Nortons Theorem

A Report Submitted To the Department of Medical Instruments

Technoiogy Engineering as in Fundamental Of Electric Engineering

BY

}ALI ABBAS AHMED {

} Supervised by {

{ }DR:NOOR AL-SAFAR

A.C 2020
INTRODETION

Nortons Theorem

This article is about the theorem in electrical circuits. For Norton's theorem
.for queueing networks, see flow-equivalent server method

text

Any black box containing resistances only and voltage and current sources
can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of an equivalent current
.source in parallel connection with an equivalent resistance

Edward Lawry Norton

In direct-current circuit theory, Norton's theorem (aka Mayer–Norton

theorem) is a simplification that can be applied to networks made of linear
time-invariant resistances, voltage sources, and current sources. At a pair
of terminals of the network, it can be replaced by a current source and a
.single resistor in parallel

For alternating current (AC) systems the theorem can be applied to

.reactive impedances as well as resistances

The Norton equivalent circuit is used to represent any network of linear

.sources and impedances at a given frequency

Norton's theorem and its dual, Thévenin's theorem, are widely used for
circuit analysis simplification and to study circuit's initial-condition and
.steady-state response
Norton's theorem was independently derived in 1926 by Siemens & Halske
researcher Hans Ferdinand Mayer (1895–1980) and Bell Labs engineer
Edward Lawry Norton (1898–1983).[1][2][3][4][5][6]

To find the equivalent, the Norton current Ino is calculated as the current
flowing at the terminals into a short circuit (zero resistance between A and
B). This is Ino. The Norton resistance Rno is found by calculating the
output voltage produced with no resistance connected at the terminals;
equivalently, this is the resistance between the terminals with all
(independent) voltage sources short-circuited and independent current
sources open-circuited. This is equivalent to calculating the Thevenin
.resistance

When there are dependent sources, the more general method must be used.
The voltage at the terminals is calculated for an injection of a 1Amp test
current at the terminals. This voltage divided by the 1 A current is the
Norton impedance Rno. This method must be used if the circuit contains
dependent sources, but it can be used in all cases even when there are no
.dependent sources

Example of a Norton equivalent circuit

The original circuit

Calculating the equivalent output current

Calculating the equivalent resistance

Design the Norton equivalent circuit

Conversion to a Thévenin equivalent

To a Thévenin equivalent
A Norton equivalent circuit is related to the Thévenin equivalent by the
equations:

Queueing theory
The passive circuit equivalent of "Norton's theorem" in queuing theory is
called the Chandy Herzog Woo theorem.[3][4][7] In a reversible queueing
system, it is often possible to replace an uninteresting subset of queues by a
single (FCFS or PS) queue with an appropriately chosen service rate.[8]

References
1. ^ Mayer, Hans Ferdinand (1926). "Ueber das
Ersatzschema der Verstärkerröhre" [On equivalent circuits for
electronic amplifiers]. Telegraphen- und Fernsprech-
Technik (in German). 15: 335–337.
2. ^ Norton, Edward Lawry (1926). "Design of finite
networks for uniform frequency characteristic". Bell
Laboratories. Technical Report TM26–0–1860.
3. ^ Jump up to:a b Johnson, Don H. (2003). "Origins of the
equivalent circuit concept: the voltage-source
equivalent" (PDF). Proceedings of the IEEE. 91 (4): 636–
640. doi:10.1109/JPROC.2003.811716. hdl:1911/19968.
4. ^ Jump up to:a b Johnson, Don H. (2003). "Origins of the
equivalent circuit concept: the current-source
equivalent" (PDF). Proceedings of the IEEE. 91 (5): 817–
821. doi:10.1109/JPROC.2003.811795.
5. ^ Brittain, James E. (March 1990). "Thevenin's
theorem". IEEE Spectrum. 27 (3): 42. doi:10.1109/6.48845.
Retrieved 2013-02-01.
6. ^ Dorf, Richard C.; Svoboda, James A. (2010). "Chapter
5: Circuit Theorems". Introduction to Electric Circuits (8th
ed.). Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 162–
207. ISBN 978-0-470-52157-1. Archived from the original on
2012-04-30. Retrieved 2018-12-08.
7. ^ Gunther, Neil J. (2004). Analyzing Computer System
Performance with Perl::PDQ (Online ed.). Berlin: Springer
Science+Business Media. p. 281. ISBN 978-3-540-20865-5.
8. ^ Chandy, Kanianthra Mani; Herzog, Ulrich; Woo, Lin S.
(January 1975). "Parametric Analysis of Queuing
Networks". IBM Journal of Research and
Development. 19 (1): 36–42. doi:10.1147/rd.191.0036.