4.16.

Time Effect Factor λ (LRFD Only)

As mentioned in the previous section, wood has the unique property that it can support higher stresses if the loads are applied
for a short period of time. The approach used to account for this unique property differs significantly between ASD and LRFD.
In Sec. 4.15, the development and use of the ASD load duration factor CD was presented. Basically, in ASD, the load duration
factor for a given design is determined based on the shortest duration load in a given combination.

In LRFD, the load duration effect is accounted for using the time effect factor λ which adjusts the nominal resistance for the
considered LRFD load combination. A reliability-based approach was used in the development of the time effect factors for
LRFD. The time effect factor is used to adjust the design resistance to ensure that consistent reliability is achieved for various
load duration effects.

It is important to note that, in addition to linking the time effect factors to specific load combinations, the nominal resistance
is based on short-duration (10 min) loading versus the normal (10-year) duration used in ASD. The format conversion factor,
KF, adjusts the reference design value from normal duration loading to a nominal design value for short duration loading.
Therefore, values of the time effect factor typically range from 0.6 for dead load only to 1.0 for load combinations with short-
duration loads such as wind and seismic. See Example 4.12 for specific time effect factors to be used for various load
combinations.

Example

EXAMPLE 4.12 Time Effect Factor (LRFD Only)

Load Combination Time Effect Factor λ

1.4D 0.6

1.2D + 1.6L +0.5 (L r or S or R) 0.7 when L is from storage

0.8 when L is from occupancy

1.25 when L is from impact

1.2D + 1.6(L r or S or R) + (L or 0.5W) 0.8

1.2D + 1.0W + L + 0.5 (L r or S or R) 1.0

1.2D + 1.0E + L + 0.2S 1.0

0.9D + 1.0W 1.0

0.9D + 1.0E 1.0

The load combinations, load factors, and time effect factors given above are from NDS Appendix N, Section N.3.3, which
has load combinations consistent with ASCE 7-16. The first load listed in each LRFD combination is the permanent load,
and the second load listed is the dominant transient load. When the load combination is entirely permanent loads such as
D, the time effect factor is taken as 0.6. When the load combination is dominated by short-duration actions such as W or E,
the time effect factor of 1.0 is used. In the case of load combinations dominated by sustained live loads such as S, R, Lr , or
L from storage or occupancy, then the time effect factor is either 0.7 or 0.8. When L is the result of impact, the time effect
factor is taken as 1.25.

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 Finally, due to recognized behavior of connections and certain treated materials under impact-type loads, time effect
factors greater than 1.0 (impact) are not allowed for connections or for structural members that are pressure treated with
waterborne preservatives or fire-retardant chemicals.

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