(5) ‫( علم اإلنسانَ ما لم يعلم‬4) ‫( الَّذي علَّ َم بالق َلم‬3) ‫( اقرأ وربُّكَ األكرم‬2) ‫( خلَقَ اإلنسانَ من علَق‬1) ‫باسم

ربِكَ الَّذي خلَق‬

ِ ‫ اقرأ‬: {‫}قال هللا تعالى‬

Palestine Technical University

Kadoorie

Electrical Engineering Club

Tareq Foqha

General Chemistry 101

Slides

Chapter 1 : Chemistry and Measurement

1 ||| Chemistry and Measurement

1.1 || Law of Conservation of Mass :

Mass : the quantity of matter in a material

Matter : the general term for the material things around us

law of conservation of mass : which states that the total mass remains constant during a chemical change

Reactant  Product

Problem || A + B  C
if the mass of A 5.0g and B 2.0g then the mass of C is ?

Ans || By using law of conservation of mass the mass of C equal the mass of A plus the mass of B
so the mass of C = 5+2 = 7g

1.2 || Matter: Physical State and Chemical Constitution

Solids, Liquids, and Gases

Solid the form of matter characterized by rigidity; a solid is relatively incompressible

and has fixed shape and volume
Liquid the form of matter that is a relatively incompressible fluid; a liquid has a fixed
volume but no fixed shape.

Gas the form of matter that is an easily compressible fluid; a given quantity of gas will
fit into a container of almost any size and shape.

Physical Change and Chemical Change

Change: Definition : Examples

Physical change is a change in the form of matter - The process of dissolving one
but not in its chemical identity material in another

chemical change, or chemical is a change in which one or more The rusting of iron,
reaction kinds of matter are transformed Burning a piece of paper
into a new kind of matter or several
new kinds of matter

physical property and chemical property :

is a characteristic that can be

physical property observed for a material without
changing its chemical identity

chemical property is a characteristic of a material

involving its chemical change
 2 ||| Chemistry and Measurement

Substance and Element

is a kind of matter that cannot be

Substance separated into other kinds of
matter by any physical process
as a substance that cannot be
Elements decomposed by any chemical
reaction into simpler substance

Compounds and Mixture :

Compounds is a substance composed of two or

more elements chemically combined
Mixtures is a material that can be separated
by physical means into two or
more substances

Heterogeneous mixture and Homogeneous mixture :

Mixture type : Definition : Example :

Heterogeneous mixture is a mixture that consists of
physically distinct parts, each with
different properties.
Homogeneous mixture (also known as a solution) is a
mixture that is uniform in its
properties
potassium dichromate and iron
filings
sodium chloride is dissolved in
water , Air is a gaseous solution
3 ||| Chemistry and Measurement

Examples of Chemical Change :

1- Rusting 2- Burning 3- Explosion 4- Electrolyte

Examples of Physical Change :

No. State : From - To

1 Melting S–L ‫انصهار‬
2 Evaporation L–g ‫تبخر‬
3 Condensation g–L ‫تكاثف‬
4 Freezing L–S ‫تجميد‬
5 Sublimation S– g ‫تسامي‬

Physical prosperity : Extensive and intensive properties :

Propriety : Amount : Examples

Extensive Property Depends on amount Volume , Size , mass , weight ,
length
Intensive Property Does not depend on amount Density , Boiling Point , state of
matter , Color , Melting Point

Problems :

1) Which one of the following describes a chemical change ?

a. Freezing of water b. evaporation of alcohol
c. Digestion ( ‫ ) هضم‬of food d. Mixing sugar in tea

2) The chemical Change of the following is ?

a. Melting of sodium chloride b. evaporation of alcohol
c. Rusting of iron d. Dissolving salt in water

3) The physical prosperity of the following ?

a. The density of water is 1 gm/L b. Metals have high melting point
c. sodium reacts with water vigorously d. a + b are true

4) Which of the following is an intensive property?

a. length b. area
c. density d. mass e. volume

5) Which of the following changes is a physical change ?

a. Steel wool (Fe) was burned in air to produce iron oxide
b. Calcium carbonate gives gas when added to HCl
c. Hydrogen sulfide is produced from zinc sulfide and HCl
d. Sucrose is converted into ethanol
e. NaCl (s) is dissolved in water
 4 ||| Chemistry and Measurement

Significant Figures :

Rules of sig.fig :

1. All digits are significant except zeros at the beginning of the number and possibly terminal zeros (one or
more zeros at the end of a number). Thus, 9.12 cm, 0.912 cm, and 0.00912 cm all contain three significant
figures.

2. Terminal zeros ending at the right of the decimal point are significant. Each of the following has three
significant figures: 9.00 cm, 9.10 cm, 90.0 cm.

3. Terminal zeros in a number without an explicit decimal point may or may not be significant. If someone
gives a measurement as 900 cm, you do not know whether one, two, or three significant figures are intended. If
the person writes 900. cm (note the decimal point), the zeros are significant. More generally, you can remove
any uncertainty in such cases by expressing the measurement in scientific notation.

Scientific notation

𝐴 𝑋 10𝑛

A: is a number with a single nonzero digit to the left of the decimal point
n: is an integer, or whole number

In scientific notation, the measurement 900 cm precise to two significant figures is written 9 𝑥 102 cm.

If precise to three significant figures, it is written 9.00 𝑥 102 cm.

Significant Figures in Calculations

Example :

Perform the following calculations and round the answers to the correct number of significant figures
(units of measurement have been omitted).

1. 4.18 - 58.16 x (3.38 - 3.01) =

5 ||| Chemistry and Measurement

SI units

SI prefixes :

divided units :

Area = length x length = m x m = m2

Speed = distance / time = m/s
Density = mass/volume = g/L

Temperature

K = C + 273.15
𝟗
F=(Cx ) + 32
𝟓
𝟓
C = (F – 32) x
𝟗

K : Kelvin (Without degree ○)

C○ : Celsius
F○ : Fahrenheit
 6 || Chemistry and measurement

Example : convert 134 ○F to Celsius's and Kelvin's ?

Density :
The density of an object is its mass per unit volume. You can express this as
m
d= : Where m is a mass (gram) and V is a volume (L)
V

1 m3 = 1 x 106 cm3
1 m3 = 1000 L
So 1 L = 1000 cm3 = 1000 mL
then 1 cm3 = 1 mL

Example : The mass of 8.0 g of metal equal t 125 g/cm3 What is the mass of density of 16.0g of
this metal ?

Sol || Since the density is intensive and it doesn't depend on the mass so the density is 125 g/cm3

Problems :

1. The melting point of selenium is 217○C . Calculate this melting point in degree of ○F ?

a. 153 b. 357 c. 423 d. 111 e. 103

2. The number of sig.fig in the value (0.0060300) is :

a. 5 b. 4 c. 3 d. 6 e. 7

3. Perform the following calculation and give the answer rounded to the correct number
of sig.fig ?
15.4 − 14.5
+ 0.0402957
3.465

a. 0.2999 b. 0.3 c. 0.3000 d. 0.300 e. 0.30

7 || Chemistry and measurement
4. What is the answer to the following expression in the correct number of sig.fig ?
(23.1000 − 22.0000)
(25.10 − 25.00)

a. 11 b. 11.00 c. 11.000 d. 11.0 e. 11.10

5. Acetone boils at 56.1○C .What is this temperature in degree F ?

a. 43.4 b. 69.0 c. 133 d. 159 e. 56.1

6. 17○C equals :
a. 290 K b. 254○ K c. 290○ K d. 254 K e. 17 K

7. The number of sig.fig in this number (02.00140) is ?

a. 7 b. 6 c. 5 d. 4 e. 3

8. Perform the following calculation and give the answer rounded to the correct number
of sig.fig ?
(𝟓. 𝟕𝟓 + 𝟑. 𝟏) 𝒙 (𝟐𝟎. 𝟎 − 𝟐. 𝟑𝟑𝟑)/𝟐. 𝟓𝟐

a. 62 b. 62.5 c. 62.52 d. 62.0 e. 63

9. All the following are SI base units of measurements ,EXCEPT :

a. meter b. Kelvin c. second d. gram e. mol

10. The measured quantity 0.0935 has the following number of sig.fig ?
a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6 e. 1

11. Perform the following calculation and give the answer rounded to the correct number
of sig.fig ?
(𝟐. 𝟒𝟑 + 𝟏. 𝟖𝟕𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟐 )𝒙 𝟒. 𝟔𝟕

a. 11.4 b. 11.453 c. 11.4354 d. 11.5 e. 11.44

12. Which of the following is an intensive property ?

a. length b. mass c. volume d. area e. density

13. The measured quantity 0.003780 has the following number of sig.fig ?
a. 7 b. 6 c. 5 d. 4 e. 3

14. Perform the following calculation and give the answer rounded to the correct number
of sig.fig ? [ ( 𝟏. 𝟎𝟎 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 )𝒙 𝟐. 𝟓𝟎𝟎 ]/ 𝟏𝟐. 𝟎

a. 0.20625 b. 0.2063 c. 0.206 d. 0.21 e. 0.2

15. The number of significant figures in the value (0.0020900) is:

A) 5 B) 4 C) 3 D) 6 E) 7

16. Perform the following calculations and give the answer rounded to the correct number of
significant figures: ( 6.56 + 5.679) (2.00 + 9.0) / 37.9 )

A) 3.5525 B) 3.553 C) 3.55 D) 3.6 E) 4

17. The velocity of oxygen molecules, O2 at 1000 °C is 7.00 × 102 m/s.

Calculate the velocity in Km/h (km = 1000 m, 1 h = 60 min, 1 min = 60 s).

A) 2.16 × 103 B) 2.52 × 103 C) 2.88× 103 D) 1.80 × 103 E) 1.44 × 103

Quiz in chapter 1
Electrical Engineering Club
Tareq Foqha
Problem I : Circle the best answer
1. Which of the following is a physical change ?
A. milk turns sour
B. battery cables corrode
C. sugar when heated becomes brown
D. when cooled, liquid water becomes ice
E. hard-boiling an egg

2- Which one of the following is a chemical change ?

A. cutting a bar of sodium metal into pieces with a knife
B. lard when heated changes to liquid
C. a freshly cut apple turns brown
D. mixing sugar and cinnamon
E. water disappears from a beaker in a few days at room temperature

3- Liquid nitrogen boils at 77.0 K . What temperature is this in °F ?

A. -353°F B. -139°F C. 42.8°F D. -321°F E. 152°F

4- How many significant figures are there in 5.0390 g ?

A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 2 E. 3

5- How many significant figures does the sum of the following contain ?
8.3801 + 2.57

A. 5 B. 7 C. 3 D. 6 E. 4
6- Calculate the volume of 450 g of gold (density = 19.3 g/cm3) ?
A. 23.3 cm3
B. 8685 cm3
C. 19.3 cm3
D. 45.0 cm3

7- Mercury solidifies at -38.0 °F at one atmosphere pressure.

Express this temperature in degrees Celsius and Kelvin .
A. -126 °C and 147 K
B. 21.1 °C and 251.9 K
C. -68.4 °C and 204.6 K
D. -38.9 °C and 234.1 K

8- Convert 240 K and 468 K to the Celsius scale ?

A. 513 °C and 741 °C
B. -33 °C and 195 °C
C. -59.4 °C and 351 °C
D. -18.3 °C and 108.3 °C

9- Acetone boils at 56.1 °C. What is this temperature in degrees Fahrenheit ?

A. 43.4 °F B. 69.0 °F C. 133 °F D. 159 °F E. 160 °F

10- How many significant figures are there in 03.4080 g ?

A. 6 B. 5 C. 4 D. 3 E. 2

Problem 2 : Answer as required :

1. ________ properties of matter can be determined without changing composition, while ________
properties of matter must change the composition of matter.
(Chemical; physical , Physical; chemical)

2. ________ an extensive property (Color , mass)

3. burning a piece of paper is a ____________ (Physical change , Chemical change)

4. milk going sour is a ____________ (Physical change , Chemical change)

5. Sugar dissolves in warm water is a ____________ (Physical change , Chemical change)

ANSWER OF QUIZ :
Problem 1 :
NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. D C D B D A D B C B

Problem 2 :
1. physical – chemical 2. Mass 3. Chemical change 4. Chemical change 5. Physical change