1. Fig. 10.1 shows a car braking system. The brake fluid is an oily liquid.

The brake drum rotates with the wheel of the car.

(a) Explain how pushing the brake pedal makes the brake shoes rub against the
drum. [2]

(b) The cross-sectional area of the master piston is 2.0 cm2. A force of 140 N is
applied to the master piston.

(i) Calculate the pressure created in the brake fluid by the master piston. [2]

(ii) The cross-sectional area of each slave piston is 2.8 cm2.

Calculate the force exerted on each slave piston by the brake fluid. [2]

(iii) The force exerted on the master piston is greater than the force applied by
the foot on the brake pedal. Using the principle of moments, explain this. [2]
(c) Fig. 10.2 shows a master cylinder sealed at one end. Instead of brake fluid, the
cylinder contains air.

When a force is applied to the piston, the length d changes from 6.0 cm to 4.0 cm.

The pressure of the air increases but the temperature stays constant.

(i) Describe how the molecules of the air exert a pressure. [1]

(ii) Explain why the pressure increases even though the temperature stays
constant. [2]

(iii) The initial pressure of the air inside the cylinder is 1.0 × 105 Pa.

Calculate the final pressure of the air. State the formula that you use in your. [3]

(d) Air bubbles form in the brake fluid of Fig. 10.1. State the effect this has on the
braking system. [1]

2. A U-shaped tube, of constant cross- sectional area, contains some water of

density 1000 kg/m3. Oil that does not mix with water is then poured into
 the right hand side of the tube. Fig. 2.1 shows the level of the water and
the oil when equilibrium is reached.

Points X and Y are at the same horizontal level. X is 0.066m below the top surface
of the water. Y is 0.075m below the top surface of the oil.

(a) State two quantities that influence the pressure beneath the surface of a
liquid. [2]

(b) The cross- sectional area of the tube is 5.0 X 10^-4 m2.
(i) Calculate the mass of water above the level of X. [2]
(ii) The pressure caused by 0.066m of water at X is equal to that caused
by 0.075m of the oil at Y.
Determine the density of oil. [2]

3. Fig. 8.1 shows two coils of wire wound on an iron ring. One coil is
connected in series to a switch and a d.c. supply. The other coil is
connected to a very sensitive centre-zero ammeter.
At first the switch is open, as shown in Fig. 8.1.
The following actions are taken in turn.
Describe and explain what happens to the reading on the ammeter in each case.
(a) The switch is closed. [3]
(b) The switch is left closed for a long time. [1]
(c) The switch is opened. [2]

4. Fig. 6.1 shows a circuit used in an experiment to measure the current in a

lamp for different values of the potential difference (p.d.) across the lamp.

a) State the name of component P. [1]

b) sketch a graph of current against p.d. for a filament lamp. [2]
c) State how the resistance of the lamp changes as the p.d. increases. [1]
d) Explain how the graph in (b) shows the change you have described in (c)(i).
[1]

5. Fig. 7.1 shows some parts of a cathode-ray oscilloscope.

The table of Fig. 10.2 shows the colour code for the bands.

(i) State the colours of the bands on a 1500 Ω resistor.

band 1 ...............................................................

band 2 ...............................................................

band 3 ............................................................... [2]

(ii) Determine the maximum value of resistance that can be shown with this
three-band colour code. [1]

iii) The 1500 Ω resistor on the electronic circuit board has a correct power rating
of 0.25 W.
State a disadvantage of using a different 1500 Ω resistor with a power rating that
is:
1. much less than 0.25 W, [1]
2. much greater than 0.25 W. [1]

6. Fig. 10.3 shows part of a circuit that includes a variable resistor R and a
battery of e.m.f. 9.0 V
(i) State one similarity and one difference between electromotive force
(e.m.f.) and potential difference (p.d.) [3]
(ii) A light-emitting diode (LED) is connected between points X and Y, so
that it emits light. On Fig. 10.3, draw the symbol for the LED connected
between points X and Y. [2]
(iii) The resistance of R is increased. State what happens to the p.d. across
the LED and to the current in the LED. [1]
(iii) The LED is marked “maximum current 25 mA when the p.d. is 1.7 V”.
Calculate the minimum value of the resistance of R. [4]

7. Fig. 7.1 shows some parts of a cathode-ray oscilloscope.

(a) Explain why reversing battery A has no effect on the electron beam. [2]

(b) The connections to battery B are reversed. State and explain the effect on
the electron beam. [2]

8. Fig. 2.1 shows a sky-diver falling vertically downwards at terminal velocity

a) Arrows X and Y show the two main forces acting on the sky-diver.
(i) State the name of force X and the name of force Y. [1]
ii) Explain why force Y acts upwards. [1]

b) When the sky-diver first started to fall, forces X and Y were unbalanced.
i) Describe and explain the effect of the unbalanced forces on the
motion of the sky-diver [2]
ii) State what happened to the size of force X and the size of force Y
as the sky-diver fell and reached terminal velocity. [2]
9. Fig. 1.1 shows the speed-time graph of a ball. The ball is dropped at time t =
0.

a) After t = 0.20 s, the ball falls at a constant speed.

Explain, using ideas about forces, why the speed of the ball is constant after
time t = 0.20 s. [1]
b) At t = 0, a different ball is dropped from rest. Until t = 0.20 s, this ball has a
constant acceleration equal to the acceleration of free-fall. After t = 0.20 s,
its acceleration decreases.
(i) State the value of the acceleration of free-fall. [1]
(ii) Determine the speed of the second ball at t = 0.20 s. [2]
iii) draw the speed-time graph for the second ball from t = 0 to t = 0.28 s.
[2]