CMBkU TI 9

deM NrI kar ngi TRmgé; nxülb; k;

Aeoli an Proc ess es and F orms

eKalbMNg
cg;[Gñkyl;GBM I ³
1 visalPaBénvallMh nigkarRtYtRtaelIskmµPaBxül;bk; ¬The distribution of deserts and
controls on aeolian activity¦

2 lkçN³EdlCamUldæanénxül;bk; nigcrnþxül; ¬Basic characteristics of wind and air-

flow¦

3 dMeNIrkar nigTRmg;dIénsMNwkedayskmµPaBxül;bk; ³ karykecj nigkardwkCBa¢ÚnénkemÞc-

kMN ¬Processes and landforms of aeolian erosion: sediment entrainment and
transport¦

4 dMeNIrkar nigTRmg;dIénkarcak;bgÁrkemÞckMN edayskmµPaBxül;bk; ¬Processes and land-

forms of aeolian sediment deposition¦

5 RbB½n§xül;bk; nigkarERbRbYlGakasFatu ¬Aeolian systems and climate change¦

matikaCMBUk
1 skmµPaBxül;bk; ¬Aeolian activity¦
1>1 visalPaBsklénTRmg;dIedaycrnþxül;bk; ¬Global distribution of aeolian land-
forms¦

1>2 lkçN³énxül;bk; ¬Wind characteristics¦

1>3 karykecj nigkardwkCBa¢ÚnénkemÞckMN ¬Sediment entrainment and transport¦
2 sMNwkedayskmµPaBxül;bk; ¬Aeolian erosion¦
2>1 kardkecj nigkarswk ¬Deflation and abrasion¦
2>2 TRmg;dIénsMNwk ¬Erosional landforms¦
3 TRmg;dIénkarcak;bgÁr ¬Depositional landforms¦

407
mUldæanRKwHénPUmsi NæanviTüa

3>1 rlkGgáaj; ¬Ripples¦

3>2 BMnUkxSac; ¬Dunes¦
3>3 kemÞckMNRKab;l¥it ¬Fine-grained deposits¦
4 RbB½n§xül;bk; nigkarERbRbYlGakasFatu ¬Aeolian systems and climate change¦
5 esckþsI egçb ¬Summary¦
6 BaküKnøHw sRmab;CMBkU TI 9 ¬Keywords for Chapter 9¦

408
 CMBkU TI 9

deM NrI kar ngi TRmgé; nxülb; k;

Aeoli an Proc ess es and F orms

eyIg)ankt;cMNaMrcY mkehIyfa dMeNIrkarxageRkA dUcCarbic clnacuHCRmalénrUbFatu

¬TMnajdI¦ lMhUrTwk Twkkk nigxül;bk; bgá[manCakarcuHTabénépÞdTI bIV EdlRtUv)ansßabnaeLIg
edaydMeNIrkarxagkñgú . eyIg)anKiteRcInGMB\I T§Bi lPUmisNæanéndMeNIrkarrbic dMeNIrkarCRmal nig
dMeNIrkarTenø enAelIeTsPaBsNæanrYcmkehIy ehIyenAkñúgCMBUkenH nwgnaMcMNab;GarmµN_rbs;eyIg
[KitGMBIskmµPaBxül;bk; ¬aeolian activity¦ vijmþg.
xül;bk; KWCaPñak;garénPUmisNæan EdlmankmøaMgexSaylµm enAelIEpñkCaeRcInénépÞEpndI
b:uEnþenAtMbn;nanaEdlKµanrukçCati vaGacmanRbsiT§PaBxøagM Nas;. enAtamtMbn;RtUBci s¶tÜ smuRTxSac;
FM² nigépÞsli aRTnrEdlmansñamcg¥rÚ FMTUlay KWCaPsþútagEdlbBa¢ak;BfI amBlénTegVIrbs;xül;bk;.
eyIgGaceXIjy:agc,as;nvU famBlrbs;xül;bk; enAkñgú ehtukarN_]tunyi mxøaMg tamry³karbMpaø jén
evrmÖvat ¬hurricane¦ xül;BüúHsgÇra ¬typhoon¦ nigxül;kYc ¬tornado¦ cMeBaHGaKar nigesckþrI g
TukçevTnarbs;mnusS.
enAkñúgCMBUkenH eyIgnwgBicarNaeTAelI ¬1¦ lkçN³sm,tþiénTegVIrbs;xül;bk; ¬2¦ karpSwk
énxül;bk; ¬3¦ TRmg;dIEdlcak;bgÁredaycrnþxül;bk; nig ¬4¦ bERmbRmYlGakasFatu nigRbB½n§
xül;bk;.
1 - skmµPaBxül;bk;
vallMhekþA nigRtCak; RKbdNþb;elIépÞdTI hM M 20° éntMbn;dTI bIV TaMgGs;enAelIEpndI ¬rbU PaB
TI 9>1¦ b:Eu nþeyIgsÁal;tci tYcNas;GBM tI bM n;TaMgenaH. y:agNak¾eday PaBGaccUldl;EdlekIneLIg
manPaBBak;Bn½ C§ amYynwgkarGPivDÆesdækci © RsbCamYynwgkarykkarN_CvuM ji EpndIGBM vI allMhtam
ry³karpþitykrUbPaBBIpáayrNb EdlkMBugEteFVI[mankarekIneLIgy:agrh½snUvcMeNHdwgrbs;eyIg
GMBITRmg;dIénxül;bk; ehIykarsikSaBiesaFn_ nigkarsikSaelITIlan kMBugeFVIkarbegáInnUvkaryl;dwg
rbs;eyIgcMeBaHdMeNIrkarénxül;bk;.

409
mUldæanRKwHénPUmsi NæanviTüa

ExSRkvat;sm<aFx<s;éntM bn;
Ek,rRtUBci s¶tÜ xageCIg

ExSRkvat;sm<aFx<s;éntM bn;
Ek,rRtUBci s¶tÜ xagt,Úg

TisedAxül;bk; crnþTwkRtCak; vallMhekþA smuRTxSac;skmµ vallMhb:U l

rbU PaBTI 9>1 TtI agM énvallMhekAþ nigvallMhblU: . vallhM ekAþ PaKeRcnI stiß kgúñ ExSRkvat;sma< F
xs< é; ntbM nE; k,rRtBU ci ngi vallhM bU:lPaKeRcnI stiß kgúñ ExSRkvats; ma< Fx<sé; ntbM nb; lU:
¬RbPB ³ Smithson et al, 2002¦

RbsiT§PaBénTegVIrbs;xül;bk; RtUv)ankMNt;RBMxN ½ eÐ dayktþamYycMnnY ehIysßti enAelImUldæan

skl xül;bk; KWCaPñak;garEdlmanfamBlexSayCagskmµPaBrbs;lMhUrTwkTenø. ebIeRbobeFob
CamYyTwk KWxül;mandg;seuI t nigPaBxab;Gn§il ¬viscosity¦ TabCag dUecñH manEtPaKl¥ti tUc²b:eu NÑaH
EdlGacRtUv)ancab;ykkñgú karGENþtvilvl; ¬suspension¦ elIkElgEteBlEdlvamanel,ÓnxøaMg
b:ueNÑaH. elIsBIenH rukçCati )ankat;bnßynUvel,Ónrbs;xül;bk; EdlsßitenACitépÞdIy:ageRcIn ehIy
RBmCamYynwgsMeNIm vaTMenarcgP¢ab;CamYyPaKl¥ti rYmKña nigkarBarPaKl¥ti TaMgenHBIkarpSwkeday
crnþxül;bk;. ehtudeU cñHehIy skmµPaBxül;bk; KWRKan;EtmanRbsiTP§ aBb:eu NÑaHenAtMbn;nanaEdl
manKRmbrukCç atimni RKb;RKan; nigenAtamTIkEnøgEdlsmasFatuenAelIépÞdI )ans¶ÜtGs;tameBlevla.
tMbn;sxM an;bMptu kñgú cMeNamtMbn;EbbenH KWCatMbn;stܶ EhgenAelIEpndI b:Eu nþTegVéI nxül;bk;kñúg
tMbn;mYycMnYn k¾ekItmaneLIgenAtambeNþayeqñrxSac; enAtamvalTMnab ¬CaBiess enATIkEnøgEdl
manbec©keTsTn;exSaykñúgkarRKb;RKgdI¦ nigenAtamTMnabTenøEdlmanpøÚvTwkpøas;bþÚrpgEdr CaBiess

410
 CMBkU TI 9

enACMuvijCayTenøTwkkk nigpÞaMgTwkkk. enAkñúgbrisßanEbbenH dMeNIrkarxül;bk; GacnwgedIrtYnaTICa

ktþasMxan;mYykñgú karvivtþsNæandI ehIyenAkñgú tMbn;nanaEdlmankarRbmUlpþúdM xI Sac;eRcIneLIgenAkñúg
vallMhekþAnanaelIEpndI xül;bk; KWCaPñak;garPUmisNæand¾sxM an;bMptu .
1>1 visalPaBsklénTRmg;dIedaycrnþxül;bk;
visalPaBénvallMhnana ¬tMbn;Edls¶tÜ EhgeBk RTRTg;dl;CIvti stV nigrukCç atiCaeRcIn¦ KW
Tak;TgeTAnwgktþa 5 y:ag ³ ¬1¦ bMENgEckry³TTwgénRbB½n§sm<aFx<s; ¬2¦ TMhMénépÞdITVIb ¬cm¶ay
BIsmuRT¦ ¬3¦ crnþrgVl;mhasmuRT ¬4¦ \T§iBl {RsemalePøóg} ¬‘rain shadow’¦ énCYrPñM ¬PñM)aMg
crnþxül;BIkarbk;qøgkat;TVIb eFVI[pøas;bþÚrbrimaNsMeNImEdlxül;bk;naMykmk¦ nig ¬5¦ sNæandI
Tab.
eTsPaBsNæan edayskmµPaBxül;bk;enAelIBPi BelakPaKeRcIn manenAtMbn;vallMhekþAén
PBEpndI enAtamExSRkvat;sm<aFx<sé; ntMbn;Ek,rRtUBci s¶tÜ ¬subtropical high pressure belts¦ Edl
manry³TTwgBI 15-30° xageCIg nigxagt,Úg dUecñHehIy kñgú CMBkU enH eyIgnwg[esckþItaMgcitCþ a
cm,geTAelItbM n;TaMgenH. eTsPaBsNæanedayskmµPaBxül;bk;nanaenAelIEpndI EdlenAsl; man
TItaMgenAkñgú vallMhRtCak; ¬tMbn;b:Ul¦. vallMhekþA nigRtCak;TaMgBIrenH KWCatMbn;Edlxül;Føak;cHu
nigEbkecjBIKñaenAÉépÞdI Edlbgá[dITVIbTaMgenaH RtUvs¶ÜtEhg bMEbkva[dac;ecjq¶ayBIRbPB
sMeNIménmhasmuRT ¬rbU PaBTI 9>1¦. vallMhFM²TaMgGs;enAelIBiPBelak k¾CatMbn;s¶ÜtpgEdr
edaysarEtTItaMgPUmsi a®sþrbs;va sitß enAcMkNþalénTVbI d¾FMlgwV elVyI Edldac;ecjq¶ayBI\T§Bi l
sMeNImrbs;xül;smuRT. rgVlm; hasmuRT k¾eFVkI arRtYtRtaeTAelIkarvivtþénvallMh eqñrsmuRTpgEdr
EdlcrnþTwkRtCak; egIbeLIgeq<aHeTAkan;épÞTwk ]TahrN_ ³ enAtambeNþayeqñrPaKxaglicénTVIb
Gaemrik ¬valxSac;mhU: avI ¬Mojave Desert¦ nigvalxSac;Gatakam:a ¬Atacama Desert¦¦ GaRhVikxag
t,Úg ¬valxSac;NamIb ³ Namib Desert¦ nigGU®sþalIPaKxaglic. CacugeRkay vallMhmYycMnYn ekIt
maneLIgedaysarEtlT§plén\T§Bi l {RsemalePøóg} énCYrPñM dUcCa vallMhehÁab‘Í ¬Gobi Desert¦
enAPaKxageCIgx<g;rabTIeb nigCYrPñMhim:aéL Edl)andkecjnUvsMeNImy:ageRcInBIxül;Edlbk;qøgkat;
va. \T§iBlenH RtUv)anekIneLIgenAtMbn;eRkayCYrPñMtameqñrsmuRT Edlmanry³km<s;Tab nigKµan
sNæandI ¬kUnPñM nigPñM¦.
TRmg;deI dayskmµPaBxül;bk;Cak;EsþgbMptu CaBMnUkxSac; ¬rbU PaBTI 9>2>k¦. BMnUkxSac;
¬dunes¦ KWCakarRbmUlpþMúénPaKl¥itEdlcak;bgÁredaycrnþxül;bk; ehIymanRbePTxus²Kñay:ageRcIn.

411
mUldæanRKwHénPUmsi NæanviTüa

RbePTPaKeRcIn KWRtUv)anpSMeLIgBIdIxSac;. enAtMbn;valrehadæanmYycMnYn dIxSac; RtUv)anRbmUlpþúMTuk

enAkñgú {smuRTxSac;} ¬sand seas, or ergs¦ ¬rbU PaBTI 9>2>x¦. smuRTxSac;skmµPaKeRcIn manTItaMg
enAtMbn;nana EdlTTYl)anbrimaNTwkePøógRbcaMqañ CM amFümticCag 150 m>m. smuRTxSac;buraN
nana Edl)ankøaymkCaKµanskmµPaB edaysarEt\T§Bi lefrénrukCç ati RtUv)aneKrkeXIjenAtamCay
esImCMvu ji tMbn;stܶ Ehg ¬rbU PaBTI 9>3¦. mankemÞckMNdIl,ab;m:dæ EdleKehAfa dILws ¬loess¦
EdlRKbdNþb;elIépÞdIFMTUlay ¬10° énépÞdITVIb¦ enAkñúgtMbn;vallMhRtCak;énry³TTwgkNþal
Edl)ansßti enAEk,rnwgCayénpÞagM Twkkks½kTI 4 ¬rbU PaBTI 9>4 ¦.

k x

rbU PaBTI 9>2 TRmgd; eI dayskmPµ aBxülb; kC; akE; sþgbpM tu KW ¬k¦ BnM kU xSac; ¬RbPB ³ F. Eckardt¦
¬x¦ smRu TxSac; ¬sand seas, or ergs¦. smRu TxSace; nH KCW asmRu TxSacN ; ambI Edlbgað jBI
TRmgé; nBnM kU xSacs; Kúµ saµ jenA RbeTsNambI Í‘ ¬RbPB ³ F. Eckardt¦

412
 CMBkU TI 9

smuRTxSac;skmµ
smuRTxSac;Gskmµ

rbU PaBTI 9>3 r)ayénsmRu TxSacb; ru aN ngi smuRTxSacs; kmeµ lBI Pi Belak. vsi alPaBénsmuRT
xSacb; ru aN EdlRbEhlmanskmPµ aBkgúñ GLM gú ry³kalsܶtEhgénsk½ TI 4 KCW akar)an: s; aµ n ¬RbPB ³
after Summerfield, 1991 ¦

smasFatujwkjab;bpM tu éndIxSac;enAvallMh KWCakVat edaysarEtPaBsm,ÚrEbbrbs;va CaEr:

begátI Casila nigedaysarEtPaBrwgmaMrbs;va cMeBaHkarbMEbktamEbbKImI nigkarswk. vallMhPaK
eRcIn manfµpsu BIdéI nsilaxSac;Edlsm,ÚredaykVat. silaxSac;xHø ² )ancab;keM NIteLIgCakemÞckMN
énskmµPaBxül;bk;.
1>2 lkçN³énxül;bk;
eyIgRtUvmancMeNHdwgGMBIlkçN³énxül;bk; edIm,Igayyl;cMeBaHkarvivtþénTRmg;dIeday
skmµPaBxül;bk;. enAelImaRtdæanFM lkçN³éncrnþxül;enAvallMh RtUv)ankMNt;edayKMrUénrgVl;
briyakasEpndI. enAry³TTwgénvallMhekþAelIBiPBelak KMrUenH RtUv)ankMNt;edayRbB½ns§ m<aFx<s;
éntMbn;Ek,rRtUBci ¬xül;sܶtFøak;cHu ¦ ehIytMbn;F²M nana TTYlrbbxül;GalIes ¬trade winds¦.
PaBxusKñatamtMbn;EdlRsUbkMedARBHGaTitü naM[manPaBxusKñaénsm<aF EdlbegáIt[mannUvcrnþ
xül;bk;enAtamtMbn;.
413
mUldæanRKwHénPUmsi NæanviTüa

lkçN³sMxan;myY énclnaPaKl¥itedayxül;bk; KWbERmbRmYltamTisQrénel,Ónxül;bk;

enAelIdI. enACitépÞdI el,Ónxül;bk; RtUv)ankat;bnßy edaysarkarkkitEdlTak;TgeTAnwgPaBrdib
rdub ¬PaBeRKIm¦ énépÞEpndI. kalNael,Ónxül; nigPaBrdibrdubekIneLIg enaHcrnþxül; nwgkøayCa
xül;kan;EtkYc ehIyPaBGaceFV[I mansMNwk ¬erosivity¦ rbs;va nwgekIneLIgpgEdr. el,Ónxül;
ekIneLIg eBlNavasßti enAx<sB; éI pÞdI edaysarkarkkitfycuH.

TisedAFUlI tMbn;dILwsFM² tMbn;dILwstUc²

rbU PaBTI 9>4 tbM nd; LI sw elBI Pi Belak. tbM nP; aKeRcnI manTtI aMgenACvuM ji ry³TTgw TI 40º xageCgI nig
xagt,gÚ cenaø HrvagExSRkvats; m<aFxs< é; ntbM n;Ek,rRtBU ci ngi RBEM dnénpaÞ gM Tkw kks½kTI 4 ¬RbPB ³
after Smithson et al, 2002 ¦

lkçN³énépÞdIenAvallMh KWmanPaBsMxan;Nas; BIeRBaHEtPaBrdibrdubrbs;dI rukçCati nigTMhM

nigPaBs¥ti Cab;rbs;PaKl¥ti man\T§Bi ly:agxøagM eTAelIPaBGacgayTTYlrgsMNkw ¬erodibility¦
rbs;dcI MeBaHxül;. eTaHbICaeyIgKitfa BMnUkxSac; CaTRmg;djI kw jab;bMputenAtMbn;sܶtEhgk¾eday k¾va
manEt 25-30° b:ueNÑaHéntMbn;vallMhekþAsrub EdlRtUv)anRKbdNþb;edaydIxSac;. cMENksMNl;
EdlenAsl; KWCasilaRTnr kemÞckMTIénrbic kemÞckMNTenø sm,krwgénrbic dIfµI nigkemÞckMNdI\dæ dI

414
 CMBkU TI 9

l,ab; nigGMbli . xusEbøkBIbrisßanepSgeTot dIEdlsßti enAkñgú vallMhekþA manPaBs¥ti Cab;exSay BI

eRBaHEtva minsm,ÚrsMeNIm dImemak ¬bgSúCati ³ humus¦ nigPaKl¥itTMhMdI\dæ. ehtudUecñHehIy dIenA
tamvallMh GacgayTTYlrgsMNkw ¬maner:ssuI gþ T; abcMeBaHsMNkw ¦.
1>3 karykecj nigkardwkCBa¢nÚ énkemÞckMN
Twk nigxül; TaMgBIrCasnÞnIy b¤CaGgÁFaturav ¬fluids¦ ehIymanPaBRsedogKñarvagynþkarén
karykecjkemÞckMNenAkñúgcrnþxül; niglMhUrTwk ¬CMBUkTI 8 Epñk 5>2¦. clnapøas;TI RtUv)anbnßy
eday³ ¬1¦ Tm¶n;rbs;PaKl¥it ¬2¦ karkkit nig ¬3¦ kmøagM s¥ti Cab;rbs;PaKl¥ti . clnapøas;TI
RtUv)anCMrujeday ¬1¦ kmøaMgTaj ¬drag¦ ¬2¦ kmøaMgelIkeLIg ¬lift¦ nig ¬3¦ karTgÁicKñaénPaKl¥it
Edl)ankMBugeFVIclnarYcehIy.
kmøagM Taj RtUv)anbegáIteLIgenACMvu ji PaKl¥ti mYy edaysarEtPaBxusKñaénsm<aFrbs;
snÞnIyenAcMehogmuxxül; ¬windward side¦ nigcMehogeRkayxül; ¬ lee side¦ rbs;PaKl¥itenAelI
épÞd.I skmµPaBenH Gacbgá[PaKl¥ti pøas;TItamcrnþxül;bk;cHu edaykarremol b¤karrGil CadMeNIr-
karmYyEdleKehAfa {karlUnénépÞdI} ¬surface creep¦.
kmøagM elIkeLIg k¾Gacbgá[PaKl¥ti enAelIépÞdIelateLIgeTAkñúgcrnþxül;bk;)anEdr. enHk¾
eRBaHEtxül; eFVcI lnaelOnenAxagelIPaKl¥ti CagenABIeRkamPaKl¥ti EdlbegátI )anCasm<aFxusKña
rvagxageRkam nigxagelIPaKl¥it. sm<aFEdlxusKñaenH )anRsUbykPaKl¥it[ehaHeLIgcUleTAkñúg
crnþxül;bk;.
ynþkarTaMgenH )aneFV[I kan;EtsµKú sµajeLIgedaykMNcY rbs;xül;. karekIneLIgPøam²én
el,Ónxül;bk; GaceFV[I sm<aFcuHTabmYyRsbk;enAxagelIépÞdI ehIybegáItnUvskþanuBld¾x<sm; yY
sRmab;karelIkeLIg nigkarRsUbTaj.
faetIPaKl¥ti mYy nwgpøas;TItamel,Ónxül;NamYy edayGaRs½yeTAelIktþaCaeRcIn rYmman
TMhM dg;seIu t RTg;RTay nigkmøagM s¥itCab;rbs;PaKl¥it nigrebobEdlRbmUlpþKMú ñay:agENnrbs;PaKl¥it.
y:agNak¾eday manTMnak;TMngKñay:agCitsñTi §rvagTMhPM aKl¥it nigkRmitel,Ónénkarykecj ¬kRmit
énel,ÓnsnÞnIy ³ fluid threshold velocity¦ BIeRBaHEtmanshsm<n½ K§ añ d¾xøaMgmYyrvagkarRsUbTaj
nigel,Ónxül;bk; ¬rbU PaBTI 9>5¦. RKab;EdlmanTMhFM CM ag 1 m>m kRmnwgpøas;TeI daykarRsUbTaj
Etmü:agenaHeT eRBaHfa el,Ónxül;EdlRtUvkar kRmnwgekItmaneLIgNas;. cMeBaHRKab;EdlmanTMhM

415
mUldæanRKwHénPUmsi NæanviTüa

tUcCag 0/06 m>m ¬TMhMdI\dæ nigdIl,ab;¦ kRmiténkarykecj )anekIneLIg xN³eBlEdlTMhM

rbs;PaKl¥it)anfycuH. mUlehtumyY sRmab;dMeNIrkarenH KWPaBeRKImrbs;épÞdI EdlRtUv)ankat;bnßy
¬dUecñH naM[kMNcY rbs;xül;mankRmitTabCag¦ cMeBaHépÞdIEdlpSMeLIgBIRKab;l¥it. mUlehtumYyeTot
¬EdleyIg)ankt;cMNaMenACMBUkTI 8 GMBIkarykecjénkemÞckMNTenø¦ KWCaPaBs¥itCab;d¾xøaMg ¬dUecñH naM
[maner:sIusþg;d¾xøaMg cMeBaHkarykecj¦ énkemÞckMNl¥it.

kRmiténel,ÓnsnÞnyI
¬fluid threshold¦
el,Ónxül; ¬m¼vi¦

kRmiténel,ÓnkarTgÁicKña
¬impact threshold¦

TMhMPaKl¥itrbs;dIxSac; nigdIl,ab; ¬m>m¦

l,ab; xSac;m:dæ xSac;mFüm xSac;eRKIm

rbU PaBTI 9>5 TnM akT; nM grvagThM PM aKlti¥ ngi kRmti el,Ónénxülb; k;sRmabk; arykecj ¬snnÞ yI ¦
ngi karTgciÁ Kañ énRKabd; I ¬RbPB ³ after Smithson et al, 2002¦

PaKl¥ti EdlmanTMhtM cU Cag 0/1 m>m ¬xSac;m:dæ RKab;dlI ,ab; nigdI\dæ¦ GacRtUv)anykecj
ehIysitß enAkñgú karGENþtvilvl; bnÞab;BIkarykecjedaycrnþxül;bk;. RKab;EdlmanTMhFM rM hUtdl;
0/4 m>m ¬xSac;l¥it nigmFüm¦ GacRtUv)anelIkeLIgCabeNþaHGasnñeTAkñgú crnþxül;bk; muneBlFøak;
cuHmkvijeTAelIépÞdI ¬rbU PaBTI 9>6¦. CalT§pléndMeNIrkarelatcuH ¬saltation¦ enH PaKl¥ti rbs;dI
xSac;Edlmanclna cab;epþmI bukKñanwgPaKl¥ti epSgeTotxageRkamva edIm,I[elatcuHEdr CaynþkarmYy

416
 CMBkU TI 9

RtUv)aneKsÁal;faCa {karTgÁicKñaénRKab;dI} ¬ballistic impact: rbU PaBTI 9>6¦. dMeNIrkar

enH )anpþl;nUvkmøaMgrujRcaneTAkan;RKab;xagelIépÞdI ehIyenHmann½yfa PaKl¥itEdlmanTMhBM ei ss
mYy Gacpøas;TItamel,Ónxül;TabCagGVIEdlRtUvkar edIm,IbegátI CaclnaBIdbM Ug. el,ÓnTabCagenH
RtUv)aneKsÁal;faCa {kRmiténel,ÓnkarTgÁicKña} ¬impact threshold velocity¦ b¤kRmiténel,Ón
kardwkCBa¢Ún.

rbU PaBTI 9>6 kardkw CBanÚ¢ kemcÞ kN

M edaycrnxþ ülb; k; ³ ¬k¦ karelatcHu ¬S: saltation¦ ¬x¦ karTgciÁ
Kañ énRKabd; I ¬B: ballistic impact¦ ngi ¬K¦ karlnU énépdÞ I ¬R: reptation, or surface creep¦
¬RbPB ³ Smithson et al, 2002¦

2 - sMNwkedayskmµPaBxül;bk;
2>1 kardkecj nigkarswk ¬Deflation and abrasion¦
sMNwkedayskmµPaBxül;bk; Bak;B½n§nwgdMeNIrkarBIrKW ³ ¬1¦ {kardkecj} ¬deflation¦
EdlCakarykecjnUvPaKl¥itminCab;Kñaedayxül;bk; nig ¬2¦ karswkedayxül;bk; ¬abrasion¦
EdlRtUv)anbgáeLIgedaykarTgÁci Kñaénsila nigépÞdéTeTot edayPaKl¥ti Edl)ancab;ykenAkñgú crnþ
xül;bk;. kardkecj KWman\T§Bi lxøagM bMputsRmab;smasFatuEdlmanTMhtM cU dUcdIl,ab; nigdI\dæ
EdlGacRtUv)anelIkeLIgedaydMeNIrkYcrbs;xül; nig)ancab;ykkñúgkarGENþtvilvl; kñúgry³cm¶ay
d¾EvgénbriyakasenAtamBüúHFUlI.
vallMhekþAenAelIEpndI KWCaRbPBcm,gmYyénFUlIkñúgbriyakas ¬rbU PaBTI 9>7¦. Gñk-
viTüasaRsþ)an)a:n;sµanfa manFUlI ¬BiessmasFatusila¦rvagBI 130-800 lanetan )andkecjBI
TVIbCaerogral;qñaM EdlenAvalxSac;sahar:a )anpþl;BI 60-200 lanetan. eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday
dMeNIrkarenH RtUv)anRbmUlpþtMú ameBlevla nigtamlMh. eTaHbIenAkñgú tMbn;stܶ Ehgk¾eday kardk

417
 mUldæanRKwHénPUmsi NæanviTüa

ecjedaycrnþxül;bk; RKan;EtekIteLIgenAelIépÞEdlKµandI b¤KRmbrukçCati ehIysmasFatuPaKeRcIn

RtUvykecjkñúgeBlEdlmanBüúHFUlIFM² EdleBlmanBüúHmþg² CaTUeTA ekIteLIgEt 3-4 éf¶b:ueNÑaH
¬rbU PaBTI 9>8¦.
ry³beNþay

valTMnabxag kahSak;sþg;
t,Úg ehÁab‘Í
Gar:ab;
sahar:a
ry³TTwg

kaLaharI
)a:m)a: sIumsun
TisedAFU
2
lIsMxan;²
etan¼K>m ¼qñaM

rbU PaBTI 9>7 RbPBsxM an²; énFlU bI ryi akas ³ valTnM abxagt,gÚ ¬Southern Great Plains¦ )am: )a:
¬Pampas¦ valxSacs; ahara: ¬Sahara Desert¦ kaLaharI ¬Kalahari Desert¦ Gara: b; ¬Arabian
Desert¦ ehaÁ bÍ‘ ¬Gobi Desert¦ ng i smuI snu ¬Simpson Desert¦ ngi kahSaks; gþ ; ¬Kazakhstan¦ ngi
kar)an: s; aµ nénbrmi aNFlU IEdl)andkw CBanÚ¢ ¬RbPB ³ after Smithson et al, 2002¦

épÞrbs;sila GacRtUv)anrgsMNkw edayPaKl¥ittUc² EdlmanTMhMbnu: dIxSac; dIl,ab; nigdI\dæ.

GRtax<sb; MputénsMNwk ekItmaneLIgenAkEnøgEdlmanxül;bk;xøagM elItbM n;mYyEdlsm,ÚrRKab;xSac;
rwg Edlbk;BeI lIRbePTsilaEdlmanrcnasm<n½ e§ xSay. edaysarRKab;xSac; RtUv)andwkCBa¢nÚ EtenACit
épÞdI eTaHbIel,Ónxül;xøaMgk¾eday karswkedayRKab;xSac; CaEdnkMNt;kñúg 1-2 m énépÞdI.
kardkecj nigkarswkedayxül;bk; )anpþlC; aGRtakarcuHTabénépÞdTI bIV edayskmµPaB
xül;bk; ¬aeolian denudation rates¦ mFümelIEpndI mancab;BI 0/25-13 m>m¼Ban;qñaM. eTaHCa
y:agNak¾eday mankardkecjenAelIsmamaRtEttUcmYyénépÞdIsrubb:eu NÑaH dUecñH enAkñgú tMbn;TaMg

418
 CMBkU TI 9

enH GRtacuHTabénépÞdTI bIV edayskmµPaBxül;bk; KYrEtmankRmitx<sC; agkRmitmFümrbs;sklTaMg

enH. Ca]TahrN_ tMbn;myY cMnnY enAvalxSac;sahar:a KWRbEhlkMBgu manbTBiesaFn_ngw karcuHTabén
épÞdTI bIV edayskmµPaBxül;bk;eRcInCag 20 m>m¼Ban;qañ .M y:agNak¾eday cUrGñkcgcaMfa témøTaMg
enH mankRmitTabCagGRtacuHTabénépÞdTI bVI mFümedayTenø Edlmancab;BI 62-70 m>m¼Ban;qña.M

RbPB ³ S. Arledge

rbU PaBTI 9>8 BüHú xSac; )anbkc; lU TRI kgu Al Asad kgúñ RbeTsGuIra: k; enAéfT¶ I 27 Ex emsa qañ M 2005

xül;bk; nigsMNwkdI
dUcEdleyIg)ankt;cN M aMenACMBkU TI 7 CaerOy² sMNkw dI ekItmaneLIgCalT§plénlMhUrTwkenAelICRmal. eTaH
Cay:agNak¾eday smasFatu nigFBaØCatienAelIépÞdI k¾GacRtUv)andkecjedaysMNkw énskmµPaBxül;bk;pgEdr CaBiess
enAkñgú brisaß nEdls¶tÜ Ehg. tamBit eRcInCag 1¼3 ¬2/4 lanK>m2¦ énsMNkw dI nigkarxUcKuNPaBdI ¬soil
degradation¦ enAkñg ú tMbn;stܶ EhgelIEpndI KWCalT§pléndMe NIrkarxül;bk;. 2¼3 éntMbn;TaMgenH sßti enAkñúgTVIb
GaRhVki nigGasI.u

419
mUldæanRKwHénPUmsi NæanviTüa

enAeBlEdlKRmbrukCç atitamFmµCati RtUv)aneFV[I )at;bg;edaykgVHkarRKb;RKgrbs;mnusS enaHdMeNIrekIteLIgCa

vallMh nwgGacmanCalT§pleLIg. enH KWCakareFV[I xUcKuNPaBdIenAkñgú tMbn;stܶ Ehg nigtMbn;Bak;kNþals¶tÜ Ehg Edl
manlT§plBIplGviCm¢ anrbs;mnusSeTAelIbrisaß n. Cajwkjab; plb:HBal;enH RtUv)anbgáeLIgedayktþasgÁm esdækci © nig
neya)ay ehIyrYmmanTaMg ¬1¦ karsIuesµAhYsehtueBk ¬overgrazing: stVCaeRcIn RtUv)anGnuBaØat[sIru ku Cç atienAkñúgtMbn;
mYy bgá[mankarbMpøajdI nigrukçCatihYsRbmaN¦ ¬2¦ kareFVIksikmµhYsehtu ¬over-cultivation: karBRgIkksikmµ Gac
bMpaø jrcnasm<n½ d§ I nigbegánI PaBgayTTYlrgeRKaHrbs;vacMeBaHsMNkw edayskmµPaBxül;bk;¦ nig ¬3¦ karkab;bpM aø jéRB
eQI ¬deforestation: kab;éRBeQI b¤clu øRBwkSecjBIdI eFV[I dIrgsMNwk ehIyGackat;bnßynUvkRmitTwkkñúgdI¦. dI GacRtUv)an
karBar[l¥RbesIreLIgvijBIsMNwktamry³ ¬1¦ viFIsaRsþkareFVIksikmµEdlkarBarépÞdI ¬2¦ bec©keTsRKb;RKgdI EdlbegáIn
rcnasm<n½ d§ I nig ¬3¦ viFsI aRsþemkanicEdleFV[I pøas;brÚþ nUvsPaBx<s;TabénépÞdI edIm,IRKb;RKglMhrU Twk nigclnaxül;bk;.
k x

¬k¦ sNM kw edayxülb; ké; ndxI SacR; sTabe; leI nATnM abeqrñ North Carolina ¬s>r>G¦ ¬RbPB ³ M. Slattery¦. ¬x¦ kardk
ecj edayxülb; k; RbEhl 1 m CvuM ji pHÞ kgúñ rdæ Texas ¬s>r>G¦ ¬RbPB ³ J. Lee¦

2>2 TRmg;dIénsMNkw ¬Erosional landforms¦

eTaHbICasMNkw edayskmµPaBxül;bk; GacmandMeNIrkarskmµeTAelIvalTMnabTenø nigeTAelI
eqñrxSac;ke¾ day k¾TRmg;dIEdl)anrgsMNkw edayxül;bk; KWkRmnwgRtUv)ankarBarkñgú brisaß nEbbenH
Nas; edaysarmankarbMpøajedaydMeNIrkarTenø b¤skmµPaBrlk. manEtenAkñgú tMbn;sܶtEhg
b:eu NÑaH EdldMeNIrkarPUmisNæanepSgeTot Kµanvtþman b¤manskmµPaBexSay EdlmanTRmg;dIrg
sMNwkedayskmµPaBxül;bk;y:ageRcInéRkElg.
épÞdPI aKeRcInénvallMhekþA min)anRKbdNþb;edaydIxSac;eT EtRtUv)anRKbdNþbe; dayRsTab;
esþIg²énkemÞckMTIRkYs ¬lag deposits¦ enABIelIsmasFatum:dæ ¬rbU PaBTI 9>9¦. TRmg;dIEbbenH eK
ehAfa {kRmalfµenAvallMh} ¬desert pavements¦. vaGacnwgekIteLIg EdlCalT§plénkardk
ecjénsmasFatul¥it² eFVI[kemÞckMNeRKImEdlmanenAsl;elIépÞdI ¬rbU PaBTI 9>9>k ngi 9>9>K¦.
420
 CMBkU TI 9

lkçN³jwkjab;énépÞrvallMhfµ KWCavtþmanénsilaTaMgLay EdlRtUv)ansIupaþ c; nigdusxat;

edayxül;bk; ehAfa {dMufµrelagedayxül;bk;} ¬ventifacts: rbU PaBTI 9>9>x¦. cMehogmuxxül;
nigcMehogeRkayxül;rbs;fTµ aMgenH RtUv)anbMEbkecjBIKañ edayRCugfµEdlRsYc EkgnwgTisedArbs;
xül;Edlbk;jwkjab; ¬prevailing wind direction¦. épÞénsilaRTnr k¾GacmanPsþútagénkarswk
edayxül;bk; CaRbehagtUc² Casñamcg¥rÚ nigépÞxat; ¬rbU PaBTI 9>10¦ eTaHbICalkçN³RsedogKña
GacRtUv)anbegátI eLIgedaylMhUrTwk nigrbicKImkI e¾ day.

k x

rbU PaBTI 9>9 TRmgd; nI anaénkardkecjedayskmPµ aBxülb; k; ³ ¬k¦ épdÞ kecj ¬deflation surface¦
enARbeTsNambI Í‘ bgað jBRI KabR; ksY enABeI lsI masFatulti¥ . kemcÞ kN
M li¥t RtvU )andkecjBéI pdÞ I
¬RbPB ³ C. Krapf¦. ¬x¦ épdÞ kecj ngi dfuM rµ elagedayxülb; k; ¬ventif act¦ enAeqrñ Skeleton
RbeTsNambI Í‘ ¬RbPB³ C. Krapf¦. ¬K¦ rbU fténkRmalfeµ nAvallMh ¬desert pavement¦ enAkgúñ
vallhM mU:havI rdæ Nevada ¬s>r>G¦. KRmbénma: snuI ftrbU bgað jBTI MhrM bs; TRmgd; I ¬RbPB ³ A.
Dittmer ¦

421
mUldæanRKwHénPUmsi NæanviTüa

k x

K X

rbU PaBTI 9>10 Pstúþ agénkarswkedayskmPµ aBxülb; k; ³ ¬k¦ ]TüanCati Timna vallhM Negev
PaKxagt,gÚ RbeTsGuIRsaEGl‘ ¬RbPB ³ N. Kuhn¦ ¬x¦ ngi ¬K¦ karswkénsli axSack; gúñ rdæ Arizona
s>r>G ¬RbPB ³ M. Farlow nig P. Nicklen¦ ngi ¬X¦ rbU cmaø k; Sphinx ngi BrI :amtI FM
EdleK)ansagsgR; bEhl 2500 qañ mM nu K>s enATRI kug Giza RbeTseGsbuI ¬RbPB ³
www.angelrainbows.com ¦

TRmg;dsI N
M wkFM² rYmmansñamcg¥rÚ nigRkhUg EdlmanTMhMcab;BIrab;sbi dl;rab;ryEm:Rt.
{RTnugfµenAvallMh} ¬y:adag³ yardangs¦ KWCaRTnugcg¥ÚrRsb EdlCaTUeTAmankm<s;TabCag 10 m
nigRbEvgEvgCag 100 m ¬rbU PaBTI 9>11¦. vaRtUv)anteRmobCaCYrRsbnwgTisedArbs;xül;Edlbk;
jwkjab; nigCaTUeTA cMehogeRkayxül;rbs;va mancugRsYc. va)anvivtþya: gjwkjab;enAkñgú silaTn;
exSay. TRmg;deI pSgeTot EdlmanTMhMdcU KñaeTAnwgy:adagenHEdr KWRkhUgrak;² eKehAfa {RkhUgén
kardkecj} ¬deflation hollows¦ EdlekIteLIgenAkEnøgEdlxül;bk;xaø Mg bk;ekasykPaKl¥ti ecj
BIépÞdIs¶Üt EdlKµanKRmbrukçCati.

422
 CMBkU TI 9

Gñkrukrk )andwgCayUrmkehIyBIvtþmanrbs;)asaMgFM²enAtMbn;valxSac;. )asaMgTaMgenaH man

TMhMrab;ryEm:Rt RbEhlCalT§plBIkarswkedaycrnþxül;bk;. )asaMgFM² EdlmanCeRmAeRCACag
100 m ehIymanRbEvgTTwgelIsBI 100 K>m esÞIrEtCH\T§iBleTAelIdMeNIrkarmYycMnYn CaBiess
sRmutcuHéntictUnic eTaHbICavaRtUvpSwkkan;EteRCAeTA² edayskmµPaBénxül;bk;k¾eday. k¾b:uEnþ
tMbn;EdlKµanPsþtú agsRmab;bMNak;Rsut b¤skmµPaBtictUnci enaHkarkekItén)asaMgFM²TaMgenH nig
kardkecjénbrimaNsmasFatude¾ RcInEdlBak;Bn½ § enAEtCaGaf’k)M aMg. cMnnY d¾eRcInén)asaMgFM²Ebb
enH ¬CeRmA 250 m¦ ekItmanenARbeTseGsIub Edl)asaMgTaMgGs; RKbdNþb;elIépÞdICag 70 000
K>m2.
kareRbIR)as;rUbPaBBIpáayrNbfµI²enH )anGnuBaØat[GñkPUmsi NæanviTüa GackMNt;)anBIsañ m
cg¥rÚ silaRTnrEdlmanmaRtdæanFM EdlRtUv)anBnül;edayskmµPaBénxül;bk;. sñamcg¥rÚ TaMgenH KW
CaTRmg;dIsMxan;bMputelItMbn;mYyFMCag 90 000 K>m2 enAx<gr; abTIEb‘sIÞ ¬Tibesti Plateau¦
GaRhVikxageCIg ¬rbU PaBTI 5>14¦ ehIyvaTMngCamanlT§plBIkarswk nigkardkecjedayxül;bk;
enAtambeNþayPaBdac;² ¬ExSexSay¦ énsilaRTnr. enAkñúgtMbn;enH sñamcg¥Úr manTTwgRbEvgBI
0/5-1 K>m nigmanbeNþayRbEvgrab;sbi KILÚEm:Rt ehIymanKmøatBIKñacm¶ay 0/5-2 K>m.

k x

rbU PaBTI 9>11 ya: dag ¬yardangs¦ KmW anRTgR; TayCacgrÚ¥ Rsb Edl)anpSkw edayxülb; k.; va
RtvU )anteRmobCaCYrRsbCamyY ngw TisedArbsc; rnþxülb; k; ehyI CaTeU TA vamanPaBRscY eTAqa¶ yBTI is
edAxülb; k.; ¬k¦ ya: dagtcU myY enA New Mexico s>r>G ¬RbPB ³ J. Goldstein¦ ngi ¬x¦ ya: dag
Edlmankm<s; 60 m ngi RbEvg 2 K>m enARClg Ica RbeTseBrU ¬RbPB ³ J. McCauley¦

423
mUldæanRKwHénPUmsi NæanviTüa

3 - TRmg;dIénkarcak;bgÁr
eTaHbICaRKab;dxI Sac; Gacpøas;TeI daykarlUnénépÞdI nigedaykarelatcuHk¾eday k¾vacMNay
eBlPaKeRcInrbs;va sþúkTukenAkñúgTRmg;dIdIxSac;EdlmanTMhMepSg²KñaCaeRcIn. TRmg;dIénkarcak;bgÁr
EdltUcbMput ¬km<s; 0/1-5 s>m nigRbEvgCMhanrlk 0/02-2 m¦ ehAfa {rlkGgáaj;} ¬ripples¦
EdlmanrUbrageTotTat; TRmg;dUcrlk sißtenAmMuEkgnwgTisedAéncrnþxül;bk;. BMnUkxSac; ¬dunes¦ KW
CaTRmg;déI nkarcak;bgÁrFM² CaTUeTAmankm<sB; I 1-30 m nigmanRbEvgCMhanrlkBI 10-500 m
eTaHbICapñkÚ xSac;F²M ¬draa, or mega-dunes¦ mankm<s;dl;eTA 400 m nigmanRbEvgCMhanrlkdl;
eTA 4 K>m k¾eday ¬rbU PaBTI 9>12¦.

rbU PaBTI 9>12 BnM kU xSacF; ²M ¬BnM kU xSac; ¦ enAÉ

draa Sossusvlei vallhM NambI RbeTsNambI Í‘
¬RbPB ³ C. Krapf¦

3>1 rlkGgáaj;
rlkGgáaj; ekItmaneLIgenAeBlEdlxül;bk;rujdIxSac;eTAmux edaykarlUnénépÞdI nigkar-
elatcuHenAcMehogmuxxül;énPaBmineTotTat;rbs;épÞdI begátI )anCaCYrBkeLIg EdlmanmMCu Rmal
424
 CMBkU TI 9

RbEhl 10º ¬rbU PaBTI 9>13¦. RKab;dmI yY cMnnY rGilecjBICrY Bk begátI )anCaCRmalecatmçag
¬cMehogeRkayxül;énCYrBk¦ manmMuBI 30-35º. RKab;xSac;déTeTot ehIrecjBICYrBkenH ehIyva
Føak;cHu xageRkam begátI )anCarlkGgáaj;mYyeTot. dUcenH tamdMeNIrkarenH rlkGgáaj;Edlman
cenøaHBIKñaeTogTat; )ancab;epþmI ekItmaneLIg ¬rbU PaBTI 9>14¦. xN³eBlEdlsMNwkenAcMehogmux
xül;énCYrBk nigkarcak;bgÁrenAcMehogeRkayxül;rbs;va enAEtbnþ enaHrlkGgáaj; nwgpøas;TItam
crnþxül;bk;cHu . km<sr; bs;va RtUv)ankMNt;edayry³km<sé; nxül;bk;Edlmanel,ÓnxøaMg.

RbPB ³ A. Ditmer RbPB ³ J. Daniels

rbU PaBTI 9>13 xülb; k; eF[IV manrlkGgáaje; lBI nM UkxSacR; bePTvti aß rki ¬transverse dune, rbU PaBTI
9>16>k¦ enArdæ kalIhnV a ¬s>r>G¦. KRmbénma: snuI ftrbU bgað jBTI hM rM bsT; Rmgd; I

xSac;esIm
x

rbU PaBTI 9>14 karkektI énrlkGgáaje; dayskmPµ aBxülb; k; ³ ¬k¦ RKabx; SacT; gciÁ Kañ . BnM UktcU myY
eknI eLgI enAkEnøgEdldxI Sace; smI caby; kPaKlti¥ nana ¬x¦ BnM kU tcU TBI Ir cabe; pmIþ eknI eLgI tamry³
karelatcHu énPaKli¥tBBI nM kU tcU TmI yY . deM NrI karEbbenH mankarvivtCþ arlkGgáaj; EdlmanKmaø tBI
Kañ ya: geTogTat; ¬RbPB ³ Smithson et al, 2002¦
425
mUldæanRKwHénPUmsi NæanviTüa

3>2 BMnUkxSac;
sRmab;karkekIténBMnUkxSac; vaRtUvkarkarkekIténdIxSac;mYyk,altUc. dMeNIrkarenH ekIt
eLIgenAkEnøgEdlel,Ónxül;bk; RtUv)ankat;bnßyedayPaBeRKIménépÞdI. enAeBlva )anekIteLIg
dIxSac; nwgekIneLIgedaykarcab;ykRKab;xSac;EdlelatcuH EdlminGacelaty:aggayRsYl dUcenA
elIépÞfCµ Muvji enaHeT. BMnkU xSac; manTRmg;kat;TTwgRsedogKñaeTAnwgrlkGgáaj;Edr edaydIxSac;
Edl)ancak;bgÁr rGilcuHCRmalcMehogeRkayxül;rbs;BMnUkxSac; ¬muxrGil ³ slip face¦ tammMukkit
éndIxSac;s¶Üt KW 30-35º ¬rbU PaBTI 9>15¦. dIxSac;EdlrgsMNwkBIcMehogmuxxül;rbs;BMnUkxSac;
RtUv)ancak;bgÁrenAelIceM hogeRkayxül;rbs;va dUcenH BMnkU xSac;nana eFVkI arpøas;TItamTisedAénxül;
bk; CaerOy² manBI 10-20 m kñúgmYyqñaM.

TisedAxül;bk;
kMBlU
xñgCRmal
muxrGil ¬slip face¦

10-15º 30-35º

muxrGilEdlkb; tMNageday
épÞRTnrrab ¬bedding planes¦
rbU PaBTI 9>15 smasFatcu m,g²énTRmgk; atT; TwgénBnM kU xSacR; bePTvti ßarik ¬transverse dune¦
Edlmanmxu rGilmyY . BnM kU xSacR; tgd; cU bnaÞ t; ¬linear dunes¦ manmxu rGli BIrpyúÞ Kña ngi BnM UkxSac-;
paá y ¬star dunes¦ manmxu QmeRcnI ¬RbPB ³ after Summerfield, 1991¦

manBMnkU xSac;tamTRmg;epSgKñaCaeRcIn EdlmanTRmg;bgø ; nigcMnnY énmuxrGilxus²Kña. TisedA

nigel,Ónrbs;xül;bk; karpþld; xI Sac; nigvtþmanénrukCç ati b¤r)aMgdéTeTot KWCaktþad¾sMxan;bMput Edl
man\T§iBlelIrUbsNæanénBMnUkxSac;. RbePTFM²BIrénBMnUkxSac; RtUv)aneKsmÁal;dUcteTA ³ ¬1¦ {BMnUk
xSac;esrI} ¬free dunes¦ EdlTRmg;rbs;va RtUv)anRtYtRtaedaylkçN³énxül;bk; ¬taragTI 9>1 ngi
rbU PaBTI 9>16-9>27¦ nig ¬2¦ {BMnUkxSac;bg¥ak;} ¬impeded dunes¦ EdlrUbsNæanrbs;va RtUvrg

426
 CMBkU TI 9

taragTI 9>1 cEM Nkfñaké; nRbePTsxM an²; énBnM UkxSace; srI ¬RbPB ³ Summerfield, 1991¦
cMnYn nigFrNImaRt rbbxül;sMxan; RbePTpñÚkxSac; rUbsNæan
énTismuxrGil
mux 1 manTismYy TisEtmYy vitßarik RTnugEdlminsIuemRTIKña
vitßarikragelakEx CYrénTRmg;ragelakEx

TRmg;vitßarik
ragelakEx TRmg;ragelakEx
mux 2 TispÞúyKña manTis 2 pÞúyKña bRBa©as RTnugEdlminsIuemRTIKña
enAmMu 180°
mux 2 TispÞúyKña manTis 2 rYmKña CabnÞat; RTnugEdlsIuemRTIKña
edaybBaäit
mux 3 b¤eRcInCag manTiseRcIn páay kMBUlkNþal manéd 3 b¤eRcIn
manTiseRcIn
KµanTis - edam KMnrCargVg;

k x

rbU PaBTI 9>16 rbU sNaæ nsxM an²;

vitßarik
vitßarikragelakEx énBnM kU xSace; srI ¬free dunes¦.
sBaaØ RBjY bgað jBTI si edAxülb; k;
K sxM an²; ³ ¬k¦ BnM kU xSacv; ti aß rik
ragelakEx
¬transverse dune¦ ¬x¦ BnM kU xSac;
vti aß rki ragelakEx ¬barchanoid
X g
dune¦ ¬K¦ Bn M kU xSacr; agelakEx
¬barchan¦ ¬X¦ BnM kU xSacb; naÞ t;
b®Ba©as
bnÞat; ¬linear dune¦ ¬g¦ BnM kU xSac-;
c q bRBaa© s ¬reversing dune¦ ¬c¦
BnM kU xSacp; áay ¬star dune¦ ngi ¬q¦
edam
BnM kU xSace; dam ¬dome dune¦
páa ¬RbPB ³ after McKee, 1979¦

427
mUldæanRKwHénPUmsi NæanviTüa

\T§Bi ly:agxøagM BIrukçCati r)aMgx<sT; abénsNæandI b¤RbPBkemÞckMTIkgúñ tMbn;tcU ¬taragTI 9>2 ngi
rbU PaBTI 9>18-9>19¦.
k x

K g

rbU PaBTI 9>17 ]TahrNm_ yY cnM nY énTRmgB; nM kU xSace; srI ³ ¬k¦ BnM kU xSacR; bePTvti ßarik ¬transverse
dunes¦ enArdkæ alIhnV a s>r>G ¬RbPB ³ A. Dittmer¦ ¬x¦ BnM kU xSacv; ti ßarikragelakEx ¬barchanoid
transverse dunes¦ )aha kalI hn V a RbeTsmciu skIu U ¬RbPB ³ P. Hesp¦ ¬K¦ BnM kU xSacr; agelakEx
¬barchans¦ kgúñ vallhM Gara: b; ¬RbPB³ G. Steinmetz¦ ¬X¦ BnM kU xSacr; agCabnaÞ t; ¬linear (seif)
dune¦ enAvallh M sIéu NPaKBayB½ ü RbeTseGsbuI ¬RbPB ³ C. Tsoar¦ ¬g¦ BnM kU xSacp; aá y ¬star
dunes¦ ¬rbbxülb ; ke; RcnI Tsi ¦ enARbeTsNambI Í‘ ¬RbPB ³ F. Eckardt¦

428
taragTI 9>2 cEM Nkfañ ké; nRbePTsxM an²; énBnM kU xSacb; ga¥ k; EdlRtYtRtaedayrku Cç ati zanelxsaRsþ bR¤ bPBkemcÞ kN
M tamtbM n; ¬RbPB³ Summerfield,

1991 ¦
RbePT TRmg; nigTItaMg KMrUénkarvivtþ
RkhUgbk;ecj ¬k¦ CayCargVg;CMuvijRkhUgrak;² kardkecjedayxül;bk;kñúgtMbn;
pñÚkxSac;ragCa)a:ra:bUl ¬x¦ TRmg;bøg;ragCaGkSr {U} b¤ {V}. manédBIr EdllatenA karTmøak;RKab;xSac;tamtMbn; )andkecjtamTisxül;Edlbk;BIelI. CaTUeTA édmin
cMehogmuxxül;rbs;pñÚkxSac; enACMuvijRkhUgbk;ecjmYy mankarERbRbYl edaysarEtrukçCatieT
{lUnENt} ¬K¦ TRmg;CaelakEx EdlebIkeq<aHeTAmuxxül; karekIneLIgxül;bk;cuHénRbPBkemÞckMNkñúgtMbn; dUcCa)atbwgs¶ÜtCaedIm
{Enbxa} ¬X¦ TRmg;bøg;CaeGlIb manragrelagtamxül;bk;cuH karekIneLIgxül;bk;cuH nigenACMuvijKum<rukçCati
pñÚkxSac;cMehogxageRkay ¬g¦ TRmg;Evgtamxül;bk;cuHBIr)aMgzanelx karekIneLIgenAelIcMehogeRkayxül; EdlkarBaredayr)aMg
pñÚkxSac;xagmux ¬g¦ kMeNag EdlmanédebIkxül;bk;cuH sgxagénr)aMg karekIneLIgenAkñúgtMbn;énlMhUrxül;bk; EdlRtUv)anbg¥ak;enAxagmuxxül;énr)aMg
pñÚkxSac;eLIgCRmal ¬c¦ TRmg;mineTogTat; eLIgelIcMehogmuxxül;énr)aMgzanelxFM karekIneLIgenAkñúgtMbn;énlMhUrxül;bk; EdlRtUv)anbg¥ak;enAcMehogmuxxül;énr)aMg
mYy
pñÚkxSac;cuH ¬c¦ TRmg;mineTogTat; fycuHtamcMehogeRkayxül;énr)aMg karekIneLIgenAkñúgtMbn;énlMhUrxül;bk; EdlRtUv)anbg¥ak;enAcMehogeRkayxül;én
zanelxFMmYy r)aMg
pñÚkxSac;eGkU ¬c¦ RTnugEvg RsbnwgcMehogmuxxül;énr)aMgzanelxmYy karekIneLIgenAkñúgtMbn;énlMhUrxül;bk;vil enAcMehogmuxxül;énr)aMgFM

¬cUrGñkRcMNaMfa GkSr {k}-{c} Tak;TgeTAnwgrbU PaBTI 9>18¦

mUldæanRKwHénPUmsi NæanviTüa

k x

RkhUgbk;ecj pñÚkxSac;rag)a:r:abUl
K X

lUnENt Enbxa
pñÚkxSac;xagmux pñ
k
Ú xSac;
Faø k;cuH
g c pñÚkxSac;eGkU

pñÚkxSac;cMehogxageRkay pñÚkxSac;eLIgCRmal
rbU PaBTI 9>18 RbePTnanaénBnM kU xSacb; ga¥ k; ¬impeded dunes¦. sBaaØ RBjY bgað jBTI si edAxül;
bks; xM an²; ³ ¬k¦ RkhgU bke; cj ¬blowout¦ ¬x¦ BnM kU xSacr; ag)a:rab: Ul ¬parabolic dune¦ ¬K¦
lnU ENt ¬lunette¦ ¬X¦ Enbxa ¬nebkha¦ ¬g¦ BnM kU xSacm; xu ngi eRkay ¬lee and fore dunes¦ ¬c¦
BnM kU xSace; LgI CRmal BnM kU xSacF; aø kc; Hu ngi BnM kU xSace; GkU ¬climbing, falling and echo dunes¦
¬RbPB ³ Summerfield, 1991¦

k x

rbU PaBTI 9>19 ]TahrNn_ anaénBnM kU xSacb; ga¥ k; ³ ¬k¦ RkhgU bke; cj ¬blowout¦ enA Nebraska
s>r>G ¬RbPB³ A. Arbogast¦ ¬x¦ BnM UkxSacr; ag)a:ra: bUl ¬parabolic dune¦ ¬TTgw 700 m¦ Edl
kBM gu pøasT; BI GI ñkftrbU enAGRU saþ lIPaKxaglci ¬RbPB ³ P. Hesp¦

430
 CMBkU TI 9

K X

g c

rbU PaBTI 9>19 bnþ ¬K¦ BnM kU xSacl; nU ENt ¬lunette dune¦ enARbeTsNambI PÍ‘ aKxagt,gÚ ¬RbPB ³
C. Krapf¦ ¬X¦ Enbxa ¬nebkha¦ enA kg úñ BnM kU xSace; qrñ RbeTsGRuI saEGl‘ ¬RbPB ³ C. Tsoar¦ ¬g¦
BnM kU xSace; LgI CRmal enANambI Í‘ ¬RbPB ³ F. Eckardt¦ ¬c¦ BnM kU xSacF; aø kc; Hu enAekaH Fraser
GRU saþ lI

karsikSaBITnM ak;TnM grvagrbbxül;bk;bc©bú ,nñ nigKMréU nBMnkU xSac; GacbegánI karyl;dgw rbs;
eyIgeTAelITRmg;énBMnUkxSac;Biess². eTaHCay:agNak¾eday RbB½n§BMnUkxSac;mYycMnYn manTMhMy:ag
FM EdlvakMBugmankarvivtþGs;ry³eBlCaeRcInBan;qañ M ehIyTRmg;rbs;va nwgminGacmanTMnak;TnM gy:ag
CitsñiT§eTAnwglkçxNÐénxül;bk;fµI²enHeT. mü:ageTot tMbn;F²M hYsBICayéntMbn;stܶ Ehgbc©bú ,nñ
RtUv)anRKbdNþbe; dayBMnUkxSac;bru aN ¬relict dunes¦ Gskmµ nigmanPaBlMnwgedayrukçCati ehIy
TRmg;rbs;va minsUvTak;TgeTAnwgKMrUxül;bk;naeBlbc©úb,nñenHeT ¬rbU PaBTI 9>20¦.

431
mUldæanRKwHénPUmsi NæanviTüa

rbU PaBTI 9>20 BnM Uk

xSacb; ru aN ¬relict
dunes¦ Edlmanru k-ç

Catdi Hu enAEk,rTRI kgu

Wanganui RbeTs

jeÚ sEln ¬RbPB ³

P. Hesp ¦

3>3 kemÞckMNRKab;lti¥ ¬Fine-grained deposits¦

dI\dæ nigdIl,ab; GacRtUv)andwkCBa¢Úntamcm¶ayq¶ay edayxül;bk;. Lws ¬loess¦ KWCakemÞc
kMTEI dlmanTMhMbnu: dIl,ab; nigmankarteRmobtamRbePTrbs;PaKl¥it EdlRKbdNþbe; lItbM n;F²M enA
ry³TTwgkNþalénGDÆeKalxageCIg ¬dUcCa GWrbu: kNþal GtItshPaBsUevotPaKxagt,Úg RbeTscin
Epñkxagt,Úg nig s>r>G¦ b:uEnþk¾GacrkeXIjenAelICayénvallMhekþApgEdr ¬rbU PaBTI 9>4 ngi
9>21>k¦. tamBit 10° éntMbn;dTI bIV srubelIEpndI RtUvRKbdNþb;edaydILws EdlmankRmas;BI 1-
100 m. kemÞckMNenH )anekItmanenAvalTMnabFM² Edl)anekIteLIgenAelICayPaKxagt,ÚgénpÞaMg
Twkkks½kTI 4 kñúgGDÆeKalxageCIg. kemÞckMNTenø nigTenøTwkkk RtUv)anrgsMNwk dwkCBa¢Ún nig
cak;bgÁrmþgeTotkñúgGMLgú sm½yTwkkk EdlRtUv)ankMNt;lkçN³edayel,Ónxül;bk;xøaMg PaBraMgs¶Üt
nigbrimaNtictYcénKRmbrukCç ati. sBVéf¶enH dILws CaerOy² pþl;dIEdlmanKuNRbeyaCn_sRmab;
karlUtlas;énFBaØCati eTaHbICaenAkEnøgEdlmankarRKb;RKgdIenAkRmitexSay EdlmanGRtasMNwk
x<sk; ¾eday dUcCa enAextþkags‘U ¬Gansu¦ RbeTscin ¬rbU PaBTI 9>21>x¦.
CacugeRkay eTaHbICakemÞckMNl¥ti mYycMnnY edayskmµPaBxül;bk; RtUv)ancak;bgÁreLIgvij
CadILwsk¾eday k¾smasFatuEdll¥ti CagCaeRcIn Edl)anrgsMNwkBIvallMhekþAelIEpndI RtUv)anyk
ecjedayrMlgmhasmuRT nigbegátI nUvEpñkd¾sMxan;myY dl;kemÞckMNenAkñgú GagmhasmuRTsakl.

432
 CMBkU TI 9

k x

rbU PaBTI 9>21 kemcÞ kTM eI dayxülb; kT; MhbM nu: dIl,ab; RKbdNbþ R; bEhl 10° éntbM nd; TI bIV elEI pndI ³
¬k¦ dLI sw Rkasb; pM tu EdleKsÁale; nAelEI pndI enAÉPMñ Jiuzhoutai Ek,r Lanzhou RbeTscni . dLI sw
enATeI nH mankRmas; 318 m ngi RtvU )ancakb; grÁ tagM BIRbmaN 1/4 lanqañ mM nu . dLI sw enH stiß enAelI
l,aké; nTeneø lOg Edlkate; nAkúñgsli aBNR’ khm ¬sk½ TI 3¦ EdlGacemlI eXjI eqa< HeTAmlU daæ n
rbsP; .Mñ bnaÞ tB; Ne’ xAµ enAÉkBM lU énsilaBN’Rkhm KCW aRsTab;kemcÞ kN M Teneø lOg xagelEI dlepþk
dLI sw eTAkank; BM lU PeMñ nAEpñkxagelIxageqgV ¬RbPB ³ J. Mason¦ ¬x¦ sN M kw dLI sw Fn¶ F; r¶ enARbeTs
cni ¬RbPB ³ F. Eckardt

4 - RbB½n§xül;bk; nigkarERbRbYlGakasFatu
dUcKñanwgRbB½nT§ enøEdr RbB½nx§ ül;bk; KWgayTTYlrg\T§Bi lBIkarERbRbYlkMNkGakas ehIy
bERmbRmYlsItuNPð aB Gacman\T§li eTAelIkRmiténskmµPaBxül;bk;pgEdr tamry³\T§Bi lrbs;va
elIseM NImdI nigrukCç ati. CaBiess TINaEdlmankMNkGakas ekIneLIgRbcaMqañ xM s< C; ag 200 m>m
enaHKRmbrukçCati dak;kMNt;y:agtwgrwgelIel,Ónxül;bk;enAÉépÞEpndI nigelIkarykecjkemÞckMN.
elIsBIenH PaBepSgKñaénkmøagM nigTisedAxül;bk; Gacbgá[mankarERbRbYldl;kRmiténskmµPaB
xül;bk; nigkarteRmobCaCYrénTRmg;dIedayskmµPaBxül;bk;.
PsþútaglMdab;FMmYy )anbgðajBIbERmbRmYlcm,g²énGakasFatuenAtMbn;stܶ Ehg nigenA
tMbn;Bak;kNþals¶tÜ EhgelIEpndIkúñgGMLgú s½kTI 4 CaBiess kMNt;Rtaénlm¥gpáa nigkarERbRbYlkal
briecäTénkRmitTwkbwgenAry³TTwgRtUBic. bc©úb,nñenH GñkviTüasaRsþyl;y:agc,as;fa PaBs¶ÜtEhg
xøagM enAry³TTwgTaMgenH KWRtUvKñaCamYynwgry³eBlTwkkkenAry³TTwgkNþal nigx<s;. tamBit va

433
mUldæanRKwHénPUmsi NæanviTüa

RbEhlCamanvdþekþA-esImrhUtdl; 25 dgenAGMLgú s½kTI 4. nIvTU: kw smuRTEdlTabCagenAGMLgú

sm½ykalTwkkk KYrEteFV[I tMbn;TbIV kan;Ets¶tÜ . PaBxusKñaénsm<aFbriyakasrvagtMbn;blU: nig
eGkVaT½r )aneFV[I xül;GalIesbk;kan;EtxøagM Edl)anbegánI nUvlMhrU TwkRtCak;eTACitnwgeqñrsmuRT
Edl)aneFIeV kIneLIgbEnßmnUvPaBs¶tÜ EhgénvallMheqñr. bERmbRmYlcm,g²énTMhM nigGaMgtg;seuI t
éntMbn;stܶ EhgelIEpndI RtUvEtman\T§Bi ly:agxøagM eTAelIskmµPaBxül;bk; dUcEdl)anbgðajeday
visalPaBd¾FMénsmuRTxSac;buraN enACMuvijtMbn;EdlmanclnadIxSac;skmµeBlbc©bú ,nñenH ¬rbU PaBTI
9>3¦.
k x K
dILwscin ssr V21-146 ssr V21-146
m:aejTic ¬m3¼K>Rk¦ FUlIdI ¬m>Rk¼s>m2¼Ban;qñaM¦ aδ O (‰)
18
eBlevla ¬Ban;qñaMmun¦

rbU PaBTI 9>22 shsmn½< é§ nkN M tR; tamhasmRu T ngi deI Kak GBM kI arERbRbYlGakasFatku gúñ GLM gú 500
000 qañ cM gu eRkay ³ ¬k¦ kMhabE; rm: a: ejTci ¬kRmti cHu TabeTAxageqgV ¦. ErT: agM enH ekIteLgI enA
eBlEdldLI sw RtvU )anrgrbci kgúñ GLM gú ry³eBlekAþ -esmI ¬Gnrþ smy½ Tkw kk¦ begtIá )anCaRsTabd; .I
ErE: dlmankRmti ma: ejTci Tab bgað jBdI LI sw Edlmni )anrgrbci EdlbBaa¢ kB; rI y³eBlRtCaks; ܶt
¬smy½ Tkw kk¦. ¬x¦ cN M Hu FlU éI nxülb; ke; nAkgúñ kemcÞ kN
M mhasmRu T BsI srelx V21-146 PaK
BayB½ üénmhasmRu T)as: uIhkiV ¬kRmti FUleI LgI xs< e; TAxageqgV ¦ ¬K¦ kN M tR; ta O ¬vsi alPaBén
18

paÞ gM Twkkk¦ BsI srdEdl ¬vsi alPaBénpÞagM Twkkk )aneknI eLgI kgúñ GLM gú smy½ kalTwkkkeTAxag
eqgV ¦ ¬RbPB ³ after Kukla et al, 1990¦
434
 CMBkU TI 9

elIsBIenH dUcEdleyIg)ankt;cMNaMxagelIrYcehIy kMLúgeBlsm½yTwkkk k¾Cary³eBlén

dMeNIrxül;bk;xaø gM TUTaMgEpndI BIeRBaHEtlMdab;kRmit ¬CRmal¦ xøagM Cagmunénsm<aFrvagry³TTwgTab
nigx<s;. karkMNt;kalbriecäTénRsTab;dILws nigdIénGnþrsm½yTwkkkenARbeTscin nigGWr:ub nig
kareRbobeFobCamYynwgkMNt;RtaepSgeTot dUcCakemÞckMNmhasmuRTCaedIm )anbgðajBITMnak;TMng
d¾CitsñTi r§ vagry³eBlénkarcak;bgÁrdILws nigdMNak;kalénkMeNInpÞaMgTwkkk ¬rbU PaBTI 9>22¦.
karviPaKBIkRmitcak;bgÁrFUléI nbriyakasenAkñgú ssrkemÞckMNmhasmuRT nigssrTwkkk
)anpþln; vU PsþútagbEnßmeTot sRmab;skmµPaBxül;bk;EdlekIneLIgkñgú GMLúgsm½yTwkkks½kTI 4.
enA CMuvijry³eBl 18 000 qñaMmun enAeBlEdlpÞaMgTwkkksm½ykalTwkkkcugeRkay sßitenATMhMFM
bMput ¬Last Glacial Maximum: LGM¦ GRtaénkarcak;bgÁrFUlIxSac;enACiteqñrvalxSac;sahar:a
vallMhGURsþalI nigGar:ab; KWmanRbEhlesµnI gw 2 dgénGRtanaeBlbc©bú ,nñ ehIycMNHu FUlkI úñg
RsTab;TwkkkenAGg;takTik )anekIneLIgrhUtdl; 50 dg x<s;CagenAsm½ybc©úb,nñ. kardwkCBa¢ÚnFUlI
EdlekIneLIg eTAkan;mhasmuRT RbEhlCa)anbegánI brimaNénClCatibøgt; ug ¬phytoplankton¦
y:agsn§kw sn§ab; Edl)anRsUb CO BIkñúgbriyakas ¬dUecñHehIy va)ankat;bnßynUv CO BIkñúg
2 2

briyakas¦ EdlnaM[man\T§Bi leTAelIGakasFatuskl. TIbBa©b; edaysarkarekIneLIgénbrimaN

FUlIkgúñ briyakas )anBRgaynUvkaMrsµIBnøRW BHGaTitübEnßmeTot FUlIkgúñ xül;bk; KYrEtmanTaMgbuBeV htu
niglT§plénkarERbRbYlGakasFatuenAs½kTI 4.

xül;BüúH nigbERmbRmYlGakasFatusakl
bERmbRmYlGakasFatu bgá[)at;bg;PaBlMngw énbriyakas ]TahrN_ ³ edaysarRBwtkiþ arN_ePøógFøak;xaø gM ²CaedIm.
GñkviTüasaRsþbc©bú ,nñ begánI kar)a:ns; µany:agmutmaMeTAelIeRbkg; ¬PaBjwkjab;¦ nigGaMgtg;sIeu ténkarekItmanxül;BüúHenAry³
eBl 3-4 TsvtSbnÞab; EdlTak;TgnwgkarERbRbYlGakasFatuskl. karekIneLIgénel,Óny:agxøaMgénxül;BüúHFM² hWrIexn
nigtUNadU nigbegánI nUvbBaðaén]tunyi mdl;Cvi ti mnusS GaKar nigskmµPaBesdækci © ehIyGacnwgnaMeTArkplb:HBal;GviC¢man
énPUmsi NæanviTüay:agF¶nF; r¶ enAkñgú brisaß nesIm EdlnwgmannUvGakasFatukan;EtekþA b¤stܶ . kareLIgkemþAEpndI nwgbgá[
mankarERbRbYldéTeTotenAelIépÞEpndI dUcCakareRbIR)as;dCI aedIm. dMeNIrbegátI CavallMh RtUv)aneKrMBgw TukfaCakarKMram
kMEhgy:agF¶nF; r¶ EdlkMBugekIneLIgcMeBaHtMbn;brisßans¶tÜ Bak;kNþals¶tÜ nigtMbn;brisaß nemDIETr:aen.

5 - esckþs
I egçb
cugbBa©b; cMNcu sMxan;²EdlTak;TgnwgCMBUkenH GacRtUv)ansegçbdUcxageRkam ³

435
mUldæanRKwHénPUmsi NæanviTüa

1- xül;bk; KWBwgEp¥keRcIneTAelIRbtibtþikarN_dMbUgéndMeNIrkarPUmisNæandéTeTot Cag

Pñak;garPUmisNæannana. dMeNIrkarTaMgenH pþl;nUvsmasFatumd: æ Edlxül;)aneFVI
karswk kardkecj nigkarcak;bgÁrCaTRmg;déI nskmµPaBxül;bk;. edaysarxül;bk;
Rbdab;edayRKab;xSac; vaGacdusxat;épÞsli aRTnr[relagpgEdr.
2- TRmg;deI dayskmµPaBxül;bk;PaKeRcIn RtUv)aneKrkeXIjenAkñgú tMbn;RtCak;stܶ nig
ekþAs¶tÜ EdlmankarFøak;cuHénbriyakas CaCagenAkñgú ExSRkvat;BüúHénry³TTwgkNþal
EdlmanTMenareTArkPaBesIm. PaBs¶ÜtEhg pþl;nUvfamBlxül;bEnßm ehIy
karGvtþmanénrukçCati KWCaktþad¾sxM an;mYykñgú karkMNt;nvU r)ayénbrisaß nénskmµPaB
xül;bk;.
3- dMeNIrkartictUnic dak;karRKb;RKgTI 2 eTAelIskmµPaBxül;bk; tamry³karegIbeLIg
karkekIt)asaMg nigkarbegáIt\T§iBlénRsemalePøóg. karelIkeLIgéncrnþTwkRtCak;
énmhasmuRT )anTb;saá t;karFøak;ePøóg nigbegánI PaBs¶tÜ EhgeTAelIeqñrEdlsßitenA
CitTIenaH.
4- épÞsilaEdlricril mankemÞckMTIRkYs ¬lag gravels¦ b¤)andusxat;eTACay:adag
¬yardangs¦ nigsmuRTxSac; ¬ergs¦ CamYynwgBMnUkxSac; nigTRmg;RTnrGgáaj;enARKb;
maRtdæanTaMgGs; EdlbegátI )anCaeTsPaBénskmµPaBxül;bk;enAvalMhekþA. val
TMnabdILsw ¬loess¦ mankMeNItmkBIdMeNIrkarTenøTwkkk nigdIkkrwg EdltMNag
[plitplénkarswkedaycrnþxül;bk;enAvallMhRtCak; CaBiess enAtamCayén
pÞaMgTwkkks½kTI 4.
5- dMeNIrkarxül;bk; minRtUv)ankMNt;RBMEdn dl;tbM n;GakasFatustܶ EhgeLIy.
PaBraMgs¶tÜ nigPaBGacrk)anénRKab;l¥it Fatustܶ enAkñgú brisaß neqñr PñM TIRkug nig
ksidaæ nTaMgGs; GacCYyCRmujbEnßmnUvskmµPaBxül;bk;kgúñ tMbn;. épÞdeI nAtMbn;ry³
TTwgkNþal GacnwgkøaygayTTYlrgeRKaHkan;EtxøagM cMeBaHdMeNIrkarxül;bk; EdlCa
lT§plénkareLIgkemþAsakl.

436
 CMBkU TI 9

BaküKnøHw sRmab;CBM kU TI 9
skmµPaBxül;bk; ¬aeolian¦
vallMh ¬desert¦
BMnUkxSac; ¬dune¦
smuRTxSac; ¬sand sea, erg¦
dILws ¬loess¦
rgVlb; riyakasskl ¬global atmospheric circulation¦
karlUnénépÞdI ¬surface creep¦
karelatcuH ¬saltation¦
karTgÁicKñaénRKab;dI ¬ballistic impact¦
kRmiténel,ÓnsnÞnIy ¬fluid threshold¦
kRmiténel,ÓnkarTgÁicKña ¬impact threshold¦
kardkecj ¬deflation¦
karxUcKuNPaBdI ¬soil degradation¦
dMeNIrbegátI CavallMh ¬desertification¦
kemÞckMTRI kYs ¬gravel lag deposits¦
kRmalfµenAvallMh ¬desert pavement¦
dMfu rµ elagedayxül;bk; ¬ventifact¦
y:adag ¬yardang¦
RkhUgénkardkecj ¬deflation hollow¦
rlkGgáaj; ¬ripple¦
pñkÚ xSac;esrI ¬free dune¦
pñkÚ xSac;bg¥ak; ¬impeded dune¦
pñkÚ xSac;bru aN ¬relict dune¦
sMnrY sRmab;CBM kU TI 9
1> ehtuG)IV anCaxül;bk; CaPñak;garsMNkw Edlman\T§Bi lexSayCagTwk ?

437
mUldæanRKwHénPUmsi NæanviTüa

2> etIktþacm,g²GVxI Hø EdlRKb;RKgskmµPaBxül;bk; ?

3> k> cUrGñkKUsEpnTImYy EdlbgðajBITtI aMgénvallMh ExSRkvat;sm<aFbriyakas ¬sm<aFTab
eGkVaT½r sm<aFx<se; nAtMbn;Ek,rRtUBci sm<aFTabenAtMbn;Ek,rb:Ul nigsm<aFx<se; nAtMbn;b:Ul¦
crnþTwkekþA crnþTwkRtCak; nigCYrPñnM anaelIBiPBelak.
x> cUrGñkeRbIEpnTIrbs;Gñk edIm,IBnül;BITItaMgénvallMhsahar:a ¬Sahara¦ NamIb ¬Namib¦
Gar:ab; ¬Arabian¦ ehÁab‘Í ¬Gobi¦ GURsþalIPaKxaglic ¬West Australian¦ kaLaharI
¬Kalahari¦ nigm:hU avI ¬Mojave¦.
K> ehtuG)IV anCavallMhRtCak;elIBPi Belak manTItaMgenAtMbn;bU:l ?
4> cUrGñksresrktþaTaMg 5 EdlRtYtRtalT§PaBénxül;bk;kgúñ kareFVsI N
M kw .
5> edayeRbIdüaRkam cUrGñkBnül;BIynþkarTaMg 3 EdlkemÞckMNGacRtUvpat;ecjedayxül;bk;.
6> ehtuG)IV anCakRmiténel,ÓnkarTgÁci Kña ¬impact threshold¦ TabCagkRmiténel,ÓnsnÞnIy
¬fluid threshold¦ sRmab;PaKl¥itEdlmanTMhMdUcKña ?
7> sMNkw edayskmµPaBxül;bk;eTAelIdxI Sac; dIl,ab; nigdI\dæBéI pÞdI eKehAfa ³
k> karswk ¬abrasion¦
x> karcak;bgÁr ¬deposition¦
K> kardkecj ¬deflation¦
X>kareFVI[hin ¬depletion¦
8> silaEdlmanépÞrab mansMNwkedaycrnþxül;bk; eKehAfa ³
k> BMnUkxSac;ragelakEx ¬barchan¦
x> RkhUgbk;ecj ¬blow-out¦
K> CRmaleCIgPñM ¬pediment¦
X>dMfu rµ elagedayxül;bk; ¬ventifact¦
9> RsTab;épÞdIénRkYsEdlmanRkYsENn )anrkeXIjenAkñúgvallMh eKehAfa ³
k> kRmalfµénvallMh ¬desert pavement¦

438
 CMBkU TI 9

x> v:arnIsénvallMh ¬ desert varnish¦

K> )acada ¬bajada¦
X>dMfu rµ elagedayxül;bk; ¬ventifact¦
10> xageRkamenH etINamYyminEmnCaRbePTénBMnkU xSac; ³
k> )a:ra:bUl ¬parabolic¦
x> ragelakEx ¬barchan¦
K> vitßarik ¬transverse¦
X> kNþal ¬medial¦
11> kemÞckMTIéndI\dæ nigdIl,ab; edayxül;bk; eKehAfa ³
k> dIl,ab; ¬silt¦
x> dI\dæ ¬clay¦
K> dILws ¬loess¦
X>pñkÚ xSac; ¬dunes¦
12> ehtuG)IV anCakMLúgeBlénsm½yTwkkkkñgú s½kTI 4 RtUvkMNt;lkçN³eday ³
k> xül;bk;xøaMg ?
x> PaBs¶tÜ EhgxøagM enAkñgú ry³TTwgkNþal nigry³TTwgx<s; CagGMLúgeBlGnþrsm½yTwkkk ?

439
mUldæanRKwHénPUmsi NæanviTüa

440