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Data Visualization
Data Visualization
Human-Computer Interaction
Edward R. Tufte
reality
reality
Data is no longer scarce
http://www.worldometers.info/
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
reality
Data is no longer scarce
reality
Data is no longer scarce
datainformationknowledgewisdom
data visualization
A class of techniques for augmenting cognition
data visualization
A process of mapping information to visuals
data visualization
A process of mapping information to visuals
informa-
tion
design
data per-
ceptuali-
zation
data
visuali-
zation
scientific
visuali-
zation
data visualization
Minimal criteria that any visualization has to fulfill
to be considered a pragmatic visualization
produce an image
data visualization
Benefits – adapted from Card et al. (2009):
data visualization
Benefits – adapted from Card et al. (2009):
data visualization
Benefits – adapted from Card et al. (2009):
data visualization
Benefits – adapted from Card et al. (2009):
data visualization
enabling inferences
data visualization
data visualization
Benefits – adapted from Card et al. (2009):
data visualization
data visualization
Origins:
maps
data visualization
Origins:
diagrams
data visualization
data visualization
Origins:
abstract diagrams
data visualization
Origins:
data visualization
Origins:
statistics
exploratory (multidimensional) data analysis
data visualization
Origins:
scientific visualization
analytical software instruments
for scientific analysis of large datasets
data visualization
Origins:
data visualization
Origins:
human-computer interaction
new user interfaces & interactions, including animations
data visualization
Data visualization vs. infographics
http://eagereyes.org/blog/2010/the-difference-between-infographics-and-visualization
data visualization
data visualization
data/info viz infographics
visualization modeling
Visualization
visualization modeling
Raw Data
unfiltered/unprocessed input data
Data Tables
suitable date structures: relations + meta-data
Visual Structures
convenient graphical elements
Views
(interactive) visualizations perceived by user(s)
visualization modeling
visualization modeling
visualization modeling
visualization modeling
Data Tables
visualization modeling
Data Tables
visualization modeling
could be considered
as meta-data
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
visualization modeling
Data Tables
visualization modeling
Data Tables
visualization modeling
Data Tables
visualization modeling
Data Tables
visualization modeling
Data Tables
visualization modeling
Data Tables
visualization modeling
Data Tables
quantitative spatial
2D/3D spatial variables
commonly used in scientific visualization
visualization modeling
Data Tables
quantitative geographical
spatial variables
that specifically represent geophysical coordinates
visualization modeling
Data Tables
quantitative similarity
visualization modeling
Data Tables
temporal variables
quantitative time
ordinal time
visualization modeling
Data Tables
unstructured scale
whose only value is present or absent (e.g., an error flag)
visualization modeling
visualization modeling
Data Tables
visualization modeling
classes of
values
visualization modeling
sorting
visualization modeling
visualization modeling
visualization modeling
Visual Structures
use a vocabulary of visual elements:
spatial substrates + marks + graphical properties
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
visualization modeling
Visual Structures
visualization modeling
Visual Structures
spatial substrate
marks
connection
enclosure
retinal properties
temporal encoding
visualization modeling
Visual Structures
spatial substrate
visualization modeling
U – unstructured no axis
N – nominal grid a region divided into sub-regions
O – ordinal grid sub-region ordering is significant
Q – quantitative grid a region has a metric
visualization modeling
visualization modeling
visualization modeling
visualization modeling
Visual Structures
marks
visualization modeling
types of marks
(in this case, point & line marks take up space
and may have properties such as shape)
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
visualization modeling
visualization modeling
Visual Structures
visualization modeling
Visual Structures
visualization modeling
Visual Structures
retinal properties
visualization modeling
Visual Structures
retinal properties
visualization modeling
Visual Structures
temporal encoding
visualization modeling
visualization modeling
visualization modeling
View—value distinction
visualization modeling
View—value distinction
example:
when a point is deleted from the visualization,
has the point been deleted from the dataset?
visualization modeling
“Information visualization is about the not just creation of
visual images, but also the interaction with those images
in the service of some problem.”
visualization modeling
Expressiveness & effectiveness
visualization modeling
visualization processes
Acquire
Parse
Filter
Mine
Represent
Refine
Interact
according to Ben Fry, 2008
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
visualization processes
Acquire
visualization processes
Parse
visualization processes
Filter
visualization processes
Mine
visualization processes
Represent
typical examples:
using data charts – e.g., bar graph, list, tree,…
visualization processes
Refine
visualization processes
Interact
mash-ups
visualization processes
visualization taxonomy
Simple visual structures
direct reading
1-variable [X]:
lists, 1D scatterplots, pie charts, distributions, box plots,…
visualization taxonomy
visualization taxonomy
Simple visual structures
direct reading
2-variable [XY]:
2D object charts (histograms) – for continuous values
2D scatterplots – in the case of discrete values
visualization taxonomy
Simple visual structures
direct reading
3-variable
[XYR]: retinal scatterplots, Kohonen diagrams
[(XY)Z]: information landscapes, information surfaces
[XYZ]: 3D scatterplots
visualization taxonomy
visualization taxonomy
Simple visual structures
direct reading
4-variable [XYZR]:
3D retinal scatterplots, 3D topographies
visualization taxonomy
Simple visual structures
visualization taxonomy
visualization taxonomy
Simple visual structures
articulated reading
visualization taxonomy
visualization taxonomy
Simple visual structures
articulated reading
networks
visualization taxonomy
visualization taxonomy
Simple visual structures
articulated reading
time
aspects of interest:
discrete vs. continuous values
moments vs. intervals
visualization taxonomy
Simple visual structures
articulated reading
time
typical solutions:
calendar, timeline, alternative views
visualization taxonomy
visualization taxonomy
Composed visual structures
visualization taxonomy
visualization taxonomy
Composed visual structures
visualization taxonomy
Composed visual structures
recursive composition
2D in 2D [(XY)XY]:
scatterplot matrices, hierarchical axes,…
visualization taxonomy
visualization taxonomy
Composed visual structures
recursive composition
marks in 2D [(XY)R]:
stick figures, color icons, shape coding, Keim spirals,…
visualization taxonomy
visualization taxonomy
Composed visual structures
recursive composition
3D in 3D [(XYZ)XYZ]:
worlds within worlds
visualization taxonomy
Interactive visual structures
dynamic queries
imagery (“magic”) lens
overview + detail
brushing and linking
extraction & comparation
attribute explorer (multi-faceted)
visualization taxonomy
visualization taxonomy
brushing
performing a data selection task (e.g., click/tap and drag)
linking
highlighting the matching data samples in the other views
for a demo, visitDr.http://mbostock.github.io/protovis/ex/brush.html
Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
visualization taxonomy
Focus + context attention-reactive
visual abstraction
data-driven methods:
filtering, selective aggregation
visualization taxonomy
visualization taxonomy
Focus + context attention-reactive
visual abstraction
view-based methods:
micro-macro readings, highlighting, visual transfer
functions, perspective distortion, alternate geometries
visualization taxonomy
micro-macro readings
presenting large quantities of data at high densities
goal: to see the bigger picture
http://larp601.wordpress.com/
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
conclusions
Main purposes of information visualization:
exploratory visualization
discover patterns, trends, or sub-problems in a data set
explanatory visualization
transmitting information or a point of view to the user
conclusions
Main purposes of information visualization:
exploratory visualization
discover patterns, trends, or sub-problems in a data set
explanatory visualization
transmitting information or a point of view to the user
conclusions
conclusions
conclusions
conclusions
Each visualization project (solution)
has unique requirements
conclusions
Apply KISS principle
beware of chartjunk
Tufte (1983)
conclusions
conclusions
Know your audience
an example: www.improving-visualisation.org/case-studies/id=7
resources
Edward R. Tufte, The Visual Display of Quantitative Information
(2nd Edition), Graphics Press, 2001
Edward R. Tufte, Envisioning Information, Graphics Press, 1990
Nathan Yau, Visualize This, Wiley, 2011
for examples & tutorials, consult http://flowingdata.com/
Ben Fry, Visualizing Data, O’Reilly, 2008
Scott Murray, Interactive Data Visualization for the Web,
O’Reilly, 2013 – http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1230000000345
online resources
WikiViz – techniques, tools, examples: www.wikiviz.org
Data + Design – https://infoactive.co/data-design
Resources for data visualization and interactive
exploration (curated by S. Negru): http://tinyurl.com/kr8oxg5
Information is Beautiful – www.informationisbeautiful.net
Data Visualization – http://datavisualization.ch/
References for Visualizing Uncertainty: http://bit.ly/1zmNdwI
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
“Conclusion”
http://bl.ocks.org/mbostock
data visualization
definitions
classification
methods
examples
Dr. Sabin-Corneliu Buraga – www.purl.org/net/busaco
Master on Software Engineering :: Human-Computer Interaction
http://dilbert.com/search_results?terms=user+interface
next episode:
written test (40 minutes, closed book exam)