human!rights!
Principle'of'complementarity'
4. self,determination!
 ICC!not!a!substitute!for!domestic!court.!If!
Double'veto!of!a!permanent!5!–!determine!whether!a! remedy!is!available!in!domestic!courts!then!do!
question!is!by!itself!a!procedural!question,!if!it!is!not! so!
then!a!P5!member!can!veto!it!too.!!
Global'Terrorism!(operative!definition)!
Enforcement'of'Action'
 !All!criminal!acts!directed!against!a!state!and!
1. non,military!
intended!or!calculated!to!create!a!state!of!
a. economic!
terror!!
b. communication!
c. diplomatic!relations! Allowable'response'to'terrorism'(ELEMENTS'OF'
d. suspension!of!privileges/expulsion! PROPORTIONALITY'PRINCIPLE)''
e. judicial! 1. Detain!those!responsible!
2. Military!(via!Security!!Council!Resolution)! 2. Destroy!military!targets!
3. International!humanitarian!law!should!be!
Principle'of'Comparative'advantage'
respected:!POW!
 Capitalizing!on!what!you!are!most!effective!in.!
4. Defer!to!Security!Council!authorization!to!use!
Most'favoured'nation!–!treat!foreigner!no!less! force!v!specific!states!
favourable!than!other!foreigner;!(This!applies!to!tax! 5. Bring!captives!to!justice!before!the!ICC!
treaties!also)!
!
National'treatment!–!treat!foreigner!same!as!
nationals,!including!goods!!

4!
DEAN!CANDELARIA!12,13!(based!on!the!Long!Outline!and!Transcript)!
Some%Important%Concepts%and%Enumerations%in%Public%International%Law%(Last%minute%reviewer)! CROMBONDS!
International'Humanitarian'Law'
(principles)'
1. To!lay!down!the!rules!on!warfare!
2. To!protect!innocent!persons!
3. Treating!prisoners!of!war!in!a!just!and!humane!
manner!
4. Kinds!of!weapon!that!may!be!used!!

Norms'of'just'war'
1. Immunity!of!innocent!persons!
2. Proportionate!use!of!force!

Test'w/n'member'of'armed'
force/militias/volunteer'corps'
1. Commanded!by!person!responsible!for!
subordinates!
2. Use!of!fixed!distinctive!sign!
3. Carry!arms!openly!
4. Operates!in!laws/!customs!of!war!!

Weapons'that'are'not'allowed'
1. Those!that!are!incapable!of!distinguishing!
between!civilian!and!military!targets!
2. Cause!unnecessary!suffering!to!combatants!
3. Cause!combatants!such!harm!or!aggravates!
suffering!!

Armed'conflict'
 When!there!is!resort!to!armed!force!between!
States!or!protracted!armed!violence!between!
governmental!authorities!and!organized!armed!
groups!or!between!such!groups!within!a!state!

Martens'Clause'
1. Unforeseen!cases!should,!in!the!absence!of!a!
written!undertaking,!not!to!be!left!to!the!
arbitrary!judgment!of!military!commanders!
2. Civilians!and!combatants!remain!under!the!
protection...!of!the!principles!of!the!law!of!
nations.!!

5!
DEAN!CANDELARIA!12,13!(based!on!the!Long!Outline!and!Transcript)!