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Research Project: Student Information
Research Project: Student Information
Research Project: Student Information
RESEARCH PROJECT
Department: Pharmacognosy
Academic year: 2019/2020
Course name: Pharmacognosy 3
Course code: PPG324
Lecturers: Dr/ Abdelsalam Ibrahim
Dr/Ahmed Ezz
Dr/
Dr/
Research project title: Animal secretion as source of drugs
STUDENT INFORMATION
Student Name: أحمد محمد ابراهيم عبد السميع
Student Number: 2018026
e-mail: 3bsame3ahmed@gamil.com
Mobile number: 01120444261
STUDENT INFORMATION
Secret Code:
Degree :
Name :…………………………….. signature
Evaluators : Name :…………………………….. signature
Name :…………………………….. signature
Al-Azhar University جامعة االزهر
Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys) (كلية الصيدلة )بنين
القاهرة
Cairo
Content
Introduction 1
Heparin extraction 2
Omega-3 Fatty Acids (fish oil) 3
Using of insects and their chemical weaponry as drugs 3
Using of insects and their chemical weaponry as drugs 4
induction of human pancreatic progenitors produces functional beta like
4
cells in vitro
induction of human pancreatic progenitors produces functional beta like
5
cells in vitro
animal venoms and toxins 5
animal venoms and toxins 6
Snake venom as anti cancer drug 6
Snake venom as anti cancer drug 7
Summary 8
References 9
Introduction
Livestock products have made a major difference to human safety and well-being
throughout modern history. A important addition of cattle to human health is the long-
term utilization of bovine and porcine for the development of insulin (for the
treatment of diabetes), gelatin (for medicinal and other purposes), as well as horse and
sheep antibodies against natural venoms, pathogens, medicines and microbial
peptides. Gelatin is the main animal protein eaten in human health and includes
antibody particles. In addition to their biosafety, the serious problem of animal-
derived therapeutics, specifically those of large molecular weight, is the induction of
immunogenicity. However, invertebrates and lower vertebrates offer human beings a
variety of essential life-saving small-peptides or their analogs, such as Refludan,
Prialt, Exendin,. Not only do cattle use widely as templates for experimental
therapeutic techniques, biodegradable implant processing and tissue repair products,
such as skin and heart valves. Recently, they are being used as bioreactor for the
development of biopharmaceutical related products by gene farming with much
greater efficiency than any traditional microbial or cell-culture production method.
Just 16 transgenic cows will meet the worldwide requirements of human growth
hormones. Transgenic technology , particularly animal technology, will fix many
drawbacks of biopharmaceutical products, such as cost, biosecurity, immunogenicity
and availability measurements. Edward Jenner's groundbreaking research on cowpox
in the 18th century opened the way for current vaccine campaigns against smallpox
and other human and animal diseases.(1)
1
1.Heparin extraction
Heparin controls haemostasis at different stages in the coagulation pathway primarily
by interfering with antithrombin and heparin cofactor II. Despite of these features,
heparin is a life-saving anticoagulant utilized in renal dialysis, heart intervention, and
deep vein thrombosis treatment. The medication frequently binds to platelets, reduces
platelet activity and adds to the hemorrhagic symptoms of heparin. Bovine heparin,
first approved in 1939, has been widely used in the United States for even more than
50 years. As other medications, heparin can have negative consequences, but generally
bovine heparin products were shown to be safe and successful during that time.
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) was first recorded in the United Kingdom
and subsequently in many other countries in the late 1980s, increasing questions
regarding the usage of bovine heparin products in humans. Owing to these issues,
manufacturers of bovine heparin goods voluntarily removed it from the US sector in
the 1990s. Since then, heparin drugs licensed for use in the US and Europe have been
derived exclusively from pigs, with about 60 per cent of the medication supply
originating from China. Heparin is a life-saving drug that has been used safely since
the 1940s. However, in 2007, polluted heparin caused a number of deaths in the
United States and hundreds of serious side effects globally. Contaminated heparin has
been shown to produce over-sulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS). OSCS was a
inexpensive organic adulterant with some anticoagulant action which was presumably
applied to heparin to raise sales while the product was in low supply owing to an
epidemic of pig disease. This "heparin crisis" revealed the insecurity of drug suppliers
provided by progressively multinational supply chains and exposed the dangers
implicit in depending on one nation and one animal species as the primary source of a
vital medication.(2)
2
2.Omega-3 Fatty Acids (fish oil)
Omega-3 [(n-3)] fatty acids have been linked to healthy aging over a lifetime. Fish-
derived omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA have recently been linked with embryonic
growth, cardiovascular activity, and Alzheimer's disease. However, because our
bodies do not produce certain omega-3 fatty acids efficiently from marine sources, it
is necessary to obtain adequate quantities through fish and fish-oil products. Studies
have shown that EPA and DHA are essential for proper fetal development, including
neuronal, retinal and immune functions. EPA and DHA may influence multiple facets
of cardiovascular function, including inflammation, peripheral artery disease,
significant coronary accidents, and anticoagulation. EPA and DHA have been related
to positive outcomes in treatment, weight control and cognitive performance for
people with relatively moderate Alzheimer's disease. Omega-3 [(n-3)] broad chain
PUFA, like EPA and DHA, are food fats providing a variety of health benefits.
These are introduced into other areas of the body, including cell membranes, which
play a function in anti-inflammatory mechanisms, cell membrane viscosity which safe
ageing. DHA is a central component in all cell membranes present in abundance in the
brain and retina. EPA and DHA are both precursors of many metabolites that are
active mediators of lipid, known by several investigators to be helpful in the
prevention or treatment of many diseases.(3)
4
accompanied by a combination EGF / KGF effectively induces both PDX1 + and
corresponding PDX 1+/NKX 6.1 + pancreatic progenitor populations, respectively.
Precise temporal stimulation of endocrine differentiation in PDX 1+/NKX 6.1 +
progenitors induces in vitro glucose-responsive beta-like cells that show core features
of bona fide human beta cells, stay stable after short-term transplantation, and
decrease blood glucose rates in diabetic mice. Therefore, our streamlined and versatile
method effectively recapitulates essential steps in the production of human pancreas
and provides a quick and reproducible supply of usable human beta-like cells.(5)
5
uncontrollable by other medicinal measures, snake venom was very useful. The cobra
venom in "Charak Samhita" and "Vagbata" was reported to be effective in
"Dushydara" and "Jalodara" (ascites). Spider, bee and snake venoms are frequently
used in homeopathic medicine. Buthus martensii Karsch venom has been used for
more than 2,000 years to treat different diseases as defined in traditional Chinese
medical practice. In old Gallenical treatment, known to the Chinese as Chan Su
(Senso to the Japanese), toad and frog skin extracts are used for the treatment of
different diseases. Chinese toad skins, soaked in wine, are used to treat leukemia2.
The use of animal venoms and contaminants in ethnic folk medicine is the foundation
of modern science. Venoms and contaminants have sought a niche on the medicine
industry. Several isolated toxins with known modes of action have practical
applications such as pharmaceutical agents, diagnostic reagents or preparation tools.
Chinese medicine firms and conventional drug stores have sold amphibian pieces such
as dried oviducts of frog Rana chensinensis and toad (Bufonid) fur. Captopril, an
angiotensin 1 conversion enzyme extracted from a brazilian rat, is used in the
diagnosis of lung disease.(6)
6
poisons from wind venoms have illustrated guarantee as a medium for the
advancement of modern medications with these characteristics. The show work was
pointed at portraying the characteristics of cervical cancer, related chance
components, current treatment and highlighting the impacts of poisons confined from
the poison of snakes of the Viperidae family on cervical cancer cells.(7)
7
Summary
At the conclusion of this investigate I trust that I have given a total clarification
around the drugs and restorative arrangements extricated from creatures such as
snakes creepy crawlies frogs and other creatures that had a major part within the
improvement of the pharmaceutical industry and therapeutic arrangements specialized
in treating numerous infections such as anti microbials analgesics and drugs that
specialize in treating cancer as well as drugs that It is utilized within the treatment of
nerve and hormone conditions such as affront and much appreciated to the revelation
of these solutions for the abundant endeavors given by researchers for the advantage
of humanity and the headway of medication and drug store to the most extreme extent
all of this is often of extraordinary advantage to the understanding and give the most
excellent treatment with the speediest and most effective impact and less side impacts.
8
References