Virgenmilagrosa University Foundation: 1 Background of The Study

VirgenMilagrosa University Foundation
Martin Posadas Avenue, San Carlos City, Pangasinan

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
The complete blood count (CBC) with differential is one of the most
common laboratory tests performed today. The component of the complete blood
count (CBC) includes a hemogram and differential white blood cell (WBC) count
which enumerates different types of WBC (Gay & Parker, 2003).
A blood differential test measures the amount of each type of
white blood cell (WBC) that you have in your body. Different types WBC are:
lymphocytes, monocytes, basophil, eosinophil and neutrophils. These differential
blood components are helpful in diagnosing anemia, certain cancers, infection,
acute hemorrhagic states, allergies, and immune deficiencies as well as
monitoring for side effects of certain drugs that cause blood dyscrasias. An
enhanced understanding of this laboratory test is essential to providing quality
diagnosis and care, However an uncontrolled overproduction or of the differential
WBC will cause diseases such as inflammation, allergy, eosinophilia, basophilia,
etc. The researchers all over the world are finding a way to cure these diseases
and one of the solutions that were found are the phytochemicals which are found
in plants.
In recent times, focus on plant research has increased all over the world
and a large body of evidence has been collected to show immense potential of
medicinal plants used in various traditional systems (Dahanukar et al., 2002).

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The use of “natural” or alternative medicines has increased markedly over the
last few years (Bode & Dong, 2004).
Herbs and spices, which are an important part of the human diet have
been used for thousands of years to enhance the flavor, color and aroma of food.
In addition to boosting flavour, herbs and spices are also known for their
preservative, antioxidant, antimicrobial and other medicinal properties. The
genus Zingiber, belonging to the family Zingiberaceae, comprises about 85
species of herbs mostly grown in Asia, Central, South America and Africa.
Although different members of this genus are somewhat similar in morphology,
they differ widely in their pharmacological and therapeutic properties (Sharifi-Rad
et al. 2017).
Zingiber officinale (ginger) which belongs to the family Zingiberaceae is a
slender perennial plant that reaches the height of 2 feet and has greenish yellow
flowers resembling orchids. (Anosike et. al., 2009). Zingiber plants possess
various pharmacological and physiological effects and are common ingredients in
traditional medicines.
The Ginger rhizomes have been shown to be effective in the treatment of
several medical conditions including stomach problems, nausea, vomiting,
epilepsy, sore throat, cough, common cold, bruises, wounds, liver complaints,
rheumatism, muscular pains, atherosclerosis, migraine headaches, high
cholesterol, ulcers, and stomach discomfort. In addition, phenolic compounds,
especially the gingerols, in ginger root have been shown to have chemo
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preventive effects that have been associated with their antioxidant and anti-
inflammatory activities (Sharifi-Rad et al., 2017).
Ginger is a potential herb used worldwide for its immense
phytotherapeutic properties. In Ayurveda it is known as “Mahaaushdi” which
means use of this herb improves body functions and helps to eliminates toxins
from the body (Nadkarni, 1976). Modern scientific research has revealed that
ginger possesses numerous therapeutic properties including antibiotic,
antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects, an ability to inhibit the formation of
inflammatory compounds, and direct anti-inflammatory effects. Besides this,
ginger is also effective against some kinds of cancers, stimulates blood
circulation, controls blood pressure and hypertension, helps in lowering
cholesterol, and is associated with combating heart problematory cells (Pilerood
and Prakash, 2010). The active constituents of ginger have antioxidant
properties. The chemical structure of zingerone makes it a potent free radical
scavenger. Ginger is a good source of antioxidant a. Hence, apart from its
medicinal properties, ginger can also be used as an antioxidant supplement.
Natural penicillin’s are considered the drugs of choice for several
infections caused by susceptible gram positive aerobic organisms, such
as Streptococcus pneumoniae, groups A, B, C and G streptococci,
nonenterococcal group D streptococci, viridans group streptococci, and non-
penicillinase producing staphylococcus. Aminoglycosides may be added for
synergy against group B streptococcus S. agalactiae, S. viridans,

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and Enterococcus faecalis. The natural penicillins may also be used as first or
second line agents against susceptible gram positive aerobic bacilli such
as Bacillus anthracis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, and Erysipelothrix
rhusiopathiae. Natural penicillins have limited activity against gram negative
organisms; however, they may be used in some cases to treat infections caused
by Neisseria meningitidis and Pasteurella. They are not generally used to treat
anaerobic infections. Resistance patterns, susceptibility and treatment guidelines
vary across regions (Tamai I et.al, August 1, 2019).
Benzyl Penicillin Sodium is used to treat and prevent certain infections
caused by bacteria. Penicillin injection is in a class of medications called
penicillin. It works by killing bacteria that cause infections.
Antibiotics such as penicillin injection will not work for colds, flu, or other
viral infections. Taking antibiotics when they are not needed increases your risk
of getting an infection later that resists antibiotic treatment (U.S. National Library
of Medicine, 2019).
Aryaeian and Tavakkoli in 2015 conducted a study on Ginger and its
Effects on Inflammatory Disease with the clinical trials and found out that ginger
extract with the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory ingredients such as 6
Gingerols, 6-Shogoals and Zhingerol can reduce inflammatory mediators such as
inflammatory cytokines and chemokines due to their effects on NF-κB activation,
cyclooxygenase 2 reduction and serotonin receptors inhibition. It increases
reducing antioxidant enzymes so it can be useful in inflammatory diseases

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improvement and their complications prevention. In conclusion, Ginger can help
in the treatment of inflammatory chronic diseases such as Fatty Liver, Asthma,
Cancer and Arthritis through anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory and anti-
oxidative mechanisms.
According to Sharifi-Rad et. al., 2017, Plants of the genus Zingiber
(Family Zingiberaceae) are widely used throughout the world as food and
medicinal plants. They represent very popular herbal remedies in various
traditional healing systems; in particular, rhizome of Zingiber spp. plants has a
long history of ethnobotanical uses because of a plethora of curative properties.
Antimicrobial activity of rhizome essential oil has been extensively confirmed in-
vitro and attributed to its chemical components, mainly consisting of
monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons such as α-zingiberene, ar-
curcumene, β-bisabolene and β-sesquiphellandrene. In addition, gingerols have
been identified as the major active components in the fresh rhizome, whereas
shogaols, dehydrated gingerol derivatives, are the predominant pungent
constituents in dried rhizome. Zingiber may thus represent a promising and
innovative source of natural alternatives to chemical food preservatives.
In 2019, Mahassni and Bukhari conducted the first study of the effect of an
aqueous ginger extract on the immune system cells and antibodies, thyroid
hormones, and hematology in smokers compared to non-smokers. Results
showed that before consumption of the extract, smokers had a significantly lower
mean neutrophil count and higher mean red blood cell (RBC) count compared to
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non-smokers. At the end of the experimental period, compared to non-smokers,
smokers had a significantly higher mean lymphocyte and RBC counts, and
hemoglobin concentration; and a significantly lower mean neutrophil count, and
IgM and thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations. In conclusion, the extract
had different effects on cells and antibodies of the immune system in smokers
and non-smokers, although both benefited from enhancement of the thyroid
gland. Smokers experienced increases in mean RBC counts and hemoglobin
levels, thus ginger may be beneficial for smokers with anemia. Non-smokers had
increased mean IgM levels, which may lead to a stronger antibody response, or
humoral immunity, against infections. Therefore, the aqueous ginger extract had
benefits for both smokers and non-smokers.
Effect of an extract of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae) on some
hematologic values in alloxan-induced diabetic rats was investigated by Olayaki
et. al. in 2007. Eighteen Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three
experimental groups: control, diabetic, and Zingiber officinale–treated diabetic. At
the end of the experimental period (3 weeks), animals in all three groups were
fasted for 12h and blood samples were taken for the determination of glucose
levels, red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count, packed cell
volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, and platelet count. It was found
that Z. officinale treatment increased the lowered levels of RBC and WBC counts
and PCV in diabetic rats (p < 0.05). However, the RBC count and PCV of the Z.
officinale–treated diabetic group were still lower than control. Z. officinale

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treatment also decreased the elevated level of platelets and glucose
concentration of diabetic rats (p < 0.05). It is therefore concluded that oral Z.
officinale treatment might decrease the diabetic induced disturbances of some
hematologic parameters in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.
Trinidad et.al. in 2012 conducted a study on the Zingiber officinale and
Curcuma Longa as Potential Functional Foods/Ingredients. The spice ginger is
the underground rhizome of the ginger plant, known botanically as Zingiber
officinale. The flesh of the ginger rhizome can be yellow, white or red in color,
depending upon the variety and a taste that is aromatic, pungent and hot. The
constituents of ginger are numerous and vary depending on the place of origin
and whether the rhizomes are fresh or dry. The powdered rhizome of ginger has
long been used in traditional medicine for alleviating the symptoms of
gastrointestinal illnesses. The effectiveness of ginger in motion sickness and
cancer chemotherapy has been reported. The antioxidant action of ginger has
been proposed as one of the major possible mechanisms for the protective
actions of the plant against toxicity.
The objectives of this study is to identify the phytochemical components of
ginger rhizome extract and determine the effects of ginger rhizome extract to the
differential blood count of allergy induced albino rats.
Theoretical Framework
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The Versatility Hypothesis Theory suggests that introduced plants are
incorporated as medicine by way of experimentation with introduced food and
ornamental plants (Alencar et al. 2010; Bennett and Prance 2000). This
hypothesis has been supported by several studies that found a high proportion of
non-native medicinal plants were first introduced as food and ornamental plants
(Bennett and Prance 2000) or for other non-medical uses (Ceuterick et al. 2008;
Jernigan 2012). People are more likely to retain knowledge, use, and access to a
plant that has a greater number of applications for humans. It also predicts that
the most cosmopolitan plants (those used in the largest number of regions) are
the most versatile since versatile plants would be more likely to be shared or
carried by emigrants to new areas. This has been tested by comparing the
number of uses reported for introduced and native medicinal plants, but it has
found mixed support (Alencar et al. 2010). In this study this theory was applied
since ginger rhizome is a plant that has long a history and versatility uses.
Versatility is the ability to adapt to many different functions, In correlation
to this thesis approach in determining such plant active components will adapt to
many medicnal uses. Plant active component in every plant parts such as
Alkaloid, Flavonoid, Phenol, Tannin and Saponin will determine specific
medicinal uses that express plants versatility of uses. The versatility theory is
applicable in the present research as the Ginger Rhizome was first introduced as
food and later on many studies suggested it can be used to decrease the White
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Blood Cells Differential Blood Count after the administration of Benzyl Penicillin
Sodium playing important role in to control allergy and anti-inflammation.
The Availability Hypothesis states that plants are used for medicine
because they are more accessible or locally abundant (Albuquerque 2006; Voeks
2004). Availability is often conceptualized as a physical distance from a home or
community to the location where a plant grows in the wild, but could also be
considered in terms of seasonality, abundance, price, as well as access to
markets, gardens, or natural areas where plants are found (Albuquerque 2006;
Estomba et al. 2006). The availability hypothesis has been tested by examining
the location where people indicate they collect medicinal plants and more broadly
by correlating the local abundance or dominance of plants with use-values. The
hypothesis has received mixed support (Albuquerque 2006; Gonçalves et al.
2016; de Oliveira Trindade et al. 2015), with native species sometimes preferred
despite their lower abundance or accessibility.
This study incorporates the availability hypotheses; ginger is one of the
most popular spices in the world it is always available and easy to find. Thus
ginger is the plant that was selected for this study.
The Plant Use Value Hypothesis proposes that the usefulness of a plant
(e.g., for medicine, food, construction, technology, or trade) in a given community
is directly related to its botanical family, life form, local abundance (density),
and/or maximum size (Phillips and Gentry 1993). Although the plant use value
hypothesis suggests that the utilitarian value local people associated with a given
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plant species is solely a function of the traits of the plant species, several other
factors related to the individual collector can also influence estimates of use
value. For example, Lawrence et al. (2005) found that gender, ethnicity, age, and
proximity to markets all had an influence on the perceived importance of wild
harvested plants for local people. That study, women tended to place more
importance on fruits, whereas men placed more importance on timber. Plant use
value of ginger was considered in this study, ginger can be bought for small
quantity at the right price, you can already make ginger tea using 20g to 40 g of
ginger and get its health benefits.
This hypothesis is correlated with this study to prepare ginger rhizome
extract with different concentrations for the phytochemical screening.
Conceptual Framework
The Republic Act 8423 (R.A. 8423) otherwise known as the Traditional
and Alternative Medicine Act (TAMA) of 1997 gave rise to the creation of the
Philippine Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Care (PITAHC), a
Government Owned and Controlled Corporation (GOCC) attached to the
Department of Health (DOH) to answer the present needs of the people on
health care through the provision and delivery of Traditional and Alternative
Health Care (TAHC) products, services and technologies that have been proven
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safe, effective and affordable. The program advocates the use of traditional,
alternative, preventive and curative health care modalities that have been proven
safe, effective, cost-effective and consistent with government standards on
medical practice traditional and alternative health care products, services and
technologies
The agency would like to heighten the knowledge and familiarity of the
population on the plant parts and the medicinal uses of the plants. Therefore, the
attention of Filipino should be equipped with the knowledge on alternative
medicines for various ailments than synthetic drugs. This alternative remedy is in
the form of using plants which are readily available in our surroundings or simply
in our backyards that will be used for treatment of diseases based on their
traditional claims of the plants given by local residents (Doctor & Manuel, 2014).
Figure 1 shows the paradigm of the study which presents the input,
process and output of the study. The first box serves as the input of the study
which is the ginger rhizome extract which was extracted from ginger rhizome and
prepared for different concentrations such as 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%.
Collection of ginger rhizome was the first step of the process followed by
extraction, and the extract undergoes phytochemical screening and applied for
biological assays to determine its effects against allergy from benzyl penicillin
sodium. The output of this study is the result of the experiment about the effects
of ginger rhizome extract on the differential blood count of allergy induced to
albino rat.
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Statement of the Problem
This study aims to determine the effects of ginger extract to the differential
blood count of the allergy induced to albino rats.
Specifically, seeks to answer the following sub-problems:
1. What are the phytochemical components of ginger rhizome extract?
2. What are the effects of ginger extract on the differential blood count of allergy
induced to albino rats as to:
2.1 Eosinophils,
2.2 Lymphocytes, and
2.3 Segmenters/Neutrophils?  Complete Blood

 Collection and Count (CBC)
 Ginger Rhizome
INPUT Extraction
PROCESS of with Differential
OUTPUT
Ginger Rhizome Blood Count
 Ginger Rhizome Results
Extract  Phytochemical
screening  Effects of Ginger
 Experimental Rhizome Extract
 Preparation of to the
Group Concentrations Differential
 Administering Blood Count of
 25% Benzyl Penicillin the Allergy
 50% Sodium Induced to
 75%  Adminestering the Albino Rats
 100% Ginger Rhizome
Extract
 Control Groups
 Benzyl  Complete blood
Penicilin count with
Sodium differential blood
count
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Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study
3. Is there significant differences between the effects and level of concentrations
of ginger extract on the blood of allergy induced to albino rats?
Null Hypothesis
There is no significant difference between the effects and level of
concentrations of ginger rhizome extract on the blood of allergy induced to albino
rats.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
The study focuses on the effects of ginger rhizome extract to the
differential blood count of allergy and determine the different phytochemical
present in the extract. This was conducted from the month of June 29 to July 13,
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2019 in the Chemistry Laboratory at the College of Pharmacy and Botany and
Zoology Laboratory at the College of Arts and Sciences, Virgen Milagrosa
University Foundation for phytochemical screening and biological application of
ginger rhizome extract to albino rats respectively.
For the extraction of ginger rhizome, 200g of ginger only was used to
prepare different concentrations. Phytochemical screening was conducted and
only the test for Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Tannins, Saponins and Phenolic
Compounds was done in this study.
For the biological assays, 12 rats was used for the experiment, benzyl
penicillin sodium was used for inducing allergy and administered with ginger
rhizome extract at different levels of concentrations.
Eosinophils, lymphocytes and segmenters/neutrophils were used to
determine the effects of ginger rhizome extract after administering. Analysis of
Variance was used to determine the significant differences in the results of the
bioassays.
Significance of the Study
Ginger has a very long history of use in various forms of
traditional/alternative medicine. It has been used to help digestion, reduce
nausea and help fight the flu and common cold, to name a few , this study aims to
determine the effects of ginger to the differential blood counts of the albino rats. If
proven that ginger have good and remarkable effects, it can be used to develop a
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drug that will help to decrease the effects of allergic reactions and inflammations
in the body. The study benefits the following groups:
Community. It benefits the community in many ways, providing new,
cheaper, readily available alternative medicine against allergic reactions and
inflammations.
Department of Health (DOH). Health research has high value to society.
It can provide important information about disease trends and risk factors,
outcomes of treatment or public health interventions, functional abilities, patterns
of care, and health care costs and use.
The Researcher. This research also becomes useful in an indirect
manner when a researcher develops a knowledge base that others can pick up
and continue to develop, thus generating benefit of their own. Students and
collaborative partners also share the benefit of the research with others.
Future Researchers. Futures research is different from forecasting in a
way that the former has a forward orientation and looks ahead. Future evaluation
should include a comparison of a larger number of quantitative approaches.

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CHAPTER 2
METHODOLOGY
This chapter outlines and describes the research design and the methods
used to carry out this study. It further emphasizes on the duration and locale of
the study, population sampling, and data gathering tools and how data treated in
statistically.
Research Design and Method
This study utilized experimental type of research which was intended to
determine the effects of ginger rhizome extract to the differential blood count of
allergy induced albino rats.
Scientific progress is driven by developing and testing novel hypotheses.
Investigating these new ideas using appropriately and robustly designed
experiments is fundamental to this process (Killkenny et. al., 2009). Experimental
method was implored to investigate the cause and effect relationships and to
study the relationships between one variable and another.

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Locale of the study
This study was conducted from the month of December 5 to 10
2019.Ginger rhizome was collected from the San Carlos City, Pangasinan new
public market. The extraction for ginger rhizome and phytochemical analysis was
done in the College of Pharmacy laboratory, VirgenMilagrosa University
Foundation.
The albino rats were collected from Barangay San Juan, San Carlos City.
15 albino rats were used in this experiment. The administering of ginger rhizome
extract on the albino rats was done in Botany and Zoology Laboratory at the
College of Arts and Sciences, Virgen Milagrosa University Foundation. After
administering ginger rhizome extract, the blood samples were collected and
brought to the Medical Technologist in the Clinical Department of Virgen
Milagrosa Medical Center for determination of the effects of the extract to the
differential blood count of the albino rats.
Population Sampling
200 gms of ginger rhizome was collected in the study and used for
extraction, phytochemical screening and preparation of different concentrations
of ginger rhizome extract.

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15 healthy alive albino rats were placed in a cage divided into 6 partitions
and acclimatized within 7th days were feed with the same amount of food and
water.
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Legend:
Figure 2. Map of Showing the Main Site of Collection of Collection of

Rhizome
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Legend:
Figure 3: Map of Virgen Milagrosa University Foundation
Data Gathering Tools

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The following materials or instruments were used to conduct this study.
Plant Material and Animal Test Subject
Ginger rhizome (Z. officiale) was used as plant extract and albino rats (R.
norvegicus) as test subject to determine the effects of the extract to the
differential blood counts.
Apparatuses
Autoclave, Beakers, Bunsen burner, Cotton swab, Crucible, Crucible tong,
Desiccators, Erlenmeyer flask, Evaporating dish, Filter paper, Funnel, Graduated
cylinder, Petri dishes, Porcelain dish, Rotary evaporator, Separatory funnel,
Stirring rod, Test tubes, Tingle, Tripod, Tight bottle, Rat cage, surgical
kit,Feeding kit, containers, Blood screening test kit, Hemoanalyser
Chemical Reagents
Acetic anhydride, Ammonia, Benzene, Bouchardat’s reagent, Chloroform,
Distilled water, ethanol, ether, ferric chloride, Glacial acetic acid, Hydrochloric
acid, Hydrogen peroxide, Kidde reagent, Magnesium foil, Mayer’s reagent, Muller
Hinton Agar, Peptone, Sodium chloride, Sodium hydroxide, Sodium sulfate,
Sulfuric acid, Valser’s reagent, Wagner’s reagent.
Extraction and Maceration of Ginger Rhizome

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The collected ginger rhizome was washed thoroughly and chopped for
successive extraction with ethanol 100g of ginger rhizome was placed in a 500
ml Erlenmeyer flask. 300ml of 95% ethanol was added into the 100g ginger
rhizome and kept for 48-72 hours with periodic shaking. After 48-72 hrs the flask
was kept in a boiling water bath for 1 hour. The flask was removed after 1 hour
and then filtered. The filtrate is evaporated to dryness using a rotary evaporator
to obtain the pure extract. The pure extract was taken to the Botany and Zoology
Laboratory at the College of Arts and Sciences, Virgen Milagrosa University
Foundation for further biological test to albino rats as test animals.
Phytochemical Screening Procedures
A. Test for Alkaloid
5ml of the ginger extract was accurately measured and transferred into a
flask and stirred with 5ml of 1% aqueous hydrochloric acid on a steam bath.
Then 1ml of that filtrate was treated with few drops of Dragendorff's reagent. A
color change to blue black indicates the evidence of presence of alkaloids
B. Test for Tannin
0.5 g of plant extract was mixed with 2mL of water and heated on water
bath. The mixture was filtered and 1mL of 10% FeCl3 solution was added to the
filtrate. A blue-black solution indicates the presence of tannin.
C. Test for Flavonoid

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5 ml of distilled water and about 0.2 g of plant extract were mixed
thoroughly in a conical flask and 1 ml of 1% AlCl 3 solution was added and
shaken. There is no presence of flavonoids in the ginger extract..
D. Test for Phenol
About 0.5 g of plant extract was added to 1 mL of 10% FeCl 3 solution. A
deep bluish green colouration was an indication for the presence of phenol.
E. Test for Saponin
About 0.2 g of plant extract was shaken with 4 ml of distilled water and
then heated to boil on a water bath. There was no formation of froth and foam.
Therefore, Saponin is absent.
Animal Husbandry
Daily husbandry operation such as foods and water provisions, cleaning,
disinfection and general daily observations was done by the researcher assisted
by the laboratory technician.
Preparation of Concentrations
Ginger rhizome extract has used to prepare different concentrations such
as 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% for experimental group. For 25% concentration,
25% ginger rhizome extract added to the 75% of distilled water. 50% ginger
rhizome extract was added to the 50%of distilled water to make for 50%
concentration. 75% concentrations were prepared with 75% ginger rhizome

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extract was added to the 25% distilled water and for 100% concentrations, 90%
of ginger rhizome extract added with 10% distilled water.
Formulation of Dosages
Weight was taken from 15 Albino rats as bases for the calculation of
dosage for the administration of Benzyl Penicillin Sodium. The albino rats were
injected with Benzyl Penicillin Sodium an insulin syringe (1cc/mL). The dosages
for the penicillin were calculated for appropriate dose if not overdose were
injected it can lead to anaphylaxis. Therefore, the data calculated below is using
the formula 80,000 units/1,000g (1kg) = 80 units/ gms (Plumb’s Veterinary Drug
Handbook) shown in Table 1.
Formula:Grams = Kilograms × 1,000
80,000 units/1,000g (1kg) = 80 units/ gms
Administration of Penicillin and Ginger Rhizome
Albino rats were administered with the penicillin via insulin syringe (1mL)
as per calculated data then induced the allergy into the albino rats. For the
treatment, the albino rats were administered with the ginger rhizome extract of
different concentrations.
Table 1. Dosages of Penicillin Injected to the Albino Rats Proportional to

their Weight
Albino Rats Weight (gms) Dosages (ml)

A1 170 0.13
A2 190 0.15
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A3 180 0.14
B1 160 0.12
B2 225 0.18
B3 195 0.15
C1 140 0.11
C2 205 0.16
C3 155 0.12
D1 230 0.18
D2 140 0.11
D3 205 0.16
E1 245 0.19
E2 250 0.20
E3 230 0.18
Collection of Blood Samples
Small amounts of blood samples were collected from the tail of the albino
rats using a hypodermic needle and transferred to the capillary test tubes. Later
the bloods from the capillary test tubes were transferred into the anti-coagulant
solution.
Blood Analysis
Blood samples collected from albino rats were brought to Virgen Milagrosa
Medical Center laboratory to further analysis using the equipment known as
hemoanalyzer. The blood samples were placed in the machine for the complete
blood count present.
Treatment of Data
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All data gathered were carefully tabulated, analyzed and interpreted using
the statistical tool mean was used to determined the effects of ginger rhizome
extract on the differential blood count of allergy induced to albino rats as to
Eosinophils, Lymphocytes, and Segmenters/Neutrophils. Analysis of Variance
was used to describe the significant differences of the differential blood count of
the allergy induced to albino rats and administered with ginger rhizome extract.
CHAPTER 3
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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This chapter presents the data gathered together with the corresponding
statistical analysis done, interpretation, laboratory results to meet the set
objectives of the study.
Phytochemical Components of Ginger Rhizome (Zingiber officinale) Extract
Phytochemicals are nutritive plant chemicals that have protective or
disease preventive properties against pests, pathogens, fungi and animals
(Romero et al. 2017).
Plant produces these chemicals to protect itself, but recent research
demonstrates that many phytochemicals can protect humans against diseases.
There are many phytochemicals in fruits and herbs and each works differently.
Distinguished examples of these phytochemical compounds include Flavonoids,
Phenols and Phenolic Glycosides, Saponinsand Cyanogenic Glycosides,
Stilbenes, Tannins, Nitrogen Compounds (Alkaloids, Amines, Betalains),
Terpenoids and some other endogenous metabolites.
The pharmacological activities of ginger were mainly attributed to its active
phytocompounds 6-ginkgerol, 6-shogaol, zingerone beside other phenolics
and flavonoid. 6-gingerol was reported as the most abundant bioactive
compound in ginger with various pharmacological effects including antioxidant,
Table 2. Results on Phytochemical Screening of Ginger (Zingiber officinale)

Rhizome Extract
Phytochemical Components of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Rhizome Extract

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A. Screening for Alkaloids

Qualitative Test Positive Actual Results Remarks
Mayer's Reagent Production of With Precipitate Positive
Precipitate (ppt) (ppt)
Wagner's Reagent Production of With Precipitate Positive
Bouchardat's Reagent Production of With Positive
Precipitate (ppt) precipitate(ppt)
Valser's Reagent Production of With Precipitate Positive
B. Screening for Tannin and Phenolic Compound
Gelatin Test Production of With Precipitate Positive
Gelatin Block Test Production of With Precipitate Positive
FerricChloride Test Greenish Blue / Greenish Black Positive
Greenish Black Solution
Color
analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties. Also, other studies
showed that 6-shogaol with lowest concentration in ginger represent more
biologically actives compared to 6-gingerol (Ali et al., 2018).
The phytochemical analysis of ethanolic extract of Zingiber officinale
revealed the presence of Alkaloids, Tannin and Phenolic Compounds. According
to Chrubasiket.al. 2005, Zingibrine (Alkaloid), Zingerone, Gingerdiol, Zingibrene,
Gingerols and Shogaols, (Phenolic Compounds) are found in ginger.
Alkaloids comprise the largest single class of secondary plant substances.
They have are markable range of pharmacological activity. The term alkaloids
generally include those basic substances that contain one more nitrogen atoms,
usually in combination as a part of a cyclic system (Harborne, 1991).

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Tannins can act as potential: metal ion cheating agent, biological
antioxidant, or depending on its concentration, as a complexing or precipitating,
agent( in low concentrations as a complexing, and in high as a precipitating,
agent) because of the variety of possible tannin structures and diverse biological
effects, it is difficult to predict the effects of tannins on any living organism. The
Effects of Ginger Rhizome Extract to the Eosinophil Count of the Allergy

Induced to Albino Rats
Eosinphil count
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
Eosinophil level before administering benzyl penicillin sodium

Eosinophil level afteradministering benzyl penicillin sodium
Eosnophil level after administering Ginger extract
Normal count: 0.2-0.4

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Figure 4: Shows the Albino Rat Initial, Allergy Induced and Ginger Rhizome
Extract Administered Eosinophil Count
combination of Tannins and metal NPs is also very weakly. However, the
combination of Tannins with metallic NPs allows it to prepare new types of
nonmaterial’s with improved antimicrobial activity of NPs and the anti-
inflammatory properties of tannic acid ( Sieniawska, et. al, 2017).
Phenolic compounds are the real allergans and are six-sided chemical
rings that are part of basic food and pollen molecules. Phenolic compounds
include amino acids, hormones and neuro-chemicals (Theresa dale, 2016).
Based on the bar graph shown in Figure 4, the eosinophil count increased
and exceeded the normal value from Mean eosinophil count of 0.2 to 0.7 after
administering Benzyl Penicillin Sodium which causes allergic reactions.
Penicillin had a higher frequency of allergic reactions (Pleasants et al. 1994).
Eosinophil-rich allergic inflammation has long been associated with parasitic
infestation and allergic inflammation (Fulkerson & Rothenberg, 2013) however
after administering ginger rhizome extract; the eosinophil dropped from Mean
eosinophil count of 0.7 to 0.34.In a mouse model of The mediated pulmonary
inflammation. An intraperitoneal injection of ginger extract mainly comprised of
gingerols markedly decreased the recruitment of eosinophils to the lungs of the

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mice and also suppressed the cell driven response to allergen (Ahui et al 2008).
Gingerol, shogaol, and other structurally-related substances in ginger inhibit
prostaglandin and leukotriene biosynthesis through suppression of 5-
lipoxygenase or prostaglandin synthetase which are potent enhancers of innate
and adaptive immune activity and are implicated in
numerous inflammatory disorders. (Masshadi et al 2013). Shogaol can down-
regulate inflammatory iNOS and COX-2 gene expression. Ginger rhizome
hexane fraction extract of Zingiber officinale inhibited the excessive production
Lymphocyte count
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Lymphocyte count before administering benzyl penicillin sodium

Lymphocyte count after administering benzyl penicillin sodium
Lymphocyte count after administering Ginger rhizome extract
Effects of Ginger Rhizome Extract to the Lymphocyte Count of the Allergy

Induced to Albino Rats
Normal count: .26-.35

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Extract Administered Lymphocyte Count
of TNF-alpha which is inflammatory cytokine produced by
macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and is responsible
for a diverse range of signaling events within cells, leading to necrosis or
apoptosis (Jung et al. 2009).
As shown in Figure 5, the lymphocytes of the albino rats were already high
even before administering of the benzyl penicillin sodium, however after
administering ginger rhizome extract, the lymphocyte count slightly decreased.

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Effects of Ginger Rhizome Extract to the Segmenters/ Neutrophils Count of

the Allergy Induced to Albino Rats
Segmenters/Neutrophils count
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
Segmenter count before administering benzyl penicillin sodium

Segmenter count after administering benzyl penicillin sodium
Segmenter count after administering ginger rhizome extract
Normal count: 0.58 – 0.75
Extract Administered Segmenters/ Neutrophils Count
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Figure 6 presents that neutrophils are pivotal effector cells of innate
immunity. Their recruitment into peripheral tissues is indispensable for host
defense (Sandik et al. 2011) the segmenters/ neutrophil count slightly increased
after administering benzyl penicillin sodium. After applying the ginger rhizome
extract did not reduce the count of segmenter/neutrophil however the all of the
values in the graph are still within the normal range.
Comparison on Differences between the Effects of Ginger Rhizome Extract on

the Blood of Allergy Induced Albino Rats
Table 3: Results Shows the Analysis of Variance on the Effects Ginger Rhizome
Extract to Eosinophil of Albino Rats
Sum of
Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Allergy inducedBetween Groups .000 3 .000 .242 .864
Within Groups .001 8 .000
Total .001 11
Ginger rhizome Between Groups .000 3 .000 .250 .859
extract
Total .000 11
Extract to Lymphocytes of Albino Rats
Sum of
Allergy induced Between Groups .004 3 .001 1.361 .322
Total .013 11
Ginger rhizome Between Groups .002 3 .001 .262 .851
extract Within Groups .021 8 .003
Total .023 11
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Extract to Segmenters/ Neutrophils of Albino Rats
Sum of
Allergy indued Between Groups .010 3 .003 2.541 .130
Total .021 11
Ginger rhizome Between Groups .010 3 .003 1.811 .223
extract Within Groups .014 8 .002
Total .024 11
α= <0.05
Based on the one way ANOVA presented in Table 3, at 0.05 percent level
of significant there is no significant difference in the differential blood count of
eosinophil of the albino rat induced with allergy after administering with ginger
rhizome extract.
As gleaned in Table 4, One-way Analysis of Variance at 0.05% level of
significant between lymphocyte blood count and the induced with ginger rhizome
extract shows that there is no significant difference.
Table 5 presents One-way Analysis of Variance at 0.05 percent level of
significant there is no significant difference in the differential blood count of
segemnetrs/neutrophil of the albino rat induced with allergy after administering
with ginger rhizome extract.

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Therefore, this implies that there is no significant differences on the
comparisons on significant differences between the effects of ginger rhizome
extract on the blood of allergy induced albino rats.

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CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the conclusions and recommendations based on
the observations and results that were obtained in the study.
This study aims to determine the effects of ginger extract to the differential
blood count of the allergy induced to albino rats. Specifically, seeks to answer the
following sub-problems: (1) What are the phytochemical components of ginger
rhizome extract? (2) What are the effects of ginger extract on the differential
blood count of allergy induced albino rats as to Eosinophils, Lymphocytes, and
Segmenters/Neutrophils?(3) Is there significant differences between the effects
and level of concentrations of ginger rhizome extract on the blood of allergy
induced rats?
The study utilized experimental research design. 200 gms of Ginger
rhizome extract was used in the study and was prepared with different
concentrations and induced with 12 albino rats. Benzyl Penicillin Sodium served
as the positive control of the study.
Findings
1. The phytochemical analysis of ethanolic extract of Zingiber officinale revealed
the presence of Alkaloids, Tannin and Phenolic Compounds.

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2. Based on the results of the study out of the three differential blood counts only
the eosinophil exceeded the normal range after inducing allergy. The eosinophil
count increased after inducing Benzyl Penicillin Sodium however it also
decreased when administered with ginger rhizome extract
3. Based on the one way ANOVA there is no significant difference in the
differential blood count of the albino rat induced with allergy after administering
with ginger rhizome extract.
Conclusions
In view of the mentioned findings of the study, the following conclusions
are inferred:
1. The phytochemical components present in ginger rhizome extract such as
Alkaloids, Tannins and Phenolic Compunds.
2. Ginger rhizome extract can be used to reduced allergy and inflammation
because it contains potent compound that inhibits allergic reactions such as
Gingerols and Shogaols.
3. Even though the ginger extract made the differential blood counts change in
values during the experiment. Based on the statistical analysis there is no
significant difference in the differential blood count of the albino rat induced with
allergy after administering with ginger rhizome extract.
Recommendations
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Based on the conclusions of the study, following recommendations are
made:
1. Further study is needed to test the different properties and possible use of
ginger rhizome extract.
2. Find a way to improve or maximize the effects of the ginger rhizome extract.
3. Quantify the different phytochemical properties in the ginger rhizome extract
for more accurate results
4. Utilize ginger rhizome as alternative medicine for allergy.
REFERENCES
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Alencar, N. L., T. A. de Sousa Araújo, E. L. C. Amorim, and U. P. Albuquerque.
(2010). The inclusion and selection of medicinal plants in traditional
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Alencar, N. L., F. R. Santoro, and U. P. Albuquerque.(2014). what is the role of
exotic medicinal plantsinlocalmedicalsystems?Astudyfromthe perspective
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515.
Anosike, C.A., Obidoa, O., Ezeanyika, L.U.S. and Nwuba, M.M., (2015).,Anti-
inflammatory and anti-ulcerogenic activity of the ethanol extract of ginger
(Zingiberofficinale)
Aryaeian, N., &Tavakkoli, H., (2015) Ginger and its Effects on Inflammatory
Diseases
Bennett, B. C..(2007). Doctrine of signatures: An explanation of medicinal plant
discovery or dissemination of knowledge EconomicBotany61: 246–255.
Bode A. M, Dong Z. Ginger. Packer L, Ong C.N, Halliwell B., (2004) New York:
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Dahanukar, S.A., R.A. Kulkarni and N. NRege. 2000. Pharmacology of medicial
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Gay, B.G. & Parker, K.., (2003). Understanding the complete blood count with
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NF kappaB pathway. Food ChemToxicol. ; 47:1190–7
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effects on ethionine-induced hepatoma rats. Clinics (Sao Paulo);63:807–
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Mahassni, S.H.,&Bukhari, O.A., (2019). Beneficial effects of an aqueous ginger
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thyroid hormones in male smokers and non-smokers
Mashhadi, N.S., Ghiasvand, R. Askari, G., Hariri, M., Darvishi, M. and Mofid,
M.R., (2013).Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Ginger in
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Nadkarni KM. (1976). IndanMateriaMeduca. Popular PrakashanBombey,
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Pilerood, S.A., &Prakash, J., (2010).Chemical composition and antioxidant properties
of ginger root (Zingiberofficinale)
Plesants, R.A., Walker, T., Samuelson, W., (1994)Allergic Reactions to
Parenteral Beta-lactam Antibiotics in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis.
Olayaki, L.A., Ajibade, K.S., Gesua, S.S,m & Soladoye, A.O Effect
of Zingiberofficinale. on Some Hematologic Values in Alloxan-Induced
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Prance, G. T., K. Aiona, M. J. Balick, B. C. Bennett, K. Bridges, D. A. Burney, L.
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from Kaua’i. Economic Botany 61:1–2
Romero, J., Waing, K.G., & Valentino, M.J (2017) Phytochemical Screening and
Bioassay of the Antibacterial Activity of Hylocereusundatus and
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Gastroenterology. ; 137:1238–124
Sadik, CD1, Kim ND, Luster AD. (2011)., Neutrophils cascading their way to
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S., …Rigano, D. (2017). Plants of the Genus Zingiber as a Source of

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Bioactive Phytochemicals: From Tradition to Pharmacy. Molecules,
22(12), 2145. doi:10.3390/molecules22122145
APPENDIX A
LETTER OF COMMUNICATION
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APPENDIX B
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LABORATORY RESULTS
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VMMC CLINICAL TEST RESULTS (INITIAL)

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VMMC CLINICAL TEST RESULTS (ALLERGY INDUCED)

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VMMC CLINICAL TEST RESULTS (GINGER RHIZOME EXTRACT INJECTION

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APPENDIX C
CERTIFICATION
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APPENDIX D
PHOTO DOCUMENTATION
Ginger rhizome (Zingiberofficinale)
Measurement of required weight of ginger rhizome for

The ethanolic extract and phytochemical analysis
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Chopped Ginger Rhizome for ethanolic extract and

Phytochemical Analysis
Taking the weight of albino rats

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Preparation of the different concentration of ginger rhizome extract
Collecting blood samples into the capillary tubes

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Blood samples transferred into the anti-coagulant solution

via capillary tubes
Hemoanalyser in the VMMC Clinical Department where all

the samples were tested
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CURRICULUM VITAE
PERSONAL DATA
Name : Lalu Yadav
Address : Inaruwa-10, Sunsari, Nepal
Date of Birth : March 17, 1999
Place of Birth : Inaruwa-10, Sunsari, Nepal
Religion : Hinduism
Sex : Male
Nationality : Nepalese
Father : Yogendra Prasad Yadav
Mother : Chandrika Kumari Yadav
Employment : Housewife
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EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Primary : Saint Mary’s School
Inaruwa-7, Sunsari, Nepal
Secondary : Orchid Public School
Biratnagar-13, Nepal
Higher Level : Arniko Higher Secondary School
Biratnagar-13, Nepal
Tertiary : Virgen Milagrosa University Foundation
Martin P. Posadas Avenue, San Carlos City, Pangasinan
Degree: Bachelor of Science in Biology

Virgenmilagrosa University Foundation: 1 Background of The Study

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VirgenMilagrosa University Foundation

Martin Posadas Avenue, San Carlos City, Pangasinan

Background of the Study

which enumerates different types of WBC (Gay & Parker, 2003).

A blood differential test measures the amount of each type of

lymphocytes, monocytes, basophil, eosinophil and neutrophils. These differential

blood components are helpful in diagnosing anemia, certain cancers, infection,

acute hemorrhagic states, allergies, and immune deﬁciencies as well as

enhanced understanding of this laboratory test is essential to providing quality

diagnosis and care, However an uncontrolled overproduction or of the differential

WBC will cause diseases such as inflammation, allergy, eosinophilia, basophilia,

medicinal plants used in various traditional systems (Dahanukar et al., 2002).

last few years (Bode & Dong, 2004).

preservative, antioxidant, antimicrobial and other medicinal properties. The

genus Zingiber, belonging to the family Zingiberaceae, comprises about 85

Although different members of this genus are somewhat similar in morphology,

they differ widely in their pharmacological and therapeutic properties (Sharifi-Rad

Zingiber officinale (ginger) which belongs to the family Zingiberaceae is a

various pharmacological and physiological effects and are common ingredients in

The Ginger rhizomes have been shown to be effective in the treatment of

several medical conditions including stomach problems, nausea, vomiting,

rheumatism, muscular pains, atherosclerosis, migraine headaches, high

cholesterol, ulcers, and stomach discomfort. In addition, phenolic compounds,

inﬂammatory activities (Sharifi-Rad et al., 2017).

Ginger is a potential herb used worldwide for its immense

phytotherapeutic properties. In Ayurveda it is known as “Mahaaushdi” which

ginger possesses numerous therapeutic properties including antibiotic,

antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects, an ability to inhibit the formation of

inflammatory compounds, and direct anti-inflammatory effects. Besides this,

ginger is also effective against some kinds of cancers, stimulates blood

circulation, controls blood pressure and hypertension, helps in lowering

cholesterol, and is associated with combating heart problematory cells (Pilerood

and Prakash, 2010). The active constituents of ginger have antioxidant

properties. The chemical structure of zingerone makes it a potent free radical

scavenger. Ginger is a good source of antioxidant a. Hence, apart from its

medicinal properties, ginger can also be used as an antioxidant supplement.

Natural penicillin’s are considered the drugs of choice for several

infections caused by susceptible gram positive aerobic organisms, such

as Streptococcus pneumoniae, groups A, B, C and G streptococci,

nonenterococcal group D streptococci, viridans group streptococci, and non-

penicillinase producing staphylococcus. Aminoglycosides may be added for

synergy against group B streptococcus S. agalactiae, S. viridans,

and Enterococcus faecalis. The natural penicillins may also be used as first or

as Bacillus anthracis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, and Erysipelothrix

rhusiopathiae. Natural penicillins have limited activity against gram negative

by Neisseria meningitidis and Pasteurella. They are not generally used to treat

anaerobic infections. Resistance patterns, susceptibility and treatment guidelines

vary across regions (Tamai I et.al, August 1, 2019).

Benzyl Penicillin Sodium is used to treat and prevent certain infections

caused by bacteria. Penicillin injection is in a class of medications called

penicillin. It works by killing bacteria that cause infections.

Aryaeian and Tavakkoli in 2015 conducted a study on Ginger and its

extract with the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory ingredients such as 6

Gingerols, 6-Shogoals and Zhingerol can reduce inflammatory mediators such as

inflammatory cytokines and chemokines due to their effects on NF-κB activation,

cyclooxygenase 2 reduction and serotonin receptors inhibition. It increases

reducing antioxidant enzymes so it can be useful in inflammatory diseases

improvement and their complications prevention. In conclusion, Ginger can help

in the treatment of inflammatory chronic diseases such as Fatty Liver, Asthma,

Cancer and Arthritis through anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory and anti-

According to Sharifi-Rad et. al., 2017, Plants of the genus Zingiber

medicinal plants. They represent very popular herbal remedies in various