CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

When a study of language in which the linguistic factors are related to the factors
beyond the language, such as language use that is done by its speakers in a certain speech
community, it refers to sociolinguistics. According to Fishman (1972 : 244), for instance,
socially, the language use involves “Who speaks, what language, to whom, when and
where”. When some aspects of sociology are adopted in studying a language, this means it
presents an interdisciplinary study; and its name represents a combination of sociology and
linguistics. In this relation, some experts call it as sociology of language; and some others call
it as sociolinguistics.

In sociolinguistics we study language and society in order to find out as much as we

can about what kind of thing language is, and in the sociology of language we reverse the
direction of our interest. There are several possible relationships between language and
society. One is that social structure may either influence or determine linguistic structure
and/or behavior. A second possible relationship is directly opposed to the first: linguistic
structure and/or behavior may either influence or determine social structure. A third possible
relationship is that the influence is bi-directional: language and society may influence each
other. A fourth possibility is to assume that there is no relationship at all between linguistic
structure and social structure and that each is independent of the other.
 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LINGUISTIC

Sociolinguistic appear as dissatisfaction of the experts on structural linguistics.
According to them, the structural linguistics assessing the structural aspects of language
alone. It was certainly not ignoring the social aspect in the study analysis. The actual
design of this sociolinguistic has emerged as a result of the existence of Labov’s
research, that is Social Stratification of English in New York City. A linguistic from
London, Firth argued that speech has a social aspect as media / communication tool. He
also added that these aspects can classify a person into a clan / class / social strata.
Thus, study about this speech should heed the speakers and the structure itself, so that
consideration of all the things that are possible reasons why this structure or that it was
used by someone.

B. DEFINITION OF SOCIOLINGUISTIC
A term sociolinguistics is a derivational word. Two words that form it are sociology
and linguistics. Sociology refers to a science of society; and linguistics refers to a science
of language. A study of language from the perspective of society may be thought as
linguistics plus sociology. While, sociolinguistics is defined as:
1. The study that is concerned with the relationship between language and the context
in which it is used. In other words, it studies the relationship between language and
society. It explains we people speak differently in different social contexts. It
discusses
the social functions of language and the ways it is used to convey social meaning. All of the
topics provides a lot of information about the language works, as well as about the social
relationships in a community, and the way people signal aspects of their social identity
through their language (Holmes, 2001)

2. The study that is concerned with the interaction of language and its setting
(Eastman, 1975: 113).

3. The study that is concerned with investigating the relationship between language
and society with the goal of a better understanding of the structure of language and
of how languages function in communication ( Wardhaugh, 1986 : 12)

C. STANDARD AND NON-STANDARD LANGUAGE

Standard language is a variety of language that is used by governments, in the media,
in schools and for international communication. There are different standard varieties of
English in the world, such as North American English, Australian English and Indian
English. Although these standar varieties differ in the terms of pronunciation, there are a
few differences in grammar between them. In contrast, there are non-standard forms of
language that are used, for example, in different regional dialects and these non-standard
varieties are different from each other.

D. LANGUAGE VARIATION: FOCUS ON USERS

There are four language variation that are based on its users as follow:
1. Idiolect
Idiolect is the language variation that is individual in nature. It has his own
language variation or his own idiolect. This idiolect variation is concerning with the
colours of voice, choice of words, language style, sentence order, etc. The colours of
voice is the most dominant aspect in language variation, because we can recognize
someone just by listening to voice without seeing the person.
2. Dialect (Reginal or Geography Dialect)
Dialect is comes from a group of users that are relative in numbers, living in
one particular place, region or area. It is usually regional dialect or geography dialect.
The users of a dialect have certain features that mark them as people who have the
same dialect although they have their own idiolect. The study of dialects is called
dialectology. Example: People who use Javanese with dialect of Solo have their own
particular features that are different from others who have the dialect of Surabaya or
Banyumas.
Holmes (2001:125) explain that Americans prefer to use do you have while
the traditional British English use have you got, Americans use gotten while most
people in England use got and Americans ask did you eat? while the English ask
have you eaten?
3. Sociolect (Social dialect)
Social dialect is concerning with the social status and class. It is usually the
most spoken language variation, concerning with all personal problems of the users,
such as age, gender, occupation, level of royalty, economic, social status, social class,
etc.
Holmes (2001:134) states that social dialects are the language that reflects
the groupings of people that based on similar social and economic factors. He adds
that a person’s dialect reflects his social background. For example: social dialects in
Java and the ways used by Javanese speakers. Every time a Javanese person talks to a
different person, he has to choose the right words and pronunciations because almost
every word is different and they fit together in patterns or levels.
Marjohan (1988:34) also adds that the social relationship that related to
status and familiarity between the Javanese speaker and the listener has to be marked.
The status depends on wealth, nobility, education, occupation, age, kinship, etc. For
example, in Javanese the word for house has three forms that bear status meanings,
they are omah, griya and dalem.
In social dialect, there are some other language variation as follows:
a. Acrolect (standar variety). It is more formal and prestigious from a speech. It
actually refers to the language of the power politicians. For example: Javanese
(krama inggil)
b. Mesolect (intermediate variety). It is intermediate variety. We say the variety
spoken by private sector in a respective country. For example: Javabese (krama
alus)
c. Bacilect (creole). It refers to most colloquial and least prestigous form of speech.
It is spoken by ordinary people. For example: Javanese (ngoko alus)
 d. Vulgar. It contains features that are used by people that are less educated or even
uneducated. Languages in Romans age up to the Middle age.
e. Slang. It is consists of very informal words and phrases. It is more common
speech than in writing, and often used in particular group of people. For
example: O Gee, bullshit, hangout etc
f. Colloquial. It is used in daily conversation, it means the language used in
speaking and not in writing. The examples in spoken English are don’t for the
words do not, I’d for the words I would or I had, we’ll for we will. (Dokter : Dok)
g. Jargon. It is used by a certain group of people which usually concerns with a
certain field of occupation or the technical language of a particular profession.
We can see an example of jargon in the production of a motion picture. For
example: The director wants to stop an cat of an actor, he will say Cut! and not
Stop!.
h. Argot. It is limited to certain proffession only and secretly in nature by using
special vocabulary. In the crime world of thieves and pick-pocketers, people in it
use the terms like glasses for police, leaves for money, etc.
i. Cant. It means the certain social variation that is used to show poverty that is
usually used by beggars (to beg), just like the expression the cant of beggars
which means the language of beggars.
4. Temporal dialect
It means the language variation that is used by a certain social group in
particular time. For example, in the development of English. English had began from
the Old English in the year of 600 to 1100, the Middle English in the year of 1100 to
1450, the Early Modern English in the year of 1450 to 1700 until the Modern English
in the year of 1700 up to now.

E. LANGUAGE VARIATION: FOCUS ON USES

There are two language variation that are based on its users as follow:
1. Style
Holmes (2001:223) states that style is related more with the situations than with the
speakers themselves. When we want to talk about style, it means that we talk about the
same speakers who talk in different ways on different situations.It refers to language
 variation which reflects changes in situational factors. Joos (1967) in his book The Five
Clocks, divides the style of formality into five levels, as follows:
a. Frozen style. It is the most formal style used in formal situations and ceremonies. It is
called frozen because the pattern has been set up firmly and can never be changed by
anyone. In written form, we can in historical documents, ratification, and other
formal documents.
b. Formal style. It is used in formal speech, formal meeting, office correspendence,
lesson books for school, etc. It is basically similar to the frozen style that is only used
in formal situations and not in informal situations. The example: the first paragraph
of the opening of the 1945 constitution of the RI that was written in a formal or even
in a frozen style.
c. Consultative style. It used in ordinary conversation held at school, in meeting or
conversation that leads to result and production. It can be said that this style is the
most operational one between casual and fromal.
d. Casual style. It is used to speak with friends, family or relatives, during the leisure
time, while break or recreation, etc.
e. Intimate style. It used with people who have close relationships with the speaker. By
using this style those people do not need to use complete sentences with clear
articulation, they just simply use short words.

2. Register
Holmes (2001:246) states that it refers to the language of groups of people with
common interests or jobs, or the language used in specific situations associated with
such groups. The examples of different registers can be seen in the language used by
legalist, auctioneers, race-callers, sports commentator, airline pilots, criminals,
financiers, politicians, disc jockeys and also the language used in the courtroom and the
classroom, journalist.
Language variation in the field of journalism (journalistic) has specific
characteristics, it is simple, communicative and brief. The language is simple because it
has to be understood easily, communicative because it has to deliver news appropriately,
and brief because of the limited space (in printed media) and limited time (in electronic
media).
 Language variation in the field of military services has been known with its
characteristics, which are brief and strict in line with the military duty and life that is full
of discipline and instructions. While the scientific language has been known with its
characteristics of being straight-forward, clear and free from ambiguities, metaphors and
idioms because the language of science must give scientific information clearly, without
any doubts, and free from possibilities of being interpreted in different meanings.
F. OTHER LANGUAGE VARIATION
Accent
Accent is the way of pronunciation particular to a speaker of group. All
languages are spoken with several different accents. There is nothing unusual
about English, and not everyone who comes from the same place speaks in the
same. In any place there is a variety of accent. For example: Britis (United
Kingdom) and American (United States)
Bilingualism and multilingualism
The use of language in a situation of bilingualism and/or multilingualism
often involves the problems of who speaks, what language, to whom and when
(Fishman, 1972:244). In such situation, we often look at a speaker changes his
language or a variety of the same language for one to another. This language
change depends on a situation or a necessity of using a language or its varieties.
Bilingualism is an individual’s ability to use two language variety. Individual
bilingualism use of more that one languages or competence in more that one
languages (Clyne:1997). While multilingualism is an individual’s ability to use
many languages.
Lingua Franca
Lingua franca is language of wider community, is used as a means of
communication among the speakers of other languages. It is called bridege
language, or vehicular language in certain place with many different speaker and
langauge. For example: Malay or Indonesian in Asia (Asia tenggara), or English
as international language in the world.
Pidgin and Creole
Pidgin is is basically contact language. It has no native speaker. A pidgin
develops as a means of communication between two people with different
language communicating in a situation, where they do not understand about the
conversation. For example: a seller in Tanah Lot (Bali) speak with tourist, they
use English. The seller use it a basic of communication but suitable with the
mother tongue: very cheap (peri cip); five (paip); thousand (tosen).
 The other example: Long time no see and all the form of slang language.
Creole develop when the pidgin is being native language for the society and the
children learns as the first language.
A pidgin becomes a creole when it is learned as the first language of a new
generation. From a linguistic point of view, creoles are made up a superstrate
language such as English and one or more substrate languages such as as those of
Western Africa.

Code Swtching and Code Mixing

a. Code- Switching is switching the situation from one code to another. If a
speaker firstly uses code A (for example Indonesian Language) then
she/he changes the code to code B (Javanese Language). For example:
Kamu sudah pulang? Hla sing ngeterke sopo?
b. Code Mixing is used when the speaker mix two language or use both
language together to in single utterance. For example: Baksone sampun
telas, pados liyane mawon (Krama inggil – Ngoko); Saya tidak bisa
berfikir, otakku blank (Indonesian – English).
 CHAPTER III

CONCLUSION

A term sociolinguistics is a derivational word. Two words that form it are sociology and
linguistics. While sociolinguistic studies the relationship between language and society.
There are language variation which focus on users and uses such as dialect, idiolect,
sociolect, and temporal dialect, style and register, lingua franca, bilingualism and
multilingualism, pidgin and creole, code (code mixing and code switching).
 REFERENCES

Holmes, Janet. 1992. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. New York: Addison Wesley

Longman, Inc.

Wardhaugh, Ronald. 1998. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. USA: Blackwell Publishers

Inc.

http://intandinillah.wordpress.com/2013/05/14/makalah-code-switching-and-code-mixing/

http://fatchulfkip.wordpress.com/2008/03/19/sociolinguistics/

http://koesnandar1964.wordpress.com/2010/11/26/materi-kuliah-sociolinguistics/

http://ahmufadillah.blogspot.com/2010/08/sociolinguistics.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Labov