Biomedical

Instrumentation Design 1
BMI–D1
Modes of operation
3. Modes of Operation form Medical Devices.

3.1. Direct and indirect Modes.

3.2. Sampling and Continuous Modes.

3.3. Generating and Modulating Modes.

3.4. Analog and Digital Modes.

3.5. Real and Delayed Time Modes.

3.1. Direct and indirect Modes.

1. Frequently the chosen Measurand can be interfaced directly to a sensor because

the Measurand is readily available or because the suitable invasive technique are
presented.
2. When the desired Measurand is not available, we can use either alternative
Measurand that tolerates a known relation to the desired one or some form of
energy or material that interrelates with the desired Measurand to create a
Measurand that is accessible.
3. Example include cardiac output (volume of blood pump per minute from the
heart), determine from measurements of respiration and blood gas concentration
or from dye dilution; morphology of internal organs, determine from x–ray
shadows; and pulmonary volumes, determines from variations in thoracic
impedance plethysmography.
 3.2. Sampling and Continuous Modes.

1. Some Measurand similar to body temperature and ion concentrations variated so

slowly that may be sampled rarely.
2. Other measures, for example the electrocardiogram and respiratory gas flow may
need continuous observing.
3. The frequency content of the Measurand, the objective of the measurements, the
state of the patient, and the potential responsibility of the physician all guidance
how often medical data are requisite.
 3.3. Generating and modulating Modes.

1. Generating sensors produce their signal output from the energy taken straightly from
Measurand, while

2. Modulating sensors use the Measurand to modify the flow of energy from and
external source in a means that affects the output of the sensor.

3. For example, a photovoltaic cell is a generating sensor because it delivers an output

voltage correlated to its irradiation, without any additional external energy source.
Though, a photoconductive cell is a modulating sensor; to measure its change in
resistance with irradiation, we must apply external energy to the sensor.
 3.4. Analog and Digital Modes.

1. Signals that carry measurement data are either analog, meaning continuous and capable
to take on any value within the dynamic range, or
2. Digital, meaning discrete and able to take on only a finite number of different values.
3. Most presently available sensors operate in the analog mode, while
4. Some integrally digital measuring devices have been developed.
5. Enlarged use of digital signal processing had essential simultaneous use of an analog to
digital and digital to analog converters to interface computers with analog sensors and
analog devices.
6. Researchers have developed indirect digital indirect sensors that use analog primary
sensing elements and digital variable conversion elements (optical shaft encoders).
7. Also quasi – digital sensors, such a quartz – crystal thermometers, give outputs with
variable frequency, pulse rate, or pulse duration that is easily converted to digital
signals.
 3.5. Real and Delayed Time Modes.

1. Certainly sensors must obtain signals in real time as the signals really occur.
2. The output of the measurement system may not display the result immediately,
though, because some types of a signal processing, such as averaging and
transformations, need significant input before any results can be produced.
3. Often, such short delays are suitable unless urgent feedback and control tasks depend
on the output.
4. In the case of some measurements, such as cell cultures, several days may be
required before an output obtained.
4. Medical Instrumentation
Constraints.
5. Classification of Biomedical Instruments.

1. Techniques of biomedical measurement can be gathered according

to THE AMOUNT THAT IS DETECTED, such as pressure,
signal, or temperature.

2. Using the PRINCIPLE OF TRANSDUCTION, such as

resistive, inductive, capacitive, ultrasonic, or electrochemical.

3. Measurement methods can be STUDIED INDEPENDENTLY

FOR EACH ORGAN SYSTEM, such as the cardiovascular,
pulmonary and nervous

4. According to the CLINICAL MEDICINE SPECIALTIES, such

as pediatric, ophthalmic, cardiology, or radiology.
6. Interfering and modifying Inputs.

Desired inputs are the Measurands that the instruments is planned to isolate.

Interfering inputs are amounts that unintentionally affect the instrument as a concern of
the principles used to obtain and process the desired inputs.

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7. Compensation Techniques.

If all instrument components are inherently sensitive only

1. Inherent
to desire inputs, then interfering and modifying inputs
Insensitivity
obviously have no effect.

When an adjusting input cannot be avoided, then upgraded

2. Negative
instrument performance needs a plan that makes the output less
reliant on the transfer function
Feedback

A filter splits signals according to their frequencies. Most 3. Signal

filters achieve this by reducing the part of the signal that is in Filtering
one or more frequency bands

When interfering and / or modifying inputs cannot be

4. Opposing
filtered, extra interfering inputs can be used to terminate
undesired output components. Inputs