eGov and its Evolution

Objectives
• After completing this unit, you should be able to:
• Understand the application of ICT in government
• Explain the various components and stages of eGovernment
• Understand the relevance and application of eGovernment in the least
developed and in developing countries
• Describe the evolution and current status of eGovernment around the
world
• Describe new trends in eGovernment
Contents
• Inside eGovernment
• Stages of eGovernment
• Relevance of eGovernment in the LDC Context
• eGovernment Evolution
• World eGovernment Rankings
 1. Inside eGovernment
• eGovernment vs eGovernance
Differences between eGov and eGovernance
eGovernment
- System and/or machinery
incl. h/w, s/w and process
- The means and tools to achieve
eGovernance
• A narrower discipline that deals
w/ the development of ICT-based
business processes or online ser-
vices for government
eGovernance
An intangible status or condition
The overall outcome through the
implementation of eGov
A broader concept that defines the
the nature and operation of the govern-
ment, including relationship between
public servants and the wider society
Inside eGov …(2)
• The eGov domain and its influence

Improving government
processes
(eAdministration) G2G

G2B G2C

eGovernment
Interactions with
extrernal agencies and Connecting with
private organizations citizens (eService)

1. eGov-to-eGov (G2G), where government agencies use ICT

internally to interact in the organization or to intreract with
other government agencies
2. Government-to-business (G2B), where governments interact
with businesses, agents, and other private organizations
3. Government-to-citizens (G2C), where governments engage with
citizens by offering eServices.
2. Stages of eGovernment
Stage 6
Exploration (Gov 2.0
eParticipation, eDemocracy)
Benefit/cost Stage 5
Transformation Collaboration
Stage 4
Integration
Stage 3
Transaction
Stage 2
Interaction
Stage 1
Preparation and Initiation

The Level of eGov maturity and complexity

 3. Relevance of Egov in the LDC context
• The use of ICT in LDC’s public sector
• Usually the largest user base of ICT system
• Can play a leading role in ICT diffusion throughout the country
• Also exert influence through its policies and regulation
• Adopting ICT in government has the potential to bridge the divide between
citizens and bureaucrats
• eGov Process Model
Citizens
Demand

Socio economic Planning

Knowledge
condition Leadership
Political will Laws/Rules
Attitude/ ICT
Bureaucratic Mindset Championship
Business Infrastructure
Process
Expert
3. Relevance of eGov ….(2)
• The way forward
• Planning and strategy
• Educate to innovate
• Lead from the front
• Planning to succeed
• Foundations for the future
• Leadership with clear vision
• Success of eGov does not always depend on long-term plan, but instead on good
intentions, political will, and effective drive
• A strong drive and willpower to accept the challenge required from leaders and
people at the decision-making level
• This is especially crucial for developing countries where notions of hierarchy are
entrenched in the system and where the leaders play the dominant role

• A Top Down Approach

• In the LDC’s majority populations live below poverty line
• Heavily dependent on government or their leaders
• Tend to be god followers rather than exercising their own rights
• Good governments decision affects millions people
• A top down approach can be an effective way to bring about change
3. Relevance of eGov ….(3)
• eReadiness of the Society
• To achieve the greatest benefit from eGovernment, a society eReadines is important
• Readines is the degree to which a community is prepared to participate in the
networked world
• Government has ability to create an information society hub through
computerizations of its agencies and services which can gradually contribute to the
expansion of a country-wide information society
• Infecting public sector value
• To implement eGov effectively , the decades-old notions and perception of
government service fi needs to be changed.
• Accordingly, necessary awareness needs to be raised in society
• Succesfully adopting eGov depends on changing the organization’s value
towards governance, accountability, and transparent processes before the
technology adoption begins.
• Massive administrative reform
• Massive administrative reform , or cash program, is needed to remove the
obstacles to the use of ICT posed by redundant laws and regulation
• Technology, structure, interpersonal relationship, and the goals of
organizations must be carefully re-examined in light of the ICT-based
business process to create this new management culture
3. Relevance of eGov ….(4)
• Design to suit local context
• There is a need to ensure that social and cultural values and perceptions are usually
receptive to the technology rather than opposed to it.
• Good match of the system with the need is important, where all side effects are
adequately addressed before initiating the project.
• A flexible but pragmatic approach can only tackle this issue after a careful and
thorough consideration.
• Supply-side pressure
• In many developing countries, there is a significant lack of expertise, advocacy, and
promotion from vendors, experts, and consultants
• Inadequately, knowledge from incompetent experts often leads to the costly failure
of ICT initiatives
• The role of supply-side situation, which includes vendors, innovators, and
consultants, is crucial in improving intention to use ICT
• Personal ICT innovativeness and personal motivation can influence perception
towards ICT.
• Embarking on eGov through the web presence
• Many government departmens in developing countries have initiated eGov efforts
through a web presence
• Most of the websites lack clarity
• eGov websites need to be service delivery oriented
• There are no solutions that can be copied directly from another nation’s situation
4. World eGov Rankings
• The Top Achievers
• Rank United Nations (2014) Waseda University (2014)
• 1 Republic of Korea USA
• 2 Australia Singapore
• 3 Singapore Korea
• 4 France UK
• 5 Netherlands Japan
• 6 Japan Canada
• 7 USA Estonia
• 8 UK Finland
• 9 New Zealand Australia
• 10 Finland Sweden
• 11 Canada Denmark
• 12 Spain New Zealand
4. Word eGov …..(2)
• LDC’s status (Top Tier)
• No Country eGov index eGov. Development ranking
2014 2014 2012 2010 2008
• 1 Rwanda 0.35888 125 140 148 141
• 2 Kiribati 0.3201 132 149 184 n/a
• 3 Tuvalu 0.3059 137 134 184 n/a
5. Recent Trends in eGov
• Government 2.0
• Open consultation
• Open data
• Shared knowledge
• Mutual acknowledgement of expertise
• Mutual respect for shared values
• An understanding of how to agree to disagree
• Cloud Computing
• Platform as a service (Paas)
• Infrastructure as a service (Iaas)
• Communication as a service (Caas)
• Software as a service (Saas)
• mGovernment
• Provides a viable alternative for developing world where internet
access rates are low
• This technology enables a large number of citizens to access eGov
services, and is more cost effective than other ICT applications.
Question & Answers