4

Chapter - 1

Introduction

The soil which contains the silt and clay particles show considerable sign of distress
accompanied by loss of strength of the soil during rainy seasons and shrinkage during
summer. Black cotton soil is one such type of soil which loses its strength during rainy
season due to their expansive behavior. The problems of expansive behavior of soil are as
follows.

a. Expansive soils have high plasticity and compressible when they are saturated.
b. These types of soil have high strength in dry state, becomes soft after saturation. Filling up
water into fissures and cracks, accentuates the process of softening causing reduction.
c. Structure built in a dry season show differential heaving as a result of swelling of soils
during subsequent wet season. Restriction on swelling causes swelling pressure, making
the structure unstable. This causes structure supported on soils to lift up with the
development of cracks.
d. Structure built at the end of wet season when the natural water content is high show
shrinkage crack and settlement, during dry season. Shrinking cause a downward thrust on
the foundation through skin friction thus increasing the foundation load.

Due to these reasons expansive soils need treatment prior to use as an engineering material.
These treatments are generally classified into two process,
(1) Soil modification and
(2) Soil stabilization.
Soil stabilization is the process of blending and mixing materials with a soil to improve
certain properties of the soil. The process may include the blending of soils to commercially
available admixtures that may alter the gradation, texture or plasticity, or act as a binder for
cementation of the soil (IRC: SP:89-2010). Soil modification is the stabilization process in
which improvement in some property of the soil but does not result in a significant increase
in soil strength and durability (IRC: SP:89-2010). Soil properties like strength,
compressibility, workability, swelling potential and volume change tendencies may be altered
by various soil stabilization and modification methods. Stabilization is derived by thermal,
mechanical, chemical or electrical means. Thermal and electrical is rarely used and less data
is available about these two. Mechanical stabilization or compaction is the densification of
soil by the use of mechanical energy. By the densification air is expelled from the soil voids
without much change in moisture content. This method is used to stabilize cohesionless soils
where compaction energy can cause rearrangement and interlocking of particles. But the
techniques are not effective if the soil is subjected to significant moisture fluctuation. The
efficiency of compaction may also diminish with an increase of fine content, fraction smaller
than 75micron, of the soil. This is because inter particle bonding and rearrangement during
compaction. Changing the physio-chemical properties of fine-grained soil by chemical
stabilization is a more effective form of durable stabilization then densification. Chemical
stabilization of non-cohesive, coarse grained soil with greater than 50% by weight coarser
than 75micron is also profitable if a substantial stabilization reaction achieved in the soil.
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Chapter - 2

Literature Review

2.1 Soil Stabilization by Using Fly Ash - Karthik, Ashok Kumar, Gowtham.
Elango, Gokul. Thangaraj.

Soil is a peculiar material. Some waste materials such Fly Ash, rice husk ash, pond
ash may use to make the soil to be stable. Addition of such materials will increase
the physical as well as chemical properties of the soil. Some expecting properties to
be improved are CBR value, shear strength, liquidity index, plasticity index,
unconfined compressive strength and bearing capacity etc. The objective of this
study was to evaluate the effect of Fly Ash derived from combustion of sub-
bituminous coal at electric power plants in stabilization of soft fine-grained red
soils. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and other strength property tests were
conducted on soil. The soil is in range of plasticity, with plasticity indices ranging
between 25 and 30. Tests were conducted on soils and soil–Fly Ash mixtures
prepared at optimum water content of 9%. Addition of Fly Ash resulted in
appreciable increases in the CBR of the soil. For water contents 9% wet of
optimum, CBRs of the soils are found in varying percentage such that 3,5,6 and 9.
We will find optimum CBR value of the soil is 6%. Increment of CBR value is
used to reduce the thickness of the pavement. And increasing the bearing capacity
of soil.

2.2 Soil Stabilization Using Industrial Waste - M. Adams Joe.

The project deals with stabilization of soil using industrial waste. Unsuitable
highway sub grade soil requires stabilization to improve its properties. Industrial
waste sand is used as raw materials when the sand can no longer be reused in the
industry, it is removed from the industry and is removed from the industry and is
termed as industrial waste sand. Ingredients used are Copper slag, cement and lime.
Copper slag is a by product of Copper industryLime was bought from locally
available chemical laboratories. The project are planned to conduct various
experiment like Specific gravity, sieve analysis, proctor compaction test,
unconfined compressive strength and CBR test to increase strength properties and
behaviour of sub base. Then the results and graphs of various mixes are compared
to see their effects in sub base stabilization. The stabilization technique has an
additional benefit of providing an environment friendly way to deal with industrial
waste sand.

2.3 Soil Stabilization Using lime -A.Maria Rajesh.

Lime is a calcium-containing inorganic material in which carbonates, oxides and

hydroxides predominate. Strictly speaking, lime is calcium oxide or calcium
hydroxide. The word "lime" originates with its earliest use as building mortar and
has the sense of "sticking or adhering." These materials are still used in large
quantities as building and engineering materials (including limestone products,
concrete and mortar) and as chemical feedstock‟s, and sugar refining, among other
uses. The rocks and minerals from which these materials are derived, typically
 4
limestone or chalk, are composed primarily of calcium carbonate. They may be cut,
crushed or pulverized and chemically altered. "Burning" (calcinations) converts
them into the highly caustic material quicklime (calcium oxide, CaO) and, through
subsequent addition of water, into the less caustic (but still strongly alkaline) slaked
lime or hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2), the process of which is
called slaking of lime.

2.4 Soil Stabilization Using Waste Paper Sludge - SantoshDhakar, S.K. Jain

Waste paper sludge (WPS) is a waste material collected from the paper industry.
Elias (2015) stabilized the soil using waste paper sludge. Soil used in the study was
clayey soil from district. Soil contains 74% silt, 26% clay, having Liquid limit
60%, plastic limit 31%, shrinkage limit 23%, plasticity index 30%, specific gravity
2.59 M.D.D, 16.3 KN/m3, O.M.C 22%, UCS 316.4KN/m2 and cohesion
158.2KN/m2. The waste paper sludge sample was collected in plastic container
from the sludge drying bed of the Hindustan newsprint, Vellore, Kottayam. When
soil treated with WPS M.D.D of soil was decreased and O.M.C was increased. The
UCS for soil for varying percentage such as 2%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7% and 10% of
WPS increased to better strength. The addition of WPS increased the strength at
5% and it was found to be constant and optimum value of strength to soil.
2.5 Stabilization of Soil by Using Bituminous Material - Vikash Kumar Gautam,
DeveshJaysawal.

Soil stabilization is a method of improving soil properties by blending and mixing

bituminous materials. Soil is used sub base and base material, If strength of soil is
poor, then stabilization is usually required. Subgrade is sometimes stabilized or
changed with solider soil. Soil could be black cotton or as fly ash which could fly
in interaction with air. There are many stabilizers used for stabilizing the soil such
as , cement, lime, bitumen, fly ash etc., in this paper bitumen as stabilizer. Bitumen
mixture is expensive material in road construction. So, its quantity plays vital part
to stabilize the soil. It increases the stability of soil mechanically. It does not react
with soil. It is just filling the pores of soil.

2.6 Stabilization Of Soil By Using Scrap Type Material -Sagar Mali,

SachinKadam, Sagar Mane, KrushnaPanchal, Swati Kale, YogeshNavkar

Soil stabilization is any process which improves the physical properties of soil,
such as increasing shear strength, bearing capacity etc. which can be done by use of
controlled compaction or addition of suitable admixtures like cement, lime and
waste materials like fly ash, phosphogypsum etc. The cost of introducing these
additives has also increased in recent years which opened the door widely for the
development of other kinds of soil additives such as plastics, bamboo etc. This new
technique of soil stabilization can be effectively used to meet the challenges of
society, to reduce the quantities of waste, producing useful material from non-
useful waste materials. Use of plastic products such as polythene bags, bottles etc.
is increasing day by day leading to various environmental concerns. Therefore, the
disposal of the plastic wastes without causing any ecological hazards has become a
real challenge. Thus, using plastic bottles as a soil stabilizer is an economical
utilization since there is scarcity of good quality soil for embankments. This project
involves the detailed study on the possible use of waste plastic bottles for soil
 4
stabilization. The analysis was done by conducting plate load tests on soil
reinforced with layers of plastic bottles filled with sand and bottles cut to halves
placed at middle and one third positions of tank. The comparison of test results
showed that cut bottles placed at middle position were the most efficient in
increasing strength of soil. The optimum percentage of plastic strips in soil was
found out by California Bearing Ratio Test and using this percentage of plastic,
plate load test was also performed. The size and content of strips of waste plastic
bottles have significant effect on the enhancement of strength of the soil.

2.7 Stabilization Of Soil By Using Cement - Prof. Ahsan Rabbani, Anil Pandey

Among the several modes of transportation, the roads have been the most ancient
and widely used medium. Since the ancient time for transportation of goods or
traveling purpose, we used roads. Heavy loaded trucks running on the roads need
special care and attention during construction phase so that they can bear the
maximum load. Some of the soil having sufficient load bearing capacity but some
of having poor this research work mainly focuses on soil stabilization using cement
to improved geotechnical properties such as plasticity, compaction and unconfined
compressive strength of the studied soil these properties were determined before
well as after the stabilization of soil. In this work it was found that higher the
quality of cement added to the soil, dry density of the soil decreased and optimum
moisture contained increased. With adding of cement to the soil, U.C.S. increased,
and it was also found higher at higher curing period.

2.8 Stabilization Of Soil By Using Waste Beverage Can -Hanifi Canakcia,

FatihCelika, Mohammed O. A. Bizneb, Media O. A. Biznea

This work presents an investigation of the effect of waste aluminum beverage cans
strips on strength and swelling properties of lean clay. Waste beverage cans (WBC)
were cut into 5 mm strips and mixed with soil in 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 % (dry weight of
soil) before use. Three standard tests were carried on the prepared samples:
compaction, free swelling, and California Bering Ratio (CBR). Test results showed
that WBC significantly affected the compaction characteristics, swelling and
strength properties of the clay.

2.9 Stabilization Of Soil By Using Plastic Waste - Anas Ashraf, Arya

Sunil,Mariamma Joseph

Soil stabilization is a process which improves the physical properties of soil, such
as increasing shear strength, bearing capacity, etc. The foundation is very important
for any structure & it has to be strongly enough to support the structure. Expansive
soils such as black cotton soil have always problem of swelling, shrinkage, &
unequal settlement. Plastic waste is become one of the major problems for the
world. So, recommended that use of plastic waste for stabilization of soils and
using plastic as soil stabilizer would reduce the problem of disposing plastic waste
& also reduce facing environmental problems. These reviews the researches on
stabilization of soil using waste plastic material in improving its strength.
 4
2.10 Modern Techniques - Swati Kale, YogeshNavkar.

Tire wastes can be used as lightweight material either in the form of whole tires,
shredded or chips, or in mix with soil. Many studies regarding the use of scrap tires
in geotechnical applications have been done especially as embankment materials.

Tires have been reused in many different applications mainly related to production
of new rubber based materials. Another major form of tire recycling is burning tires
for fuel at tire derived fuel (TDF) facilities. There have also been reports that
describe construction related applications for waste tires such as crumb rubber
modifiers for highway pavement and shredded tires as fill material. The reuse
application for tires is dependent on how the tires are processed. Processing
basically includes shredding, removing of metal reinforcing, and further shredding
until the desired material is achieved.
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Chapter - 3

Objective

To improve or maintain the performance of the soil as a construction material. The stabilizing
agent improves the strength parameters of sub grade of road pavement and leads to
strengthening of embankment. The objective of this paper is to review the applications of
different stabilizing agents such as lime, fly ash, cement, rice husk, expanded polystyrene
geofoam and waste paper sludge for different type of soil.

3.1 Test Requirement:

3.1.1 Test required to determine basic properties of soil

Sl. No. Test Name

1. Water content or Moisture content
2. Specific gravity
3. Grain size distribution
4. Plastic Limit
5. Liquid limit
6. Shrinkage Limit

3.1.2 Test required to determine strength of the soil

a. Compaction
b. California bearing ratio test (CBR)

Mixing proportion: -

Soil Sample (%) Stabilizer (%)

90 10
80 20
70 30
60 40
50 50
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Chapter - 4

Work Schedule

Test Performed
Result Analysis
Report Preparation

0 0.2 0.4
0.6 0.8
1 1.2 1.4
1.6 1.8
2
 4
Reference:

 ASTM spec. tech publ.156( July 1953). “Symposium on dynamic testing of soil”
 BannerjeeA.&Gangopadhyay, S.(Dec.1960)., Study of stability of the well foundation
for major bridges.
 Concrete pavement design of road and streets carrying all classes of traffic (1951).
Portland cement association.
 Dr. B.C. Punmia , Er. Ashok K. Jain, Dr. Arun K. Jain- Soil mechanics and
foundations.
 IS : 1888(1962). Method of load test on soils, Indian Standard Institution, New Delhi.
 IS :2720 part VI (1964). Determination Shrinkage factors.
 IS :2720 part XX (1964). Determination of linear Shrinkage.
 IS :2720 part IV (1965). Method of Test for Soil : Grain size analysis.
 IS :2720 part XVI (1965). Laboratory determination for CBR.
 IS 2720 part V (1965).Determination of liquid and plastic limits.
 Joseph E. Bowles – Engineering Properties of Soil & their Measurement (Forth
Edition).