HUMAN RIGHTS

INTRO
 The rights which are inherent to all human beings at their time of birth are called
human rights
 Whatever is their sex, race, religion and origin etc.

PHILOSOPHY
 By the philosophy of human rights that what is the origin and nature of human rights and it
building pillars
 The main grounds on which human rights took stand are below

HUMAN DIGNITY
 The most important base of human is human dignity
 Millions of years ago the human beauty and muscular power were used to be criteria for human
rights
 It was not dignity it was a pride where there was not any respect for weak

AGRAVARIAN PERIOD
 This was the human moment period and after sometime they stopped their moment and
thought instead of that we will do any permanent settlement and having domestic life and this
era was called aggravation period
 Now the concept of pride had changed into honor instead of physical body strength

Knowledge based
 It was the most important period because afterwards human being realized that dignity has
nothing to do with power, beauty or money.

UNIVERSAL STATUS
 Human rights has universal status because it goes beyond the borders where you go whoever or
whatever you are it may go with you all over the world.
 You will be respected everywhere

CONCEPTS OF HUMAN RIGHTS

 UNIVERSAL
 RELATIVE
 The universal mean it is equal and acceptable everywhere
 Relative concept means that it may be bound to culture religion or any specific society

Human rights are human cent rise

 According to this ideology of human rights more and more power was given to human being
 Previously there was zero tolerance to the human being or of state towards individual
Power sharing
 Before the emergence of human rights, the changes were supposed to come from top to bottom
 But after the idea of human rights it was declared and changes were moved from bottom to top
because human intelligence was gifted by nature

Moral and legal

 Moral ought to be means that human rights law suggests how it be
 While legal means how lawful it would be.
 They are prepolitical and have moral order that has legitimacy and existence preceding society
legally politically an historically.

Qualified and absolute

 It means that it can be restricted for time being or for any specified time if any

 For example, Freedom of speech

 Absolute means non divisible, it can be taken from any individual for any time

Developments of human rights

INTRO
The developments in human rights had taken place with the passage of time

THE MAGNA CARTA

 In1215 after king john of England violated a very numbers of ancient laws established over there
and also customs on was the setup of England was operating
 After all such he signed a legal document which later comes as instrument of human rights

Main points
 The right of church without any interference
 The right of every individual to own and inherent property free from extensive taxes
 It was established the new right for widows who owned right to choose the property not to
remarry for
 Any all individuals are equal before the eye of law

Petition of rights
 Recorded by English parliament and send it to Charles the king of England as statements of civil
rights
 Initiated by Englishman sir Edward coke, politician and a judge

Main points
 No taxes may be levied without any consent of the parliament
 No subject maybe imprisoned without any reason shown
  No martial law at peace time

US DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
 On 4th July 1776 the us congress approved the declaration of independence
 After the revolutionary war the 13 colonies arranged themselves as independent staes no longer
under British rule
 Right to revolution
 Individual rights

UNITED NATIONS 1945

 The name of united nations was proposed by US president Franklin D. on 1 st January during ww2
 WW2 was raged from 1939 to 1945, cites throughout Asia and Europe
 Millions were dead, homeless and starved
 In 1945 the delegates from 50 countries met in san Francisco with full optimism and hope
 The main goal of UN body was to fashion an international body to promote peace for upcoming
future
 The charter was signed on 26 June 1945 by representatives of 50 countries and went to effect
on October 24th of 1945 and this date is celebrated as united nations day every year

Basic points
 To maintain international peace and security
 Protect human rights
 To deliver humanitarian aid
 To promote economic development

NATURE OF LAW
Law is divided into two parts

 National law
 International law

Def; of international law

 It is also called the law of nations
 The set of rules and regulations norms and standards generally accepted in relations between
nations

National law
 It is also known as domestic law
 The set of rules and regulations within any particular nation or state
Elaboration of international law
Private international law
 It is administered between private citizens of different countries
 It implies to individual v s individual

Public international law

 It is set of rules and regulations that implies between sovereign states and other entities that
legally organized as international actors

International public law

it includes the following laws

international humanitarian law

 It is also called law of war because it is only applicable during war
 Once any war has started the state military should show the difference between common
soldiers and civilians
 If there is any conflict between two states. Firstly, it should be resolved by negotiations or
mediation
 If there is not any solution, then war is the last option but humanitarian law should be
applicable
 Which says that if there is declaration of war the states are bound to fight conventional wars or
traditional war
 Means that they cannot use the nuclear weapons that may cause mass distraction

International criminal law;

 International criminal law deals with the criminal responsibility of individuals for the most
serious of human rights and international humanitarian law violations. The main categories of
international crimes are war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide and the crime of
aggression.

Importance
 Criminal accountability for serious crimes is of fundamental importance with regard to respect
for the rule of law, deterrence of future violations, and the provision of redress and justice for
victims.

International crimes
 The main crimes fall under this category of law are genocides war crimes crime against
humanity and aggression crimes

Genocide
 The deliberate killing of large group of people belong to any special ethnic or nation
 Derived from Greek word ‘Genos” means race and cite means killing
War crime
 War crime is an act that constitutes a serious violation of laws of war that give rise to individual
criminal responsibility
 It is systemic attack on any civilian population or dignity of humans
 Mass distraction or state terrorism

Crime of aggression
 A crime of aggression is specific type of crime where person plans initiates or executes time of
aggression using any states military force that violates the character of united states
 It includes invasion and military invasion
 The crime of aggression is a crime under roman statue
 International criminal law is applicable with any powerful person of state
 President and Prime Minister

Enforcement
 Enforcement of international human rights law can occur at either a domestic or an
international level
 States ratified human rights treaties commit to respecting protecting and fulfilling those rights
 If the domestic courts are failed to provide justice, then the parties can approach to
international court of justice
 On international level it can be inforce through international court of justice