Database Fundamentals

Open Source 34
Agenda


What is Database?

Types of databases

DBMS (Database Management System)

E.R.D (Entity Relationship Diagram)

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What is database

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What is database?

Database :
Organized collection of logically related data

Data :
Known facts
Types: text, graphics, images, sound, videos

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What is database? Cont'd

Examples of Database :

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What is database? Cont'd

Examples of Database :

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Types of database

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Types of database


Flat-file

Hierarchical

Network

Relational

Object-relational

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Types of database cont'd

• Type • Typical number • Typical • Typical size

of users architecture

• Personal • 1 • Desktop/Laptop/ • MB
• PDA

• Workgroup • 5-25 • Client/server:2 • MB-GB

tier

• Department • 25-100 • Client/server:3 • GB

tier

• Enterprise • >100 • Client/server: • GB-TB

• distributed

• Internet • >1000 • Web sever & • MB-GB

application
servers
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Types of database

Flat-file system :
It is a collection of programs that perform services for the
end user. Each Program defines and manages its own
data

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Types of database cont'd

Characteristics:

- Data is stored as records in regular files

- Records usually have a simple structure and
fixed number of fields
- For fast access may support indexing of fields in
the records
- No mechanisms for relating data between files
- One needs special programs in order to access
and manipulate the data
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Types of database cont'd

Limitations of Flat-file system :

Separation & Isolation Of data
Duplication Of data
Program Data Dependence
Incompatible File Formats

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Types of database cont'd

Relational database :

- Data is organized into tables: rows & columns

- Each row represents an instance of an entity
- Each column represents an attribute of an entity
- Metadata describes each table column
- Relationships between entities are represented by
values stored in the columns of the corresponding tables
(keys)
- Accessible through Structured Query Language (SQL)
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Types of database cont'd

Advantages of relational database :

- Controlling Redundancy.
- Sharing data.
- Inconsistency can be avoided

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DBMS

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DBMS

Database Management System (DBMS):

A software package/ system to facilitate the creation and
maintenance of a computerized database.

Database System:
The DBMS software together with the data itself.
Sometimes, the applications are also included.
( Software + Database )

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DBMS cont'd

• Users

• Database System
• Application Programs

• DBMS • Software to process

Software • Queries

• Software to access Stored Data

• Stored DB
• Stored
• Definition
• Database
• (Metadata)
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DBMS cont'd

Name Type Max Length Description

Name Alphanumeric 100 Organism name
Size Integer 10 Genome length (bases)
Gc Float 5 Percent GC
Accession Alphanumeric 10 Accession number
Release Date 8 Release date
Center Alphanumeric 100 Genome center name
Sequence Alphanumeric Variable Sequence

Name Size Gc Accession Release Center Sequence

Escherichia coli K12 4,640,000 50 NC_000913 09/05/1997 Univ. AGCTTTTC
Wisconsin ATT…
Streptococcus 2,040,000 40 NC_003098 09/07/2001 Eli Lilly and TTGAAAGA
pneumoniae R6 Company AAA…
…

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DBMS

Advantages :
Controlling Redundancy.
Restricting Unauthorized Access.
Sharing data.
Enforcing Integrity Constraints
Inconsistency can be avoided.
Providing Backup and Recovery.

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DBMS

Disadvantages :
It needs expertise to use (which is expensive)
DBMS itself is expensive
The DBMS may be incompatible with any other available
DBMS

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ERD

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ERD

Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD):

identifies information required by the business by

displaying the relevant entities and the
relationships between them.

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ERD cont'd

In building a data model a number of questions must

be addressed:
What entities need to be described in the model?
What characteristics or attributes of those entities need to
be recorded?
Can an attribute or a set of attributes be identified that will
uniquely identify one specific occurrence of an entity?
What associations or relationships exist between
entities?

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ERD cont'd

Entity - An entity is a thing that exists and is distinguishable --

an object, something in the environment. ( Types of entities:
Weak- Regular)

Entity Instance - An instance is a particular occurrence of an

entity. For example, each person is an instance of an entity, each
car is an instance of an entity, etc.

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ERD cont'd

Types of Attributes :
Key
Multi-valued
Composite
Derived

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ERD cont'd

Types of Attributes :
Key
Multi-valued
Composite
Derived

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ERD cont'd

Relationships :
Cardinality : (one 2 one – many 2 one – many 2 many)

Degree : (Unary – Binary – Teri-nary)

Participation : (Full - Partial)

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 LET's
Have FUN
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Thank
You
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