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M. Nageswar Rao, SR - Mgr. (EMD) Date: 01.10.2015
M. Nageswar Rao, SR - Mgr. (EMD) Date: 01.10.2015
2015
Sr.Mgr.(EMD)
Presentation Layout
Introduction
Induction Motor & designs
Load profiles
VFD
VFDs in market
Savings & Payback
2
Load profiles
Variable Torque Loads
centrifugal pumps,
fans and blowers
Tα N2 Pα N3
4
Control of drives
Flow control
Condensate water
Feed water
Air flow etc.
Pressure control
Draft
PA header pressure
Seal air pressure
DM water header pressure etc.
5
Control of drives - methods
Mechanical
Throttling of pumps
Inlet guide vanes/ Outlet damper throttling
Hydraulic coupling
Electrical
Eddy current clutch coupling
VFD
6
Control of drives - methods
60
Hydraulic Coupling
20
Outlet Damper Throttling
0 20 40 60 80 100
% Speed / Flow
7
Throttling of pumps
8
Energy saving in pump application
9
Payback period with VFD
With Throttle With VFD Drive
Motor Rating 75 kW
Throttle of Valve 30% 0%
Speed 100% 70%
Rated current of motor 123 123A
Actual current drawn by motor 100 123A
Power consumed by motor 60.98 27.08 kW
Acronyms
Variable Frequency Drives (VFD)
Variable Speed Drives (VSD)
Variable Voltage Variable
Frequency Drives (VVVFD)
Inverter Drives
11
VFD converter
12
VFD
Input AC power is converted to DC (Rectification) & this
DC power is inverted to AC power of required Voltage &
frequency to get Torque & Speed as per process
requirement.
Rectification & Inversion are achieved through power
electronics devices (Diodes, IGBT, Thyristors).
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VFD- working principle
Ns = 120*f/P
V = 4.44 f.Φmax.N
Flux is made constant (by keeping V/f =constant)
To avoid over-fluxing thereby saturation.
To impart rated torque to load even at lower speeds.
14
VFD- advantage
Effective starting & braking of Motors
Effective speed control over wide range.
Match to load profiles
Enhance overload capability of motors.
Provide additional protections to motors.
Improve source p.f.
15
Induction Motor- constant Torque
& flux weakening zones
16
VFD-Topologies
Based on front end rectifier
NFE (Non-regenerative front-end)
AFE (Active front-end)
Based on Inverter
VSI (Voltage Source Inverter)
CSI (Current Source Inverter)
Based on Inverter PWM control
Scalar control (V/f )
Vector control
DTC (Direct Torque Control)
FOC (Field Oriented Control)
SVM (Space Vector Modulation)
17
VFD-LCI
18
VFD-Load Commutated Inverter
Commutation is the process whereby changing voltage cause one
cell to stop conducting and another to begin.
• In case of rectifier bridge, the power system provides the voltage
& energy for commutation, so it is called a line commuted bridge
• In case of Inverter bridge, the requirement is same, but a
synchronous motor with leading power factor (current leading
voltage) shall be able to provide the voltage (back e.m.f of the
motor) & energy for commutation. Hence, the Load
(Synchronous machine) helps commutation required for
inverting DC to AC. That is why it is called Load commuted
inverter.
19
VFD-Load Commutated Inverter
6 pulse 12 pulse
20
VFDs in market
ABB
L&T
Schneider Electric
Danfoss
Vacon
SEW Euro drives
Siemens
Mitshubishi
21
Feasibility Study
M/s Schneider Electric conducted feasibility study at
SMPP in June’2013.
Total Annual Energy savings = 2,35,10,080 kWh
Total Annual Cost savings = 517 Rs. Lakhs
Total investments = 1,758.6 Rs. Lakhs
Payback Period = 41 Months
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Feasibility Study
Simple
Sl. No Equipment Annual Savings Investment Payback
Period
kWh Rs Lakhs Rs. Lakhs Months
1 CEP - 1A 19,79,077 43.54 164.00 46
2 CEP - 1C 16,40,621 36.09 164.00 55
3 CEP - 2A 16,90,423 37.19 164.00 53
4 CEP - 2B 12,73,689 28.02 164.00 71
5 Sea water pump 33,76,800 74.29 200.00 33
6 Circulating water pumps 1,16,67,600 256.69 692.00 33
7 Effluent disposal pump 8,67,034 19.07 94.00 60
8 Potable water pump 42,840 0.94 3.60 46
9 DM transfer water pump 68,880 1.52 1.75 14
Sweet water high cap.
10 Pump 1,88,842 4.15 8.80 26
11 fire hydrant pump 5,73,114 12.61 94.00 90
12 LDO pressurizing pump 43,720 0.96 2.05 26
13 HFO pressurizing pump 97,440 2.14 6.40 36
Total 23,510,080 517 1,758.6 41
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