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Chapter 09. Aeolian Processes and Forms PDF
Chapter 09. Aeolian Processes and Forms PDF
Chapter 09. Aeolian Processes and Forms PDF
eKalbMNg
cg;[Gñkyl;GBM I ³
1 visalPaBénvallMh nigkarRtYtRtaelIskmµPaBxül;bk; ¬The distribution of deserts and
controls on aeolian activity¦
407
mUldæanRKwHénPUmsi NæanviTüa
408
CMBkU TI 9
409
mUldæanRKwHénPUmsi NæanviTüa
ExSRkvat;sm<aFx<s;éntM bn;
Ek,rRtUBci s¶tÜ xageCIg
ExSRkvat;sm<aFx<s;éntM bn;
Ek,rRtUBci s¶tÜ xagt,Úg
rbU PaBTI 9>1 TtI agM énvallMhekAþ nigvallMhblU: . vallhM ekAþ PaKeRcnI stiß kgúñ ExSRkvat;sma< F
xs< é; ntbM nE; k,rRtBU ci ngi vallhM bU:lPaKeRcnI stiß kgúñ ExSRkvats; ma< Fx<sé; ntbM nb; lU:
¬RbPB ³ Smithson et al, 2002¦
410
CMBkU TI 9
411
mUldæanRKwHénPUmsi NæanviTüa
k x
rbU PaBTI 9>2 TRmgd; eI dayskmPµ aBxülb; kC; akE; sþgbpM tu KW ¬k¦ BnM kU xSac; ¬RbPB ³ F. Eckardt¦
¬x¦ smRu TxSac; ¬sand seas, or ergs¦. smRu TxSace; nH KCW asmRu TxSacN ; ambI Edlbgað jBI
TRmgé; nBnM kU xSacs; Kúµ saµ jenA RbeTsNambI Í‘ ¬RbPB ³ F. Eckardt¦
412
CMBkU TI 9
smuRTxSac;skmµ
smuRTxSac;Gskmµ
rbU PaBTI 9>3 r)ayénsmRu TxSacb; ru aN ngi smuRTxSacs; kmeµ lBI Pi Belak. vsi alPaBénsmuRT
xSacb; ru aN EdlRbEhlmanskmPµ aBkgúñ GLM gú ry³kalsܶtEhgénsk½ TI 4 KCW akar)an: s; aµ n ¬RbPB ³
after Summerfield, 1991 ¦
rbU PaBTI 9>4 tbM nd; LI sw elBI Pi Belak. tbM nP; aKeRcnI manTtI aMgenACvuM ji ry³TTgw TI 40º xageCgI nig
xagt,gÚ cenaø HrvagExSRkvats; m<aFxs< é; ntbM n;Ek,rRtBU ci ngi RBEM dnénpaÞ gM Tkw kks½kTI 4 ¬RbPB ³
after Smithson et al, 2002 ¦
414
CMBkU TI 9
415
mUldæanRKwHénPUmsi NæanviTüa
kRmiténel,ÓnsnÞnyI
¬fluid threshold¦
el,Ónxül; ¬m¼vi¦
kRmiténel,ÓnkarTgÁicKña
¬impact threshold¦
rbU PaBTI 9>5 TnM akT; nM grvagThM PM aKlti¥ ngi kRmti el,Ónénxülb; k;sRmabk; arykecj ¬snnÞ yI ¦
ngi karTgciÁ Kañ énRKabd; I ¬RbPB ³ after Smithson et al, 2002¦
PaKl¥ti EdlmanTMhtM cU Cag 0/1 m>m ¬xSac;m:dæ RKab;dlI ,ab; nigdI\dæ¦ GacRtUv)anykecj
ehIysitß enAkñgú karGENþtvilvl; bnÞab;BIkarykecjedaycrnþxül;bk;. RKab;EdlmanTMhFM rM hUtdl;
0/4 m>m ¬xSac;l¥it nigmFüm¦ GacRtUv)anelIkeLIgCabeNþaHGasnñeTAkñgú crnþxül;bk; muneBlFøak;
cuHmkvijeTAelIépÞdI ¬rbU PaBTI 9>6¦. CalT§pléndMeNIrkarelatcuH ¬saltation¦ enH PaKl¥ti rbs;dI
xSac;Edlmanclna cab;epþmI bukKñanwgPaKl¥ti epSgeTotxageRkamva edIm,I[elatcuHEdr CaynþkarmYy
416
CMBkU TI 9
2 - sMNwkedayskmµPaBxül;bk;
2>1 kardkecj nigkarswk ¬Deflation and abrasion¦
sMNwkedayskmµPaBxül;bk; Bak;B½n§nwgdMeNIrkarBIrKW ³ ¬1¦ {kardkecj} ¬deflation¦
EdlCakarykecjnUvPaKl¥itminCab;Kñaedayxül;bk; nig ¬2¦ karswkedayxül;bk; ¬abrasion¦
EdlRtUv)anbgáeLIgedaykarTgÁci Kñaénsila nigépÞdéTeTot edayPaKl¥ti Edl)ancab;ykenAkñgú crnþ
xül;bk;. kardkecj KWman\T§Bi lxøagM bMputsRmab;smasFatuEdlmanTMhtM cU dUcdIl,ab; nigdI\dæ
EdlGacRtUv)anelIkeLIgedaydMeNIrkYcrbs;xül; nig)ancab;ykkñúgkarGENþtvilvl; kñúgry³cm¶ay
d¾EvgénbriyakasenAtamBüúHFUlI.
vallMhekþAenAelIEpndI KWCaRbPBcm,gmYyénFUlIkñúgbriyakas ¬rbU PaBTI 9>7¦. Gñk-
viTüasaRsþ)an)a:n;sµanfa manFUlI ¬BiessmasFatusila¦rvagBI 130-800 lanetan )andkecjBI
TVIbCaerogral;qñaM EdlenAvalxSac;sahar:a )anpþl;BI 60-200 lanetan. eTaHbICay:agNak¾eday
dMeNIrkarenH RtUv)anRbmUlpþtMú ameBlevla nigtamlMh. eTaHbIenAkñgú tMbn;stܶ Ehgk¾eday kardk
417
mUldæanRKwHénPUmsi NæanviTüa
valTMnabxag kahSak;sþg;
t,Úg ehÁab‘Í
Gar:ab;
sahar:a
ry³TTwg
kaLaharI
)a:m)a: sIumsun
TisedAFU
2
lIsMxan;²
etan¼K>m ¼qñaM
rbU PaBTI 9>7 RbPBsxM an²; énFlU bI ryi akas ³ valTnM abxagt,gÚ ¬Southern Great Plains¦ )am: )a:
¬Pampas¦ valxSacs; ahara: ¬Sahara Desert¦ kaLaharI ¬Kalahari Desert¦ Gara: b; ¬Arabian
Desert¦ ehaÁ bÍ‘ ¬Gobi Desert¦ ng i smuI snu ¬Simpson Desert¦ ngi kahSaks; gþ ; ¬Kazakhstan¦ ngi
kar)an: s; aµ nénbrmi aNFlU IEdl)andkw CBanÚ¢ ¬RbPB ³ after Smithson et al, 2002¦
418
CMBkU TI 9
RbPB ³ S. Arledge
rbU PaBTI 9>8 BüHú xSac; )anbkc; lU TRI kgu Al Asad kgúñ RbeTsGuIra: k; enAéfT¶ I 27 Ex emsa qañ M 2005
xül;bk; nigsMNwkdI
dUcEdleyIg)ankt;cN M aMenACMBkU TI 7 CaerOy² sMNkw dI ekItmaneLIgCalT§plénlMhUrTwkenAelICRmal. eTaH
Cay:agNak¾eday smasFatu nigFBaØCatienAelIépÞdI k¾GacRtUv)andkecjedaysMNkw énskmµPaBxül;bk;pgEdr CaBiess
enAkñgú brisaß nEdls¶tÜ Ehg. tamBit eRcInCag 1¼3 ¬2/4 lanK>m2¦ énsMNkw dI nigkarxUcKuNPaBdI ¬soil
degradation¦ enAkñg ú tMbn;stܶ EhgelIEpndI KWCalT§pléndMe NIrkarxül;bk;. 2¼3 éntMbn;TaMgenH sßti enAkñúgTVIb
GaRhVki nigGasI.u
419
mUldæanRKwHénPUmsi NæanviTüa
¬k¦ sNM kw edayxülb; ké; ndxI SacR; sTabe; leI nATnM abeqrñ North Carolina ¬s>r>G¦ ¬RbPB ³ M. Slattery¦. ¬x¦ kardk
ecj edayxülb; k; RbEhl 1 m CvuM ji pHÞ kgúñ rdæ Texas ¬s>r>G¦ ¬RbPB ³ J. Lee¦
k x
rbU PaBTI 9>9 TRmgd; nI anaénkardkecjedayskmPµ aBxülb; k; ³ ¬k¦ épdÞ kecj ¬deflation surface¦
enARbeTsNambI Í‘ bgað jBRI KabR; ksY enABeI lsI masFatulti¥ . kemcÞ kN
M li¥t RtvU )andkecjBéI pdÞ I
¬RbPB ³ C. Krapf¦. ¬x¦ épdÞ kecj ngi dfuM rµ elagedayxülb; k; ¬ventif act¦ enAeqrñ Skeleton
RbeTsNambI Í‘ ¬RbPB³ C. Krapf¦. ¬K¦ rbU fténkRmalfeµ nAvallMh ¬desert pavement¦ enAkgúñ
vallhM mU:havI rdæ Nevada ¬s>r>G¦. KRmbénma: snuI ftrbU bgað jBTI MhrM bs; TRmgd; I ¬RbPB ³ A.
Dittmer ¦
421
mUldæanRKwHénPUmsi NæanviTüa
k x
K X
rbU PaBTI 9>10 Pstúþ agénkarswkedayskmPµ aBxülb; k; ³ ¬k¦ ]TüanCati Timna vallhM Negev
PaKxagt,gÚ RbeTsGuIRsaEGl‘ ¬RbPB ³ N. Kuhn¦ ¬x¦ ngi ¬K¦ karswkénsli axSack; gúñ rdæ Arizona
s>r>G ¬RbPB ³ M. Farlow nig P. Nicklen¦ ngi ¬X¦ rbU cmaø k; Sphinx ngi BrI :amtI FM
EdleK)ansagsgR; bEhl 2500 qañ mM nu K>s enATRI kug Giza RbeTseGsbuI ¬RbPB ³
www.angelrainbows.com ¦
TRmg;dsI N
M wkFM² rYmmansñamcg¥rÚ nigRkhUg EdlmanTMhMcab;BIrab;sbi dl;rab;ryEm:Rt.
{RTnugfµenAvallMh} ¬y:adag³ yardangs¦ KWCaRTnugcg¥ÚrRsb EdlCaTUeTAmankm<s;TabCag 10 m
nigRbEvgEvgCag 100 m ¬rbU PaBTI 9>11¦. vaRtUv)anteRmobCaCYrRsbnwgTisedArbs;xül;Edlbk;
jwkjab; nigCaTUeTA cMehogeRkayxül;rbs;va mancugRsYc. va)anvivtþya: gjwkjab;enAkñgú silaTn;
exSay. TRmg;deI pSgeTot EdlmanTMhMdcU KñaeTAnwgy:adagenHEdr KWRkhUgrak;² eKehAfa {RkhUgén
kardkecj} ¬deflation hollows¦ EdlekIteLIgenAkEnøgEdlxül;bk;xaø Mg bk;ekasykPaKl¥ti ecj
BIépÞdIs¶Üt EdlKµanKRmbrukçCati.
422
CMBkU TI 9
k x
rbU PaBTI 9>11 ya: dag ¬yardangs¦ KmW anRTgR; TayCacgrÚ¥ Rsb Edl)anpSkw edayxülb; k.; va
RtvU )anteRmobCaCYrRsbCamyY ngw TisedArbsc; rnþxülb; k; ehyI CaTeU TA vamanPaBRscY eTAqa¶ yBTI is
edAxülb; k.; ¬k¦ ya: dagtcU myY enA New Mexico s>r>G ¬RbPB ³ J. Goldstein¦ ngi ¬x¦ ya: dag
Edlmankm<s; 60 m ngi RbEvg 2 K>m enARClg Ica RbeTseBrU ¬RbPB ³ J. McCauley¦
423
mUldæanRKwHénPUmsi NæanviTüa
3 - TRmg;dIénkarcak;bgÁr
eTaHbICaRKab;dxI Sac; Gacpøas;TeI daykarlUnénépÞdI nigedaykarelatcuHk¾eday k¾vacMNay
eBlPaKeRcInrbs;va sþúkTukenAkñúgTRmg;dIdIxSac;EdlmanTMhMepSg²KñaCaeRcIn. TRmg;dIénkarcak;bgÁr
EdltUcbMput ¬km<s; 0/1-5 s>m nigRbEvgCMhanrlk 0/02-2 m¦ ehAfa {rlkGgáaj;} ¬ripples¦
EdlmanrUbrageTotTat; TRmg;dUcrlk sißtenAmMuEkgnwgTisedAéncrnþxül;bk;. BMnUkxSac; ¬dunes¦ KW
CaTRmg;déI nkarcak;bgÁrFM² CaTUeTAmankm<sB; I 1-30 m nigmanRbEvgCMhanrlkBI 10-500 m
eTaHbICapñkÚ xSac;F²M ¬draa, or mega-dunes¦ mankm<s;dl;eTA 400 m nigmanRbEvgCMhanrlkdl;
eTA 4 K>m k¾eday ¬rbU PaBTI 9>12¦.
3>1 rlkGgáaj;
rlkGgáaj; ekItmaneLIgenAeBlEdlxül;bk;rujdIxSac;eTAmux edaykarlUnénépÞdI nigkar-
elatcuHenAcMehogmuxxül;énPaBmineTotTat;rbs;épÞdI begátI )anCaCYrBkeLIg EdlmanmMCu Rmal
424
CMBkU TI 9
RbEhl 10º ¬rbU PaBTI 9>13¦. RKab;dmI yY cMnnY rGilecjBICrY Bk begátI )anCaCRmalecatmçag
¬cMehogeRkayxül;énCYrBk¦ manmMuBI 30-35º. RKab;xSac;déTeTot ehIrecjBICYrBkenH ehIyva
Føak;cHu xageRkam begátI )anCarlkGgáaj;mYyeTot. dUcenH tamdMeNIrkarenH rlkGgáaj;Edlman
cenøaHBIKñaeTogTat; )ancab;epþmI ekItmaneLIg ¬rbU PaBTI 9>14¦. xN³eBlEdlsMNwkenAcMehogmux
xül;énCYrBk nigkarcak;bgÁrenAcMehogeRkayxül;rbs;va enAEtbnþ enaHrlkGgáaj; nwgpøas;TItam
crnþxül;bk;cHu . km<sr; bs;va RtUv)ankMNt;edayry³km<sé; nxül;bk;Edlmanel,ÓnxøaMg.
xSac;esIm
x
rbU PaBTI 9>14 karkektI énrlkGgáaje; dayskmPµ aBxülb; k; ³ ¬k¦ RKabx; SacT; gciÁ Kañ . BnM UktcU myY
eknI eLgI enAkEnøgEdldxI Sace; smI caby; kPaKlti¥ nana ¬x¦ BnM kU tcU TBI Ir cabe; pmIþ eknI eLgI tamry³
karelatcHu énPaKli¥tBBI nM kU tcU TmI yY . deM NrI karEbbenH mankarvivtCþ arlkGgáaj; EdlmanKmaø tBI
Kañ ya: geTogTat; ¬RbPB ³ Smithson et al, 2002¦
425
mUldæanRKwHénPUmsi NæanviTüa
3>2 BMnUkxSac;
sRmab;karkekIténBMnUkxSac; vaRtUvkarkarkekIténdIxSac;mYyk,altUc. dMeNIrkarenH ekIt
eLIgenAkEnøgEdlel,Ónxül;bk; RtUv)ankat;bnßyedayPaBeRKIménépÞdI. enAeBlva )anekIteLIg
dIxSac; nwgekIneLIgedaykarcab;ykRKab;xSac;EdlelatcuH EdlminGacelaty:aggayRsYl dUcenA
elIépÞfCµ Muvji enaHeT. BMnkU xSac; manTRmg;kat;TTwgRsedogKñaeTAnwgrlkGgáaj;Edr edaydIxSac;
Edl)ancak;bgÁr rGilcuHCRmalcMehogeRkayxül;rbs;BMnUkxSac; ¬muxrGil ³ slip face¦ tammMukkit
éndIxSac;s¶Üt KW 30-35º ¬rbU PaBTI 9>15¦. dIxSac;EdlrgsMNwkBIcMehogmuxxül;rbs;BMnUkxSac;
RtUv)ancak;bgÁrenAelIceM hogeRkayxül;rbs;va dUcenH BMnkU xSac;nana eFVkI arpøas;TItamTisedAénxül;
bk; CaerOy² manBI 10-20 m kñúgmYyqñaM.
TisedAxül;bk;
kMBlU
xñgCRmal
muxrGil ¬slip face¦
10-15º 30-35º
muxrGilEdlkb; tMNageday
épÞRTnrrab ¬bedding planes¦
rbU PaBTI 9>15 smasFatcu m,g²énTRmgk; atT; TwgénBnM kU xSacR; bePTvti ßarik ¬transverse dune¦
Edlmanmxu rGilmyY . BnM kU xSacR; tgd; cU bnaÞ t; ¬linear dunes¦ manmxu rGli BIrpyúÞ Kña ngi BnM UkxSac-;
paá y ¬star dunes¦ manmxu QmeRcnI ¬RbPB ³ after Summerfield, 1991¦
426
CMBkU TI 9
taragTI 9>1 cEM Nkfñaké; nRbePTsxM an²; énBnM UkxSace; srI ¬RbPB ³ Summerfield, 1991¦
cMnYn nigFrNImaRt rbbxül;sMxan; RbePTpñÚkxSac; rUbsNæan
énTismuxrGil
mux 1 manTismYy TisEtmYy vitßarik RTnugEdlminsIuemRTIKña
vitßarikragelakEx CYrénTRmg;ragelakEx
TRmg;vitßarik
ragelakEx TRmg;ragelakEx
mux 2 TispÞúyKña manTis 2 pÞúyKña bRBa©as RTnugEdlminsIuemRTIKña
enAmMu 180°
mux 2 TispÞúyKña manTis 2 rYmKña CabnÞat; RTnugEdlsIuemRTIKña
edaybBaäit
mux 3 b¤eRcInCag manTiseRcIn páay kMBUlkNþal manéd 3 b¤eRcIn
manTiseRcIn
KµanTis - edam KMnrCargVg;
k x
427
mUldæanRKwHénPUmsi NæanviTüa
\T§Bi ly:agxøagM BIrukçCati r)aMgx<sT; abénsNæandI b¤RbPBkemÞckMTIkgúñ tMbn;tcU ¬taragTI 9>2 ngi
rbU PaBTI 9>18-9>19¦.
k x
K g
rbU PaBTI 9>17 ]TahrNm_ yY cnM nY énTRmgB; nM kU xSace; srI ³ ¬k¦ BnM kU xSacR; bePTvti ßarik ¬transverse
dunes¦ enArdkæ alIhnV a s>r>G ¬RbPB ³ A. Dittmer¦ ¬x¦ BnM kU xSacv; ti ßarikragelakEx ¬barchanoid
transverse dunes¦ )aha kalI hn V a RbeTsmciu skIu U ¬RbPB ³ P. Hesp¦ ¬K¦ BnM kU xSacr; agelakEx
¬barchans¦ kgúñ vallhM Gara: b; ¬RbPB³ G. Steinmetz¦ ¬X¦ BnM kU xSacr; agCabnaÞ t; ¬linear (seif)
dune¦ enAvallh M sIéu NPaKBayB½ ü RbeTseGsbuI ¬RbPB ³ C. Tsoar¦ ¬g¦ BnM kU xSacp; aá y ¬star
dunes¦ ¬rbbxülb ; ke; RcnI Tsi ¦ enARbeTsNambI Í‘ ¬RbPB ³ F. Eckardt¦
428
taragTI 9>2 cEM Nkfañ ké; nRbePTsxM an²; énBnM kU xSacb; ga¥ k; EdlRtYtRtaedayrku Cç ati zanelxsaRsþ bR¤ bPBkemcÞ kN
M tamtbM n; ¬RbPB³ Summerfield,
1991 ¦
RbePT TRmg; nigTItaMg KMrUénkarvivtþ
RkhUgbk;ecj ¬k¦ CayCargVg;CMuvijRkhUgrak;² kardkecjedayxül;bk;kñúgtMbn;
pñÚkxSac;ragCa)a:ra:bUl ¬x¦ TRmg;bøg;ragCaGkSr {U} b¤ {V}. manédBIr EdllatenA karTmøak;RKab;xSac;tamtMbn; )andkecjtamTisxül;Edlbk;BIelI. CaTUeTA édmin
cMehogmuxxül;rbs;pñÚkxSac; enACMuvijRkhUgbk;ecjmYy mankarERbRbYl edaysarEtrukçCatieT
{lUnENt} ¬K¦ TRmg;CaelakEx EdlebIkeq<aHeTAmuxxül; karekIneLIgxül;bk;cuHénRbPBkemÞckMNkñúgtMbn; dUcCa)atbwgs¶ÜtCaedIm
{Enbxa} ¬X¦ TRmg;bøg;CaeGlIb manragrelagtamxül;bk;cuH karekIneLIgxül;bk;cuH nigenACMuvijKum<rukçCati
pñÚkxSac;cMehogxageRkay ¬g¦ TRmg;Evgtamxül;bk;cuHBIr)aMgzanelx karekIneLIgenAelIcMehogeRkayxül; EdlkarBaredayr)aMg
pñÚkxSac;xagmux ¬g¦ kMeNag EdlmanédebIkxül;bk;cuH sgxagénr)aMg karekIneLIgenAkñúgtMbn;énlMhUrxül;bk; EdlRtUv)anbg¥ak;enAxagmuxxül;énr)aMg
pñÚkxSac;eLIgCRmal ¬c¦ TRmg;mineTogTat; eLIgelIcMehogmuxxül;énr)aMgzanelxFM karekIneLIgenAkñúgtMbn;énlMhUrxül;bk; EdlRtUv)anbg¥ak;enAcMehogmuxxül;énr)aMg
mYy
pñÚkxSac;cuH ¬c¦ TRmg;mineTogTat; fycuHtamcMehogeRkayxül;énr)aMg karekIneLIgenAkñúgtMbn;énlMhUrxül;bk; EdlRtUv)anbg¥ak;enAcMehogeRkayxül;én
zanelxFMmYy r)aMg
pñÚkxSac;eGkU ¬c¦ RTnugEvg RsbnwgcMehogmuxxül;énr)aMgzanelxmYy karekIneLIgenAkñúgtMbn;énlMhUrxül;bk;vil enAcMehogmuxxül;énr)aMgFM
k x
RkhUgbk;ecj pñÚkxSac;rag)a:r:abUl
K X
lUnENt Enbxa
pñÚkxSac;xagmux pñ
k
Ú xSac;
Faø k;cuH
g c pñÚkxSac;eGkU
pñÚkxSac;cMehogxageRkay pñÚkxSac;eLIgCRmal
rbU PaBTI 9>18 RbePTnanaénBnM kU xSacb; ga¥ k; ¬impeded dunes¦. sBaaØ RBjY bgað jBTI si edAxül;
bks; xM an²; ³ ¬k¦ RkhgU bke; cj ¬blowout¦ ¬x¦ BnM kU xSacr; ag)a:rab: Ul ¬parabolic dune¦ ¬K¦
lnU ENt ¬lunette¦ ¬X¦ Enbxa ¬nebkha¦ ¬g¦ BnM kU xSacm; xu ngi eRkay ¬lee and fore dunes¦ ¬c¦
BnM kU xSace; LgI CRmal BnM kU xSacF; aø kc; Hu ngi BnM kU xSace; GkU ¬climbing, falling and echo dunes¦
¬RbPB ³ Summerfield, 1991¦
k x
rbU PaBTI 9>19 ]TahrNn_ anaénBnM kU xSacb; ga¥ k; ³ ¬k¦ RkhgU bke; cj ¬blowout¦ enA Nebraska
s>r>G ¬RbPB³ A. Arbogast¦ ¬x¦ BnM UkxSacr; ag)a:ra: bUl ¬parabolic dune¦ ¬TTgw 700 m¦ Edl
kBM gu pøasT; BI GI ñkftrbU enAGRU saþ lIPaKxaglci ¬RbPB ³ P. Hesp¦
430
CMBkU TI 9
K X
g c
rbU PaBTI 9>19 bnþ ¬K¦ BnM kU xSacl; nU ENt ¬lunette dune¦ enARbeTsNambI PÍ‘ aKxagt,gÚ ¬RbPB ³
C. Krapf¦ ¬X¦ Enbxa ¬nebkha¦ enA kg úñ BnM kU xSace; qrñ RbeTsGRuI saEGl‘ ¬RbPB ³ C. Tsoar¦ ¬g¦
BnM kU xSace; LgI CRmal enANambI Í‘ ¬RbPB ³ F. Eckardt¦ ¬c¦ BnM kU xSacF; aø kc; Hu enAekaH Fraser
GRU saþ lI
karsikSaBITnM ak;TnM grvagrbbxül;bk;bc©bú ,nñ nigKMréU nBMnkU xSac; GacbegánI karyl;dgw rbs;
eyIgeTAelITRmg;énBMnUkxSac;Biess². eTaHCay:agNak¾eday RbB½n§BMnUkxSac;mYycMnYn manTMhMy:ag
FM EdlvakMBugmankarvivtþGs;ry³eBlCaeRcInBan;qañ M ehIyTRmg;rbs;va nwgminGacmanTMnak;TnM gy:ag
CitsñiT§eTAnwglkçxNÐénxül;bk;fµI²enHeT. mü:ageTot tMbn;F²M hYsBICayéntMbn;stܶ Ehgbc©bú ,nñ
RtUv)anRKbdNþbe; dayBMnUkxSac;bru aN ¬relict dunes¦ Gskmµ nigmanPaBlMnwgedayrukçCati ehIy
TRmg;rbs;va minsUvTak;TgeTAnwgKMrUxül;bk;naeBlbc©úb,nñenHeT ¬rbU PaBTI 9>20¦.
431
mUldæanRKwHénPUmsi NæanviTüa
432
CMBkU TI 9
k x
rbU PaBTI 9>21 kemcÞ kTM eI dayxülb; kT; MhbM nu: dIl,ab; RKbdNbþ R; bEhl 10° éntbM nd; TI bIV elEI pndI ³
¬k¦ dLI sw Rkasb; pM tu EdleKsÁale; nAelEI pndI enAÉPMñ Jiuzhoutai Ek,r Lanzhou RbeTscni . dLI sw
enATeI nH mankRmas; 318 m ngi RtvU )ancakb; grÁ tagM BIRbmaN 1/4 lanqañ mM nu . dLI sw enH stiß enAelI
l,aké; nTeneø lOg Edlkate; nAkúñgsli aBNR’ khm ¬sk½ TI 3¦ EdlGacemlI eXjI eqa< HeTAmlU daæ n
rbsP; .Mñ bnaÞ tB; Ne’ xAµ enAÉkBM lU énsilaBN’Rkhm KCW aRsTab;kemcÞ kN M Teneø lOg xagelEI dlepþk
dLI sw eTAkank; BM lU PeMñ nAEpñkxagelIxageqgV ¬RbPB ³ J. Mason¦ ¬x¦ sN M kw dLI sw Fn¶ F; r¶ enARbeTs
cni ¬RbPB ³ F. Eckardt
4 - RbB½n§xül;bk; nigkarERbRbYlGakasFatu
dUcKñanwgRbB½nT§ enøEdr RbB½nx§ ül;bk; KWgayTTYlrg\T§Bi lBIkarERbRbYlkMNkGakas ehIy
bERmbRmYlsItuNPð aB Gacman\T§li eTAelIkRmiténskmµPaBxül;bk;pgEdr tamry³\T§Bi lrbs;va
elIseM NImdI nigrukCç ati. CaBiess TINaEdlmankMNkGakas ekIneLIgRbcaMqañ xM s< C; ag 200 m>m
enaHKRmbrukçCati dak;kMNt;y:agtwgrwgelIel,Ónxül;bk;enAÉépÞEpndI nigelIkarykecjkemÞckMN.
elIsBIenH PaBepSgKñaénkmøagM nigTisedAxül;bk; Gacbgá[mankarERbRbYldl;kRmiténskmµPaB
xül;bk; nigkarteRmobCaCYrénTRmg;dIedayskmµPaBxül;bk;.
PsþútaglMdab;FMmYy )anbgðajBIbERmbRmYlcm,g²énGakasFatuenAtMbn;stܶ Ehg nigenA
tMbn;Bak;kNþals¶tÜ EhgelIEpndIkúñgGMLgú s½kTI 4 CaBiess kMNt;Rtaénlm¥gpáa nigkarERbRbYlkal
briecäTénkRmitTwkbwgenAry³TTwgRtUBic. bc©úb,nñenH GñkviTüasaRsþyl;y:agc,as;fa PaBs¶ÜtEhg
xøagM enAry³TTwgTaMgenH KWRtUvKñaCamYynwgry³eBlTwkkkenAry³TTwgkNþal nigx<s;. tamBit va
433
mUldæanRKwHénPUmsi NæanviTüa
rbU PaBTI 9>22 shsmn½< é§ nkN M tR; tamhasmRu T ngi deI Kak GBM kI arERbRbYlGakasFatku gúñ GLM gú 500
000 qañ cM gu eRkay ³ ¬k¦ kMhabE; rm: a: ejTci ¬kRmti cHu TabeTAxageqgV ¦. ErT: agM enH ekIteLgI enA
eBlEdldLI sw RtvU )anrgrbci kgúñ GLM gú ry³eBlekAþ -esmI ¬Gnrþ smy½ Tkw kk¦ begtIá )anCaRsTabd; .I
ErE: dlmankRmti ma: ejTci Tab bgað jBdI LI sw Edlmni )anrgrbci EdlbBaa¢ kB; rI y³eBlRtCaks; ܶt
¬smy½ Tkw kk¦. ¬x¦ cN M Hu FlU éI nxülb; ke; nAkgúñ kemcÞ kN
M mhasmRu T BsI srelx V21-146 PaK
BayB½ üénmhasmRu T)as: uIhkiV ¬kRmti FUleI LgI xs< e; TAxageqgV ¦ ¬K¦ kN M tR; ta O ¬vsi alPaBén
18
paÞ gM Twkkk¦ BsI srdEdl ¬vsi alPaBénpÞagM Twkkk )aneknI eLgI kgúñ GLM gú smy½ kalTwkkkeTAxag
eqgV ¦ ¬RbPB ³ after Kukla et al, 1990¦
434
CMBkU TI 9
xül;BüúH nigbERmbRmYlGakasFatusakl
bERmbRmYlGakasFatu bgá[)at;bg;PaBlMngw énbriyakas ]TahrN_ ³ edaysarRBwtkiþ arN_ePøógFøak;xaø gM ²CaedIm.
GñkviTüasaRsþbc©bú ,nñ begánI kar)a:ns; µany:agmutmaMeTAelIeRbkg; ¬PaBjwkjab;¦ nigGaMgtg;sIeu ténkarekItmanxül;BüúHenAry³
eBl 3-4 TsvtSbnÞab; EdlTak;TgnwgkarERbRbYlGakasFatuskl. karekIneLIgénel,Óny:agxøaMgénxül;BüúHFM² hWrIexn
nigtUNadU nigbegánI nUvbBaðaén]tunyi mdl;Cvi ti mnusS GaKar nigskmµPaBesdækci © ehIyGacnwgnaMeTArkplb:HBal;GviC¢man
énPUmsi NæanviTüay:agF¶nF; r¶ enAkñgú brisaß nesIm EdlnwgmannUvGakasFatukan;EtekþA b¤stܶ . kareLIgkemþAEpndI nwgbgá[
mankarERbRbYldéTeTotenAelIépÞEpndI dUcCakareRbIR)as;dCI aedIm. dMeNIrbegátI CavallMh RtUv)aneKrMBgw TukfaCakarKMram
kMEhgy:agF¶nF; r¶ EdlkMBugekIneLIgcMeBaHtMbn;brisßans¶tÜ Bak;kNþals¶tÜ nigtMbn;brisaß nemDIETr:aen.
5 - esckþs
I egçb
cugbBa©b; cMNcu sMxan;²EdlTak;TgnwgCMBUkenH GacRtUv)ansegçbdUcxageRkam ³
435
mUldæanRKwHénPUmsi NæanviTüa
436
CMBkU TI 9
BaküKnøHw sRmab;CBM kU TI 9
skmµPaBxül;bk; ¬aeolian¦
vallMh ¬desert¦
BMnUkxSac; ¬dune¦
smuRTxSac; ¬sand sea, erg¦
dILws ¬loess¦
rgVlb; riyakasskl ¬global atmospheric circulation¦
karlUnénépÞdI ¬surface creep¦
karelatcuH ¬saltation¦
karTgÁicKñaénRKab;dI ¬ballistic impact¦
kRmiténel,ÓnsnÞnIy ¬fluid threshold¦
kRmiténel,ÓnkarTgÁicKña ¬impact threshold¦
kardkecj ¬deflation¦
karxUcKuNPaBdI ¬soil degradation¦
dMeNIrbegátI CavallMh ¬desertification¦
kemÞckMTRI kYs ¬gravel lag deposits¦
kRmalfµenAvallMh ¬desert pavement¦
dMfu rµ elagedayxül;bk; ¬ventifact¦
y:adag ¬yardang¦
RkhUgénkardkecj ¬deflation hollow¦
rlkGgáaj; ¬ripple¦
pñkÚ xSac;esrI ¬free dune¦
pñkÚ xSac;bg¥ak; ¬impeded dune¦
pñkÚ xSac;bru aN ¬relict dune¦
sMnrY sRmab;CBM kU TI 9
1> ehtuG)IV anCaxül;bk; CaPñak;garsMNkw Edlman\T§Bi lexSayCagTwk ?
437
mUldæanRKwHénPUmsi NæanviTüa
438
CMBkU TI 9
439
mUldæanRKwHénPUmsi NæanviTüa
440