A LABORATORY STUDY OF ROCK CUTTING USING POINT ATTACK TOOLS

K.G. HURT

I. EVANS

MINING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ESTABLISHMENT, NATIONAL COAL BOARD, BURTON UPON TRENT, U.K.

INTRODUCTION regulated automatically so that the relative speed oœ

cutting between the cutting tool and rock fs maintain-

Boom type tunnelling machines are excavating
ed a• a constant preselected value irrespective of the
most of the 250 miles of roadway being machine driven
radius of cutting. The cutting tool is held in a tool
by the National Coal Board this year. Point attack
post which can be driven along a horizontal radius of
tools are increasingly being used as the cutting
the rock disc.
elements of these machines although their use for coal
Thus spiral cuts of up to 150 m in length can be
cutting within the UK has virtually ceased.
made at constant cutting speed.
Remarkably little information on the performance
For respirable dust measurements the rig was
of this type of tool is available. There is contro-
equipped with a 1 kW 800 mm diameter fan which sucked
versy, for instance, over their efœectiveness vis a
dust-laden air from around the tool via a short length
vis conventional wedge tools; the correct presenta-
of ducting. The dust concentration in the ducting was
tion angles to be adopted and the supposed phenomenon
measured by a Simslin lb optical dust measuring
of 'self sharpening' A laboratory investigation of
instrument (Seahey, Halpin and Maguire 1978),
rock cutting using point attack tools has therefore
sampling via a 25 mm diameter tube.
been undertaken at the Mining Research and Develop-
ment Establishment as part of a project aimed at COMPARISON WITH WEDGE TOOLS

increasing the drivage rate of underground roadways.

Cutting Performance
A glossary of the technical terms used in the
A point attack rock cutting tool and two types of
text is given in the Appendix.
conventional wedge tool, a roundnose chisel and a
THE EXPEt•IMENTAL FACILITIES V-face, were selected for comparison. The three tools

are shown in Figure 1 and the geometries of their NCB

A large rock cutting rig, originally described
specification XT grade tungsten carbide tips illustra-
by Barker (1964) was used to measure rock cutting
ted in Figure 2.
performance. The rig consists of a rotating face-
The cutting medium was Grindleœord sandstone, a
plate driven by a 40 kW hydraulic motor, and a rock
coarse grained weakly cemented sandstone of the
sample holder which can be advanced towards the
Carboniferous Millstone Grit series of average
faceplate.
compressire strength 40 MPa and tensile strength
The cutting tool, which is mounted on the face-
(direct pull test) 2.4 MPa. Relieved cutting tests
plate, makes a circular track in the rock specimen
were carried out with both sharp tools and with tools
surface at a radius oœ up to 0.75 m. Tool force
blunted by cuts of 200 m and 600 m made in Darley Dale
components of up to 100 kN can be measured from the
sandstone (compressire strength 70 MPa, tensile
output of a triaxial dynamometer on which the tool is
carried. strength 2.9 MPa). The depth of these blunting cuts
was 12.5 mm and the cutting speed 0.46 m/s, giving a
Respirable dust measurements were made using a
spacing between adjacent cutting paths of 12 mm.
cutting rig located at the Safety in Mines Research
Examples of the tools after 600 m of blunting are
Establishment (SMRE), Buxton, UK. This rig, describ-
shown in Figure 3.
ed b3 Powell an• Billinge (1975), was also used to
wear the tools in a controlled manner. The rock
To simulate the cutting action of a roadheader
cutting head, relieved cuts were made into a surface
sample o• the rig, a 'millstone' disc of 1.45 m
formed by a preceding sequence of cuts, rather than
diameter, is secured to a faceplate driven by a 37 kW
into a flat rock surface. The cutting pattern
electric motor. The rotational speed of the disc is

112
adopted (Figure 4) was that most usually exhibited by 12%. Nevertheless, after 650 m of blunting in sand-

the tools on a roadheader cutting head. The results stone the V Face tool was still producing only about

were obtained from cuts 7 and 8 of the pattern, which 70% of the dust generated by the point attack tool.

were each about 2 m long. Some test cuts were also made in Darley Dale

Tests with the tools in a sharp condition were sandstone at a depth of cut of 6 mm, a spacing of

made at a range of depth of cut between 8 mm and 28 mm 12 mm and a cutting speed of 0.45 m/s. The results
showed the same trends as in Grindleford sandstone.
at spacing to depth ratios between 1:1 and 6:1.
Regression equations were established relating tool Incendive Sparking
force components to the depth and spacing of cuts. Provided it is intact, the tungsten carbide tip

Further details of the results of these tests will be of a conventional wedge tool removes any rock which

given in another publication. might otherwise contact the steel body on which the

Tests with blunted tools were made at a spacing tip is mounted. This is not so for the point attack

to depth ratio of 2:1 and at depths of cut of 10 mm, tool, because the body behind the tip is wider than

17.5 mm and 25 mm. the tip itself. If body metal and uncut rock come

When sharp the V Face tool had the smallest tool into contact frictional sparking can result. Sparks

force components and the point attack the largest. were produced occasionally by the point attack tool

The mean cutting force of the point attack tool was in sandstone, particularly during unrelieved cuts.

almost double that of the V Face at spacing to depth No sparking was seen with the other tools.

ratios around 5:1 but this difference was reduced at These sparks are a hazard in coal mines since

smaller ratios. The roundnose chisel tool in general they can lead to methane ignitions. Tests at SMRE

exhibited intermediate force values but had the (Powell 1979) have shown that point attack tools are

lowest mean and mean peak cutting forces at spacing much more likely to produce methane ignitions than
conventional tools.
to depth ratios less than 3 for the shallowest cuts.
Blunting had a much greater effect on the two Choice of Tool Type

wedge tools so that after 600 m of cutting the point The specific energy of cutting (mean cutting
attack had the lowest tool forces at all depths of force + yield) is a measure of cutting efficiency.

cut. Figure 5, showing the effect of blunting on the Minimum specific energy represents maximum efficiency

mean cutting forces at a spacing to depth ratio of of cutting and also maximum potential excavation rate

2:1, also demonstrates that the effects of wear were for a given power input.

felt more quickly at smaller depths of cut. The yield of rock produced by tools making

Respirable Dust Make repeated sequences of relieved cuts such as those

The amounts of respirable dust produced by the illustrated in Figure 4 is ¾sd where y is the bulk

three tool types were compared using the SMRE rig density in appropriate units, s is the cut spacing

(see section "Experimental Facilities). and d is the depth of cut. Thus the specific energy

The results for sharp and blunt tools cutting in of cutting is directly proportional to the mean cut-

Grindleford sandstone at a speed of 0.225 m/s are ting force for a given depth and spacing of cut. The

shown in Figure 6. The depth of cut was 6 mm and point attack tool therefore had the highest specific

the spacing between adjacent paths of the cut spiral energy when sharp and the V Face tool in general the

was 30 mm. lowest. However, the point attack tool was the most

The point attack tool had the largest dust make efficient after 600 m of cutting in Darley Dale sand-

both when sharp and blunt. The V Face tool produced stone, which corresponds to only about 20 minutes

about 55% and the roundnose chisel about 90% of the operation of a roadheader in a rock of similar abras-

dust make of the point attack tool when sharp. ivity, at typical cutting speeds.

The effect of blunting on dust make seems to be The type of tool giving the greatest overall

similar to its effect on tool cutting performance in efficiency will therefore depend on the cuEting

that the best tool when sharp suffers the most rapid conditions. If these are such that little wear or

deterioration as blunting proceeds. Thus the breakage of tools is occurring then wedge tools such

relative increase in dust makes with blunting were: as the V Face, with sharp tip edges and adequate

V Face d2%, roundnose chisel 18%, and point attack angles of rake and clearance, are ideal. However,

ll3
when cutting hard or abrasive rock the tools are Rotation may prolong the life of point attack

often in poor condition. In this situation the point tools, but it does not result in 'self sharpening'

attack tool should have the advantage. This term is no more than an advertising myth.

Tool life is an important factor when cutting THE EFFECT OF PRESENTATION ANGLES ON TOOL PERFORMANCE
hard or abrasive rock, and it is sometimes claimed
The attitude of a point attack tool as it cuts
that point attack tools are superior to the wedge
can be divided into two components: the angles of
type in this respect. Measurement of the wear and
attack and skew (Figure 10).
resistance to breakage of a range of rock cutting
The relations between these angles and the tool
tools including point attack types is being conducted
force components were determined by making relieved
at MRDE.
cuts using adjustable toolholders. The angle of
Although the point attack tool is likely to be
the least inefficient in a worn condition it does
attack wasvaried from•0ø to 60ø at zero angie of
skew in 5ø increments. The tool was also turned
have some disadvantages. The resp•rable dust pro-
towards the unrelieved side of the cut at angles of
duced by this tool was much greater than for the V-
Face tool and it produced frictional sparks when
skewof up to 30ø, at an angle of attack of •5 ø. The
rock type used was Grindleford sandstone, the cuts
cutting. These factors mus• be taken into account
when its use is considered.
being made at a depth of 20 mm and a spacing of 40 mm
with the tools always in a sharp condition. The cuts
ROTATION AND 'SELF SHARPENING' OF POINT ATTACK TOOLS
were made in random order in the same block of rock.

Rotation of the tool in its holder during cut- The results are shown in Figures 11 and 12. Each
ting is sometimes seen in the field. This phenomenon datum point represents the average result from three
seems to depend mainly on the type of ground being relieved cuts or approximately 6 m of cutting.
cut and the level of clearance between the tool and Anglesof skewof up to 30ø had no great effect
its holder. on the measured cutting forces (Figure ll) although
No tool rotation was observed in the laboratory there was some indication of a minimum mean cutting
in either Darley Dale or Grindleford sandstone force at a value of about 15ø .
because fine abrasive particles quickly filled the Increasing the angle of attack has the effect of
gap between the holder and the tool, thus immobil- increasing the back clearance angle and reducing the
ising it. When cutting in non-abrasive Middleton rake angle. Previous research (Mellor 1977) has

limestone, however, the tool did occasionally turn shown that for wedge tools the forces rise with reduc-
and showed a much lower tendency to become siezed ing rake angle provided the angle of clearance is at
within its holder. least 5ø. Theresults obtainedhere for the point
It should not be concluded that this rotation attack tool (Figure 12) also show a rise in cutting
leads to 'self sharpening' In fact the tool tip forces with reducing rake angle but only for angles of
wears in a symmetrical pattern, a larger conical attack greater than 50ø . At values less than this the
angle equal to approximately twice the angle of cutting forces increased rapidly. This implies that a
attack being imposed on it, as illustrated in backclearanceangle of at least 12ø is necessaryfor
Figure 7. efficient cutting with the point attack tool.
Figure 8 shows two tools that have rotated
THE CUTTING ACTION OF POINT ATTACK TOOLS
while cutting together with a non-rotating tool with
The tip of a cutting tool performs two functions
a large wear flat formed on the clearance •'ace of its
as it is pushed through a brittle rock. The first is
tip. The force components measured when these tools

were used to cut in Middleton limestone (compressire to initiate breakage of rock ahead of the tool. Major
fractures induced in this way result in the removal of
strength 110 MPa) at a depth of cut of 20 mm and a
saucer shaped pieces as the rock breaks at a shallow
spacing of 40 mm are shown <n Figure 9. The suppos-
angle both to the sides and ahead of the tool.
edly self sharpened tools exhibited 20% higher mean

cutting forces and twice the mean normal forces of The second action of the tip is that of clearing

sharp tools. These were similar to the force levels a path through the remaining material by a 'profiling'

exhibited by the grossly worn non-rotating tool. action. This occurs as the tool cuts into the sloping

114
surface left by a major breakage. back clearance angle for efficient cutting to reduce
These two actions are exemplified by Figure IS the rubbing contact which occurs between the tool tip
which shows the result of an unrelieved cut made in and the sides of its cut.
Portland limestone. Recompacted fine material adher- The mechanics of the breaking action of wedge-
ing to the rock surface identifies the part of the shaped tools have been much studied, and one of the
cut which has been profiled. The areas where major present co-authors has incorporated his own views in
breakages have occurred can be clearly seen. a number of papers, Evans (1961), (1964), (1972).
To perform these tasks efficiently a tool tip These give a rational interpretation of such matters
needs to possess a sharp cutting edge or point to as the variation of cutting force with wedge angle,
initiate breakage of rock and tip edges with adequate and the optimum separation between lines of tools for
clearance angles to undertake profiling. The point effective cutting. In these papers failure of the
attack tool tip lacks any well defined edges and has mineral is attributed to tensile breakage. The wedge
in effect negative side clearance angles. It there- can be idealized as a 2-dimensional structure, making
fore makes an inefficient rubbing contact with the for analytical simplicity. The essential 3-
sides of its cut as it profiles, and so exhibits dimensional action of the point attack tool makes for
higher forces than tools such as the V Face when greater complication.
sharp. This rubbing action probably accounts also However one aspect of the behaviour of point
for the high respirable dust levels produced by the attack tools is tackled below with some success. This

point attack tool. is the geometry of the groove produced by the tool in
As a tool cuts a wear flat develops over the tip unrelieved cuts.

perimeter performing profiling, gradually eliminating The surface disintegrates in a series of scallops,
any clearance angles present when sharp. Thus the well illustrated in Figure 13. The breakage suggests
tool forces of conventional tools such as the V Face
tensile failure, associated with the rapid prolifer-
rise rapidly as blunting proceeds. Wear has less ation of cracks, rather than the more docile shear
effect on the point attack tool because its profiling failure.

component is already high and it still has some The scallop has an approximate 'V' cross-section,
semblance of a point with which to break the rock. or more precisely an inverted delta (V].
The amount of rubbing performed by a point The apex angle of the V showed a roughly constant
attack tool (and therefore the size of the profiling value in experiments in which depth of cut and angle
component of its tool forces) depends on the angles of tool were varied. The average half-angle of the V
of attack and skew adopted. was68ø for cutting in sandstoneand limestone.
Profiling is performed mainly on the unrelieved Consider a simple conical point attacking a
side of a relieved cut. If the profile of the tip on buttock of rock (Figures 15 and 16). Radial compres-
this side has a slope significantly greater than the sire stresses are produced in the rock, accompanied
angle of break of the rock, profiling will be minimis- by tensile hoop stresses. Tensile cracks will open
ed (Figure 14). up at the interface between tool and rock when the
For'zero angle of skew the profile slope angle 6 stress equals the tensile strength of the rock. The

is given by cos-1 sin•

sinm where
mis the angleof cracks will propagate to the unstressed surface of the
attack and • is the cone half angle (Smith 1980). rock if conditions are propitious.
The unrelieved angle of break for Grindleford sand- Consider in the first instance the simple case of
stonewason average22ø with a standarddeviation of the bursting force being applied normally to the
6ø. To minimiseprofiling 6 needsto be significant- boundary of a horizontal hole of uniform radius having
ly larger than this. Thusa value of at least 30ø axes at right angles %o the plane of the diagram
should be required in Grindleford sandstone. A 6 of (Figure 16). The assumption made here is that the
30ø is given by an angle of attack of 45ø for a 75ø failure surfaces are planes at right angles to the
cone angle tip. Minimum cutting forces were in fact plane of the diagram making angles 0 with the verti-
measuredat an angle of attack of 50ø (Figure 12) cal. The mechanism suggested is shown by the some-
correspondingto a 6 of 37ø. There is little doubt, what exaggerated diagram of Figure 17; an almost V-
therefore, that the point attack %ool needs a large shaped section of rock is levered away after having

115
been elastically distorted. We recall that d/a is large. With this assumption
The pattern is symmetrical about the vertical
radius of the hole, and the limiting equilibrium of a ta (d-r)dr = ta2(-1 + --- loge ) = tad
r
half-segment of the potential chip is now considered
(Figure 18). Hence (3) becomes
The forces acting on the half-segment are:

(i) A tensile force along 0C. If the radius

a of the hole is small compared with d, the depth of

cut, as seems to be the case in practice, the force

qad8 smn• 1 d a)
cos8 = td (• cos
28
is taken to be t.dsec8 per unit area at right angles
to the plane of the diagram, where t is the tensile 1 d
2 2
strength of the rock. cos 8

(ii) The radial bursting force R, acting at an In other words, the term involving the integral in
angle 8/2 with the vertical radius. R is itself Equation 3 turns out to be small in comparison with
produced by a compressire stress q, exerted at the the other term involving t. Finally,
boundary of the hole. We may write:

R = qa8 (1) q= !2 t.d a ß 1 8 (4)

8cos 8 sin --
2
(iii) A tensile force acting across the verti-
cal radius. It is not possible to give this with any

exactitude by simple means, though its calculation by

d/a is a dimensionless quantity which is a
function of the elastic strain in the rock when it
finite element methods would be relatively easy. As
bursts. It may therefore be assumed to be an invari-
a means of achieving a workable approximation we
note that the tensile stress cannot exceed a value t ant. We take the value of 8 at which breakage takes

at the surface of the hole, as incipient tensile

place to be that which minim•ses q. By computation
this value is found to be 60.9 ø.
cracks develop when the stress attains this value.
A correction is needed to apply this value to a
The present theory depends on the concept of one of
conical tool. The theory has been worked out for a
these cracks propagating preferentially, so it seems

plausible to assume that a tensile stress equal to t

hole of uniform radius, ie for breakage planes which
are at right angles to the axis of the tool. This is
is attained at all points on the surface of the hole.

Along the vertical radius a sufficient approximation

also the sense in which the physical measurements of
the angle of the 'V' are made. In practice the
to the tensile stress may be to take it as deriving
breakage plane is generated from the surface of the
from the hoop stress given by Lam•'s solution ior
elastic stress around a cylindrical hole in an cone and must be considered acting at right angles to

infinite medium, ie
the surface. If 8 is the corresponding half-angl• of
ap
the V, the half-angle for vertical planes radiating
• , =t • (2)
from the axis off the tool must be calculated from 8 .
where r is the radius at the point under consider-
ation. If 8' •s the required angle then Figure 19 shows
that
(iv) A force Q at or near 0 caused by the
tan8
segment levering itself on the unbroken shoulder tan8 • - (5)
COS•
of rock.

On the basis of these assumptions we continue

where • is the half-angle of the conical point.

the argument. Q may be eliminated by taking moments

Obviously 8• can be brought as near to 68ø as
about O: we like by judicious choice of $. In fact, 8•
from (5) is fairly insensitive to • and varies only
from 6Sø to 7Sø as 25 goes from 60ø to 120ø. Almost
all point-attack •-ools have a cone angle of about

d
P'' cos8' sin • + ta
8 zI1 --
r ?
(d-r)dr = t ßcos---•-
' 2 cos8
d1d 75ø , hence
tanS' -
tan 60.9 ø
(3) cos 37.5 ø

from which 8 • = 66ø

ll6
 This agreement with experiment is as good as one 8. If the breaking action of point attack tools is
would expect in this field of work. The agreement analysed assuming tensile failure the predicted angle
encourages the view that the mode of action of the of break of the rock is very close to that observed.
pencil-point tool can be sought in an assumption of REFERENCES
tensile failure in the rock. This would bring the
1. Barker, J.S., 1964, "A Laboratory Study of Rock
subject into line with theories of the behaviour oœ
Cutting Using Large Picks", Int. Jnl. Rock
wedge-shaped picks and encourages the hope that a
Mechanics and Mining Sciences, Vol 1 n 4, p 519.
wider, unified theory could ultimately be possible,
2. Evans, I., 1961, "A Theory of the Basic Mechanics
and with it a complete quantitative appreciation of
of Coal Ploughing", International Symposium on
tool performance.
Mining Research, Univ. of Missouri, Vol. 2,
CONCLUSIONS
p 761, Pergamon Press.

1. A rock cutting point attack tool exhibited 3. Evans, I., 1964, "The Expanding Bolt Seam Tester:

higher too! forces than two types of wedge tool, a A Theory of Tensile Breakage", Int. J. Rock
V Face and a roundnose chisel, when making relieved Mechanics and Mining Sciences, Vol. 1, p 459.
cuts in sandstone with sharp tools. It was, however, 4. Evans, I., 1972, "Line Spacing of Picks for

less affected by blunting and had the lowest forces Effective Cutting", Int. J. Rock Mechanics and

after a 600 m cut had been completed in sandstone. Mining Sciences, Vol. 9, p 355.

2. The respirable dust make produced by the point 5. Mellor, M., 1977, "Mechanics of Cutting and

attack tool in sandstone was 85% greater than for a Boring, Part IV: Dynamics and Energetics of
V Face tool when sharp and 40% greater after 600 m Parallel Motion Rocks", CRREL Report 77-7.

of blunting. 6. Powell, F., 1979, (SMRE), Personal Communication.

3. Unlike the two wedge tools, the point attack 7. Powell, F., and Billinge, K., 1975, "Ignition of
tool produced frictional sparks during cutting which Firedamp by Friction during Rock Cutting",
could lead to methane ignitions in coal measures. The Mining Engineer, Vol. 134, n 172, p 419.
4. The point attack tool is likely to have greater 8. Seaney, R.J., Halpin, R.K., and Maguire, B.A.,
overall cutting efficiency than the two wedge tools 1973, "A Portable Recording Instrument (SIMSLIN)
only if cutting conditions are such that the tools for Monitoring Respirable Airborne Dust",

cannot be maintained in good condition. The dis- Staub 33, n 5, p 213.

advantages of the point attack tool (Conclusions 2 9. Smith, D., 1980, (MRDE), Personal Communication.
and 3) must be taken into account when its use is
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
considered.
The authors wish to thank Mr P G Tregelles,
5. Rotation of point attack tools in their holders
Director of Mining Research and Development, National
does not lead to 'self sharpening' This is no more
Coal Board, for permission to publish the paper.
than an advertising myth.
Thanks are also due to Dr H F Eisner, Director
6. Minimum cutting forces were exhibited by the
of the Buxton Laboratory of the Safety in Mines
point attack tool at an angle of attack of 50ø,
Research Establishment for providing facilities, and
corresponding to a backclearanceangle of 12øß
for the assistance of his staff.
Anglesof skewof up to 30ø hadno great effect on
The views expressed are the authors' own and not
the tool f'orces.
necessarily those of the National Coal Board.
7. The forces exhibited by a cutting tool in rock

have two components relating to the breaking and

profiling actions of the tip. The point attack tool

makes an inefficient rubbing contact with the sides

of its cut. This results in the relatively high tool

forces seen for sharp point attack tools, and in the

greater back clearance angle required for maximum

ef'fic[ency by this tool compared with wedge tools.

117
APPENDIX

GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN THE TEXT

Point attack tool - A tool with a round body

terminating in a conical tip.

Wedge tool - A tool of conventional British

genre in which the tip is essen-

tially wedge-shaped.

Rake angle - The angle between the leading

face of the tool tip and a

normal to the surface being cut.

Clearance angle - The angle between the trailing

face of the tip and the surface
being cut.

Presentation angles - Angles of attack and skew (see

below).

Angle of attack - The minimum angle between the

axis of the tool and the surface

being cut.

Angle of skew - The angle between the normal

projection of the tool axis on

the surface being cut and the

direction of cutting.
Unrelieved cut - A cut made beyond the region of

influence of preceding cuts.

Relieved cut - A cut made close to a preceding

(relieving) cut such that the

measured tool forces are lower

than for a comparable unrelieved

cut.

Cutting force - The tool force component

opposing the tool advance during

cutting.
Normal force - The tool force component

perpendicular to the surface

being cut.
Mean force - Average level of the force

component under the specified

conditions.

Mean peak force - Average of the 15 largest peak

forces per metre of cut length.

Yield - Weight of rock removed per unit

length of cut.

Specific energy - Work done per unit quantity of

rock removed.

ll8
FIGURE 1. V-FACE (LEFT), POINT ATTACK (CENTRE) AND FIGURE 3 EXAMPLES OF TOOLS AFTER 600 m OF BLUNTING
,'OUNDNOSE CHISEL TOOLS IN SANDSTONE

DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES

A. V-FACE TIP

•90o• CLEARANCE
ANGLE
8ø

2 25 • 12.5
RAKE FACE VIEW CLEARANCE FACE SIDE VIEW
VIEW

CLEARANCEANGLE 7ø•
/• B. POINT
ATTACK
/ 76•'k TOOL

,/ -....,.

__. • • /
PLAN VIEW SIDE VIEW

CLEARANCEANGLE8ø

2O

2O

RAKE FACE VIEW SIDE VIEW ',:, _1_ ":' _1 oo

C. ROUNDNOSE CHISEL TIP I I •"
< •1 I
FIGURE 2. TOOL TIP GEOMETRY FIGURE 4 CUTTING PATTERN ADOPTED FOR RELIEVED
CUTTING (RESULTS OBTAINED FROM CUTS 7, 8)

119
 14-
RC

12-
25 nunDEPTH OF CUT PA

O•
DEPTH
PA
¾F: Y-FACE TOOL
FIGURE 8. NON-ROTATING BLUNT TOOL (LEFT) AND TWO
2- WORN ROTATING TOOLS

!
200 600

LENGTH (m) OF BLUNTING CUT IN DARLEY DALE SANDSTONE

,:IGURE 5. THE RELATIONS BETWEEN MEAN CUTTING FORCE

AND BLUNTING AT A SPACING TO DEPTH OF CUT RATIO
OF 2:1

50'

POINT ATTACK._..
v ......---'

'"'"'- ROUNDNOSECHISEL
-"
FORCE
30-
• V-FACE COMPONENT
(kN)
POINT
ATTACK
ROUNDNOSE
CHISEL
V-FACE
0

AFTER 650 m OF
PREBLUNT I NG IN
SANDSTONE

FIGUPE 6. RESPIt{ABLE DUST MAKE OF THE TOOLS IN

GRINDLEFORD SANDSTONE (d = 6 mm; s = 30 mm;
cutting speed 0.225 m/s)

DIRECTION OF CUTTING
i

C N [ C N C N ! C N
SHARP[ BLUNT! BLUNT [ BLUNT
TOOL ! TOOL1 ! TOOL2 [ TOOL3
i i I I

• NE
ANGLE N: MEAN PEAK (TOP) AND MEAN (LOWER LINE)

FIGURE
NORMAL

9.
FORCE

COMPARISON OF MEAN AND MEAN PEAK FORCE

COMPONENTS OF A SHARP POINT ATTACK TOOL, BLUNT
ROTATING TOOLS (1 AND 2) AND A BLUNT NON-ROTATING
CLEARANCE ANGLE
TOOL (3) (TESTED IN CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE AT A
= ZERO
DEPTH OF CUT OF 20 mm AND SPACING OF dO mm)

•IGURE 7. TIP GEOMFTRY OF A WORN ROTATING TOOL

120
 DIRECTION OF
OF CUTTING
ANGLE SURFACE
G CUT

--
• SKEWANGLE

SIDE VIEW
VIEW FROM SURFACE BEING
CUT, SHOWING SKEW ANGLE 8
FIGURE 10. THE ANGLES OF ATTACK AND SKEW

MEAN
PEAK

•,30 o• FIGURE 13. UNRELIEVED

(TOOL HAS CUT FROM LEFT TO RIGHT)
CUT IN PORTLAND LIMESTONE

• 23• o DIRECTION OF CUTTING CUTTING TOWARDS

•- THE OBSERVER

i . ,.> • UNRELIEVED

.....
0 i ! i i i i i i
4 8 •2 16 20 24 28 32

ANGLE OF SKE• (o)

FIGURE 11. THE EFFECT OF ANGLE OF SKEW ON CUTTING

\ Rock
FORCE (45 ø ANGLE OF ATTACK)
ANGLE OF ATTACK
40 ø
36-

32--

MEAN
PEAK

28-

0
o o o
\ 50ø
SIDE PROFILE
ANGLE OF TIP

8 --

4 I [ I I I I
36 40 44 48 52 56 60 60ø
ANGLEOF ATTACK (o)
p = TIP PERIMETER PERFORMING PROFILING ON
UNRELIEVED SIDE

FIGURE 12. THE EFFECT OF ANGLE OF ATTACK ON CUTTING FIGURE 14. SIDE VIEW AND PROFILE OF A POINT ATTACK
.'ORCE (ZERO ANGLE OF SKEW) TOOL TIP AT VARIOUS ANGLES OF ATTACK (ZERO ANGLE
OF SKEW)

12l
FIGURE 15. PENCIL POINT TOOL ATTACKING A BUTTOCK
FIGURE 17. PATTERN OF BREAKOUT
OF ROCK

A 0

TENSILE
I ]•ENSILE

STREW__
FORCE

FIGURE 16. VIEW ALONG DIRECTION OF CUT

C td/cosO
FIGURE 18. STRESS ON HALF-SEGMENT

FIGURE 19. RELATION BETWEEN V-ANGLES AT VARIOUS INCLINATIONS

122