Chemistry Practical

Class 12
Dr. Md Tanweer Alam e-mail: mdtanche@gmail.com

EXPERIMENT No.1

Identify one basic radical and one acidic radical in supplied salt.

Physical Characterisation:
i. Physical state : Crystalline solid
ii. Colour : White
iii. Solubility : Soluble in water

Action of heat
Experiment Observation Inference
A pinch of salt was heated No changes occurred In may be salt of Na, K, Mg
in a dry test tube etc

Flame Test:
Experiment Observation Inference
Platinum wire cleaned. Tip of the wire Golden yellow In may be Na.
is moistened with conc HCl and colour observed
touched to particles of the mixture
which adheres to it and then heated in
non-luminous Bunsen flame

Test for NH4+ (Zero group)

Experiment Observation Inference
A pinch of salt is heated No pungent gas evolved NH4+ was absent.
NaOH solution in a test
tube

Preliminary Tests for the Anions I

Experiment Observation Inference
about 0.2 g of dry salt was taken No gas was evolved. CO3- -, SO3- -, S- - , NO2-
in a test tube then added 2ml of may be absent.
dilute hydrochloric and then
heated.,
Preliminary Tests for the Anions of Class I1
Experiment Observation Inference
about 0.2 g of dry salt was taken A colourless gas was evolved. Cl- , Br-, I- , F-may be.
in a test tube then added 2ml of
conc. Sulphuric acid and then
heated.,

CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR THE ANIONS

Tests for the Sulphide Ions
Experiment Observation Inference
1 ml of sodium carbonate extract was A purple or violet S-- absent
taken in a test tube and added 1 - 2 ml colour not obtained
of sodium nitroprusside solution.:

Tests for the Nitrate Ions

Experiment Observation Inference
2 ml extract taken in a test tube and A brown ring not NO3- absent
added 4 ml concentrated sulphuric formed .
acid, freshly prepared 3 ml of
saturated solution of FeSO4 added
slowly down the side of the test tube

Tests for the Chloride Ions

Experiment Observation Inference
Acidified 2-3 ml of S.E. with curdy white precipitate Cl- present.
dil. HN03 boiled then added obtained.
AgNO3 solution.

Tests for the Bromide Ions

Experiment Observation Inference
Acidified 2-3 ml of S.E. with No light yellow precipitate Br- absent
dil. HN03 boiled then added obtained.
AgNO3 solution.
Tests for the Iodide Ions
Experiment Observation Inference
Acidified 2-3 ml of S.E. with No pale yellow precipitate I- absent
dil. HN03 boiled then added obtained.
AgNO3 solution.

Tests for the Phosphate Ions

Experiment Observation Inference
Acidified 2-3 ml of S.E. with No canary yellow precipitate PO4--- absent
(6M) HN03 boiled then formed
add 2-3ml of ammonium .
molybdate solution and solution
was gently warmed to 400C.

Test for the Sulphate Ions

Experiment Observation Inference
Acidified 2-3 ml of S.E. with No.White precipitate appeared SO4- - absent.
dil. HCl boiled then added
BaCl2 solution.

Conclusion:

The given salt contain Na+ ion as basic radical and Cl - ion as acid radical.
 EXPERIMENT No.2

Identify one basic radical and one acidic radical in supplied salt.

Physical Characterisation:
i. Physical state : solid
ii. Colour : White
iii. Solubility : Soluble in water

Action of heat
Experiment Observation Inference
A pinch of salt was heated A pungent colourless gas In may be NH4+ saltf
in a dry test tube evolved.

Flame Test:
Experiment Observation Inference
Platinum wire cleaned. Tip of the wire No characteristic Absence of Group I
is moistened with conc HCl and colour observed and Group II element.
touched to particles of the mixture
which adheres to it and then heated in
non-luminous Bunsen flame

Test for NH4+ (Zero group)

Experiment Observation Inference
A pinch of salt is heated No pungent gas evolved NH4+ absent.
NaOH solution in a test when a rod dip with HCl is
tube brought near it which
dense fume seen.

Preliminary Tests for the Anions I

Experiment
about 0.2 g of dry salt was taken
in a test tube then added 2ml of
dilute hydrochloric and then
heated.,
Observation Inference
No colourless and odourless CO3- -, SO3- -, absent.
gas was evolved which turned
lime water milky.

Preliminary Tests for the Anions of Class I1

Experiment Observation Inference
about 0.2 g of dry salt was taken A colourless gas not evolved. Cl- , Br-, I- , F- absent.
in a test tube then added 2ml of
conc. Sulphuric acid and then
heated.,
CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR THE ANIONS
Tests for the Sulphide Ions
Experiment Observation Inference
1 ml of sodium carbonate extract was A purple or violet S-- absent
taken in a test tube and added 1 - 2 ml colour not obtained
of sodium nitroprusside solution.:

Tests for the Nitrate Ions

Experiment Observation Inference
2 ml extract taken in a test tube and A brown ring not NO3- absent
added 4 ml concentrated sulphuric formed .
acid, freshly prepared 3 ml of
saturated solution of FeSO4 added
slowly down the side of the test tube

Tests for the Chloride Ions

Experiment Observation Inference
Acidified 2-3 ml of S.E. with curdy white precipitate Cl- absent.
dil. HN03 boiled then added obtained.
AgNO3 solution.

Tests for the Bromide Ions

Experiment Observation Inference
Acidified 2-3 ml of S.E. with No light yellow precipitate Br- absent
dil. HN03 boiled then added obtained.
AgNO3 solution.

Tests for the Iodide Ions

Experiment Observation Inference
Acidified 2-3 ml of S.E. with No pale yellow precipitate I- absent
dil. HN03 boiled then added obtained.
AgNO3 solution.

Tests for the Phosphate Ions

Experiment Observation Inference
Acidified 2-3 ml of S.E. with A canary yellow precipitate PO4--- present
(6M) HN03 boiled then formed
add 2-3ml of ammonium .
molybdate solution and solution
was gently warmed to 400C.
Test for the Sulphate Ions
Experiment Observation Inference
Acidified 2-3 ml of S.E. with No.White precipitate appeared SO4- - absent.
dil. HCl boiled then added
BaCl2 solution.

Conclusion:

The given salt contain NH4+ ion as basic radical and PO4-- - ion as acid
radical.
 EXPERIMENT No.4

Identify one basic radical and one acidic radical in supplied salt.

Physical Characterisation:
i. Physical state : solid
ii. Colour : White
iii. Solubility : Soluble in water

Action of heat
Experiment Observation Inference
A pinch of salt was heated A colourless gas evolved. In may be carbonate of Ca,
in a dry test tube Mg etc

Flame Test:
Experiment Observation Inference
Platinum wire cleaned. Tip of the wire Dull red colour In may be Ca.
is moistened with conc HCl and observed
touched to particles of the mixture
which adheres to it and then heated in
non-luminous Bunsen flame

Test for NH4+ (Zero group)

Experiment Observation Inference
A pinch of salt is heated No pungent gas evolved NH4+ was absent.
NaOH solution in a test
tube

Preliminary Tests for the Anions I

Experiment Observation Inference
about 0.2 g of dry salt was taken A colourless and odourless gas CO3- -, SO3- -, may be
in a test tube then added 2ml of was evolved which turned lime present.
dilute hydrochloric and then water milky.
heated.,
Preliminary Tests for the Anions of Class I1
Experiment Observation Inference
about 0.2 g of dry salt was taken A colourless gas was evolved. Cl- , Br-, I- , F- absent.
in a test tube then added 2ml of
conc. Sulphuric acid and then
heated.,

CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR THE ANIONS

Tests for the Sulphide Ions
Experiment Observation Inference
1 ml of sodium carbonate extract was A purple or violet S-- absent
taken in a test tube and added 1 - 2 ml colour not obtained
of sodium nitroprusside solution.:

Tests for the Nitrate Ions

Experiment Observation Inference
2 ml extract taken in a test tube and A brown ring not NO3- absent
added 4 ml concentrated sulphuric formed .
acid, freshly prepared 3 ml of
saturated solution of FeSO4 added
slowly down the side of the test tube

Tests for the Chloride Ions

Experiment Observation Inference
Acidified 2-3 ml of S.E. with curdy white precipitate Cl- absent.
dil. HN03 boiled then added obtained.
AgNO3 solution.

Tests for the Bromide Ions

Experiment Observation Inference
Acidified 2-3 ml of S.E. with No light yellow precipitate Br- absent
dil. HN03 boiled then added obtained.
AgNO3 solution.
Tests for the Iodide Ions
Experiment Observation Inference
Acidified 2-3 ml of S.E. with No pale yellow precipitate I- absent
dil. HN03 boiled then added obtained.
AgNO3 solution.

Tests for the Phosphate Ions

Experiment Observation Inference
Acidified 2-3 ml of S.E. with No canary yellow precipitate PO4--- absent
(6M) HN03 boiled then formed
add 2-3ml of ammonium .
molybdate solution and solution
was gently warmed to 400C.

Test for the Sulphate Ions

Experiment Observation Inference
Acidified 2-3 ml of S.E. with No.White precipitate appeared SO4- - absent.
dil. HCl boiled then added
BaCl2 solution.

Conclusion:

The given salt contain Ca++ ion as basic radical and CO3-- - ion as acid
radical.
 EXPERIMENT No.3

Identify one basic radical and one acidic radical in supplied salt.

Physical Characterisation:
i. Physical state : Crystalline solid
ii. Colour : Blue
iii. Solubility : Soluble in water

Action of heat
Experiment Observation Inference
A pinch of salt was heated The colour changed from In may be CuSO4.5H2O
in a dry test tube blue to white

Charcoal Cavity Test:

Experiment Observation Inference
Mixture of original salt and Red metallic colour In may be Cu.
fusion mixture in the ration 1:3 obtained
is kept in the cavity of charcoal
block and heated by reducing
flame of the blow pipe.

Flame Test:
Experiment Observation Inference
Platinum wire cleaned. Tip of the wire Green with blue In may be Cu.
is moistened with conc HCl and centre
touched to particles of the mixture
which adheres to it and then heated in
non-luminous Bunsen flame

Borax-Bead Test
Experiment Observation Inference
Colour in oxidizing Colour in reducing
flame flame
Hot Cold Hot Cold
Borax Bead test done Green Blue Colourless Opaque Cu
red
/brown
Test for NH4+ (Zero group)
Experiment Observation Inference
A pinch of salt is heated No pungent gas evolved NH4+ was absent.
NaOH solution in a test
tube

Preliminary Tests for the Anions I

Experiment Observation Inference
about 0.2 g of dry salt was taken No gas was evolved. CO3- -, SO3- -, S- - , NO2-
in a test tube then added 2ml of may be absent.
dilute hydrochloric and then
heated.,

Preliminary Tests for the Anions of Class I1

Experiment Observation Inference
about 0.2 g of dry salt was taken No gas was evolved. Cl-
, Br-, I- , F- and NO3-
in a test tube then added 2ml of may be absent.
conc. Sulphuric acid and then
heated.,

CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR THE ANIONS

Tests for the Sulphide Ions
Experiment Observation Inference
1 ml of sodium carbonate extract was A purple or violet S-- absent
taken in a test tube and added 1 - 2 ml colour not obtained
of sodium nitroprusside solution.:

Tests for the Nitrate Ions

Experiment Observation Inference
2 ml extract taken in a test tube and A brown ring not NO3- absent
added 4 ml concentrated sulphuric formed .
acid, freshly prepared 3 ml of
saturated solution of FeSO4 added
slowly down the side of the test tube
Tests for the Chloride Ions
Experiment Observation Inference
Acidified 2-3 ml of S.E. with No curdy white precipitate Cl- absent
dil. HN03 boiled then added obtained.
AgNO3 solution.

Tests for the Bromide Ions

Experiment Observation Inference
Acidified 2-3 ml of S.E. with No light yellow precipitate Br- absent
dil. HN03 boiled then added obtained.
AgNO3 solution.

Tests for the Iodide Ions

Experiment Observation Inference
Acidified 2-3 ml of S.E. with No pale yellow precipitate I- absent
dil. HN03 boiled then added obtained.
AgNO3 solution.

Tests for the Phosphate Ions

Experiment Observation Inference
Acidified 2-3 ml of S.E. with No canary yellow precipitate PO4--- absent
(6M) HN03 boiled then formed
add 2-3ml of ammonium .
molybdate solution and solution
was gently warmed to 400C.

Test for the Sulphate Ions

Experiment Observation Inference
Acidified 2-3 ml of S.E. with White precipitate appeared SO4- - present.
dil. HCl boiled then added
BaCl2 solution.

Conclusion:

The given salt contain Cu++ ion as basic radical and SO4- - ion as acid radical.