Class 9th BIOLOGY

Chapter # 1 Introduction to Biology

Q NO 1: Arrange these structures in order of lower level of organization to upper

level and write the level against each structure. Neuron, nervous system,
electron, man, mass of neurons, carbon, mitochondria, brain, protein.

ANS: STRUCTURES LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION

Electron Sub atomic level
Carbon atomic level
Protein Molecular level
Mitochondria Organelle level
Neuron Cell level
Mass of neurons Tissue level
Brain Organ level
Nervous system Organ system level
Man Individual level

Q NO 2: How would you define biology and relate it with its major divisions.

ANS: DEFINITION OF BIOLOGY

Biology is the scientific study of life. The word
“biology” has been derived from two Greek words “bios” meaning “life” and
“logos” meaning thought or reasoning.
DIVISIONS OF BIOLOGY
There are three major divisions of biology which
study the different aspects of the lives of the livening organisms
• ZOOLOGY: This division of biology deals with the study of animals.
e. g. Jelly fish, Birds, Man, Lizard etc.
• BOTANY: This division o biology deals with the study of plants.
e. g. Algae, Fungi Mustard. Etc
• MICROBIOLOGY: This division o biology deals with the study of
microorganisms both prokaryotes (no distinct
nucleus) and protests (distinct nucleus) e. g
Bacteria, Euglena etc.

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QNO: 3 Draw a table showing the branches of biology and the studies these deal
with.

ANS:
BRANCHES PARAMETERS OF STUDIES

Morphology Study the structure of livening organism

Anatomy Study of internal structure of livening organism

Histology The microscopic study of tissues

Study of the Structure , Function and Division of cells and its

Cell biology
organelles

Physiology Study of the function of different parts of organism

Study the molecules of life and biochemical reactions

Biochemistry
occurring in organism

Genetics The study of inheritance

Embryology The study of the development of new individual from a egg

Taxonomy Study of the naming and classification of organism

Paleontology The study of Fossils

Parasitology The study of parasites

Environmental The study of the interactions that exists between the organism

Biology and their environment

Socio-Biology Study of social behavior and communal life of organisms

Entomology Study of insects

Immunology Study of the immune system of animals

Pharmacology The study of drugs and their effects on the human body

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QNO: 4 Give points to advocate that Biology is linked with physics, chemistry,
mathematics, geography and economics.

ANS: RELATIONSHIP OF BIOLOGY TO OTHER SCIENCES:

The interrelationship among different
branches of science cannot be denied. Biology includes information on various
aspects of living things but these information relate to the other branches of science as
well. Each branch of science has relationship with all other branches. For example,
when studying the process of movement in animals, the biologists have to refer to the
laws of motion in physics. This forms the basis of interdisciplinary science.
BIOPHYSICS: It deal with the study of the principle of physics, with are applicable
to biology phenomena. For example there is a similarity between the working
principles of lever in physics and limbs of animals in biology.
BIOCHEMISTRY; It deals with the study of the chemistry of different compounds
and processes occurring in living organisms. For example the study of basic
metabolism of photosynthesis and respiration involves the knowledge of chemistry.
BIOMATHMEATICS: It deals with the study of biological processes using
mathematical techniques and theoretical applications in biological research. For
example to analyze the data gathered after experimental work, biologists have to
apply the rules of mathematics.
BIOGEOGRAPHY: It studies the occurrence and distribution of different
geographical regions of the world. It applies the knowledge of the characteristics of
particular geographical regions to determine the characteristics of living organisms
found there.
BIOECONOMICS: It studies the organisms from economical point of view. It
includes the study of the cost effectiveness and viability of the biological projects. For
example the cost and profit value of the yield of wheat can be calculated through
bioeconomics and benefits or losses can be determined.

QNO: 5 How would you distinguish the bimolecules from other molecules? What is
the criterion for calcifying a biomolecule as micro molecule or macromolecule?

ANS: Bio molecule

Bio molecule are the molecules of elements which are found and
make the body mass of living organism which are composed of 16 elements. These
bio molecules are building material and are themselves constructed in great variety
and complexity due to specific bonding arrangements, where as stable particles
formed by the bonding between different elements, is called as molecules.Bio
molecules may be classified as micro molecules and macromolecules. .
Micro molecules:
Micro molecules are with low molecular weight e. g. glucose,
amino acids, fatty acids etc.
Macromolecules:
Macromolecules are with high molecular weights e. g. starsh,
proteins, lipids etc.

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QNO: 6 Describe the levels of organization of life.

ANS: THE LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION:

In order to understand the various
phenomena of life, biologist study biological organization at different levels. The list
goes from simpler to complex levels.
1. Subatomic and Atomic level:
All types of matter are made up of elements and
there are about 92 kinds of elements, found in nature. Each element is made up of
single atoms (“a”, “mot”, “tom”, “cut”). These atoms are actually the structures
formed by many subatomic particles. i. e. electrons, protons and neutrons. 16
elements that occur in nature are called bioelements. e. g.Only six (O, C, H, N, Ca, &
P) etc make 99% of the total mass. Other ten (K, S, Cl, Na, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, & I )
collectively make 01% of the total mass.
2. Molecular level:
In organisms, bioelements usually do not occur in isolated
from. They share their atoms in making bimolecules or molecules of life.
Biomolecules may be classified as micromolecules and macromolecules.
Micromolecules: are with low molecular weight e. g. glucose, amino acids,
fatty acids etc
Macromolecules are with high molecular weights e.g. starch, proteins, lipids
etc. Two different molecules, belonging to different categories, usually combine
together to form conjugated molecules e.g. glycoproteins, lipoproteins,
nucleoproteins etc.
3. Organelle and Cell level:
An enormous number of bimolecular become
associated in a particular way and form organelles. The organelles are actually sub-
cellular structures and are organelle is specialized to perform a specific function. For
example, mitochondria are specialized for cellular respiration and when they assemble
together, cell is formed.
4. Tissue level:
In multicellular organisms, similar cells are organized into
groups, called tissues. Each cell in a tissue carries on its own life processes, but it
also carries on some special processes related to the function of the tissue. On the
basis of their structures and functions, plant tissues are divided into two types i. e.
meristematic tissues and permanent tissues. There are four major types of animal
tissues i. e. epithelial connective, nervous and muscular tissues.
5. Organ and Organ System level:
In higher multicelluar organisms,
particularly in animals, more than one type of tissue having related function are
organized together and make a unit, called organ. Different tissues of an organ
perform their specific function and these functions collectively become the
function/s of that organ.
The next level of organization in
multicelluar organism is the organs related function are organizes together in the
form of an orgal system. In an organ system, each organ carries out its specific
function and the functions of all organs appear as one process of the organ system.
The organ system level is less definite in plants as compared to animals.

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6. Individual level:
Different organs (in plants) and organ systems ( in animals)
are organized together to form an individual / organism. In organism, various
organs and organ systems are organized in such a way that all the functions,
processes and activities are coordinated. In animals, regulation of activities
(coordination) is achieved by nervous system and hormones while in plants,
coordination is brought about only by hormones.
7. Population level:
A population is defined as a group pf organisms of the same
species located in the same place, at the same time. At population level, biologists
study life in a number of new parameters. For examples gene frequency, gene
flow, age distribution. etc.
8. Community level:
A community is an assemblage of different populations,
interacting with one another within the same environment. Some communities are
complex e. g. a forest community, a pond community etc. Other communities may
be simple e. g. a fallen log with various populations under it.

QNO: 7 Is there any division of labor among the cells of a colony? If you find
division of labour among the cells and tissue what level of cellular
organization is it?

ANS: There is a division of labour among the cells and tissues. In cells each type of
organelle is specialized to perform specific function e. g. Ribosomes are for
protein synthesis mitochondria for respiration. It is an example of the
division of labour within cell. Similarly, each cell in a tissue carries on its
own life process but it also carries on some special process related to the
function of the tissue. It is organelles and cell level, tissue level

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Class 9th BIOLOGY

Chapter # 1 Introduction to Biology

TERMS TO KNOW

• AGRICULTURE: The profession deals with the food crops and animals
which are source of food

• ANATOMY: Study of internal structure of living organism.

• ANIMAL HUSBANDRY: The professional study of the diagnosis and

treatment of diseases of the live stock.

• BIOCHEMISTRY: The study of the chemistry of different compounds and

processes according in living organism.

• BIOECONOMICS: It studies the organism from economical point of view.

• BIOGEOGRAPHY: It studies the occurrence and distribution of living

organism in geographical regions of the world.

• BIOLOGY: Biology is the scientific study of life.

• BIOMATHEMATICS: The study of biological processes using

mathematical techniques and tools.

• BIOMOLECULE: Bioelements combines to form biomolecules by ionic and

covalent bonding.

• BIOPHYSICS: The study of principals of Physics which are applicable to

biological phenomena

• BIOTECHNOLOGY: Profession that study and work for the production of

useful products through microorganisms.

• BOTANY: It deals with study of plants.

• CELL: It is the structural and functional unit of living organism.

• CELL BIOLOGY: The study of the structural and function of cell and its
organelles

• COLONY: Unicellular organisms live together to form colony.

• COMMUNITY: A community as an assemblage of different populations,

interacting with one another within the same environment.

• EMBRYOLOGY: It is the study of the development of a new individual form

a fertilized egg.

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Class 9th BIOLOGY

• ENTOMOLOGY: The study of insects.

• EVNIRNMENTAL GIOLOGY: The study of the interactions that exist

between the organisms.

• FARMING: It is the study of farm developing and maintenance.

• FOSSIL: Remains or impression of an organism that existed in the geological

past.

• GENETICS: The study of inheritance.

• HISTOLOGY: It is the study of tissues.

• HORTICULTURE: It is the art of gardening.

• IMMUNOLOGY: It is the study of the immune system of animals.

• INHERITANCE: Means the transmission of characters from one generation

to the other.

• MICROBIOLOGY: This division of biology deals with the study of

microorganisms.

• MICROMOLECULE: Are the molecules with the low molecular weight.

• MACROMOLECULE: Are the molecules with the high molecular weight

• MICROORGANISM: Unicellular organisms that do not have distinct

nucleus.

• MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: The study of the molecules of life.

• MORPHOLOGY: It is the study of the structures of living organisms.

• ORGAN: Group of tissues doing a particular job. e. g. the heart

• ORGAN SYSTEM: Group of organs doing a particular job e. g. the

circulatory system

• ORGANELLE: Microscopic structure which does a particular job in a cell, e.

g. the nucleus.

• PALAEONOTOLOGY: The study of fossils.

• PARASITE: Are the organisms that take food and shelter from living hosts
and, in return, harm their lives.

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• PHARMACOLOGY: The study of drugs and their effects on the systems of

human body.

• PHYSIOLOGY: The study of the function of living organisms and their

parts.

• POPULATION: Members of a single species living in a habitat.

• PROKARYOTE: Simple cell which lack membrane bounded organelles.

• PROTIST: It is the kingdom which includes eukaryotic unicellular and

simple multicellular organisms

• SCIENCE: It is the study to understand the principles of nature.

• SOCIO-BIOLOGY: The study of social behavior and communal life of

living organisms

• SURGERY: In surgery the parts of the body may be repair, replaced or

removed.

• TAXONOMY: The study of the naming and classification of organisms into

groups and subgroups.

• TISSUE: Group of cells of the same type doing a particular job.

• VOLVOX: It is the green alga found in water that shows colonial

organization.

• ZOOLOGY: This division of biology deals with the study of animals.