| rnbanl quc | Under-secretion of insulin ES OF ISLETS OF UA | Ingufficient secretion of insulin causes diabetes (in Pancreas) (more correctly diabetes mellitus of fyperglycemia Anan ay > ariel 1 Mitus” means Tom. Bip the from beta cells | The word “mellitus” means honey, referring to th = | Passage of sugar (glucose) in urine (argh Sa rahai Tan a ; noe | A diabetic person Defieney anes diabetes melts G * fas high concentration of sugar in blood _Excexs causes nerve cal tara erglycemia — hyper : excess, glya ‘gar 2 Glucagon ~ Gomularsyivery from alpha cells) glycogen li J Somatostatin ~ Cribs sec vith sugar, excretes a great deal of urine loaded (rox dela gy XCeICS 4 great deal of urine slucagon feels thirsty because of the loss of water through (Not in syllabus) 100 much urination + (glucose), emia : blood] mes weaker and weaker. [ races 8.560 Cases, The person Tose Gye Tight o sam _| + loses weight and becon In certair sion. The usual treatment by adn ministering insulin is Not a cure, but only a method of supplying the hich is not being produced by the 3 Seg RRR NORA SesBured 04. mas om © aprile Over-secretion of insulin 030 OPPO J Sup Tan) Siratad Sugar level_in the blood is lowered 2 “* (AES untae om oad (hypoglycema, Typo = Below). state of coma if en for a few minute A similar thing may hay en to a diabetic patient : eee if an overdose of insulin is s given — the patient may 2 c hi cK besome unconscious This Tmt or Hypoglycemia and a prompt bite ?) FrogressiChee “Sugar candy is helpful. 1. rian send three types of cell thaangerhans and the name of paar ~ they secrete. alpha Copa cabs emer be Mention the 'nsulin acts; + Name the following the cells to () Passage of much’? f convert it into (il) Overdose of insulin ¥ Patient unconscious : List any three g, ‘GH 6LOOD 60a | orton pean he level ©! pancreatic hormone in t09) 19a" (glucose) Ig Qos ve YeoNock of 19 to Say “insulin Converts ‘Scanned wth CamScanetSearne thC) | Thyroid is located close to (larynx/kidney) wer ‘AcHORMONES FROM Cretinism is caused due to nor 64 2 Some important of thyrorin, (undersecretion/oversecretion) Oversecretion of thyroxin causes (ey ha canterior lobe are as follows goitre. (simple/exophthalmic) The condition showing swelling in face and hands and sluggishness due to, hypothyroidism is called S014 7 (cretinism/myxoedema) (v) The hormone concerned with facing dangers is LIMOS... (thyroxinel, cortisone/adrenalin) e (Vi) Conex and megulla are the two regions of 0.4 (thyroid/adrenal) (vil) One of the effects of increased secretion Of APENALING 1B eer rrneraene » (Dry mouth slowing of heart beat/arterioles of the digestive system dilate) 7) gigantism; the long “rormatand human 4. Pituitary” rani oper? ) 9 parca ‘the jaws) (The pituitary gland is a small pro ;, teetThe persor the size of a peay which hangs from the base of thé -P*,7) thicktips.- mid-brain betow hypothalamus (Fig-TO:7)-t ix op) (Acro: height/extremity, ‘popularly called the master glanbecause it seems poucn we 10 contro) practically all other endocrine glands Pituitary gland (Fig. 12,7) has two distinct lobes, the anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary (the entire p y gland weighs only about one-half entire pituit HYPOTHALAMUS ANTERIOR PITUITARY Dwartism [undersecretion of gro" hormone) lg. 92.7: The piustary gan ‘Scanned wth Camscanet1 stimula gyri fe thyroxin. (o se i simulating (Gonadotropic) hormones j se ptivities OF the testes re cific ecreted by * cans influencing an such as thyrorro pic y ic \for adrenal cortex), . icotropi anvlONES FROM POSTERIOR PITUITARY lf ,osterior lobe produces two hormones ssin and oxytocin, ® sjretic hormone (ADE), also called <9 jressin, CORSEFICES Blood vessels with rise in pressure, It also@acts_on the kidney « reabsorption of water from the kidney Doe ee CU } Thyroid-releasing Hormone — TRH Stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete TSH Negative feedback ANTERIOR PITUITARY inhibits the Thyroid-stimulating release Hormone — TSH Cael ‘Stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroxine. THYROID GLAND Thyroxine in blood, then it inhibits the secretion of TRH the secretion of TSH from the anterior pila gland ‘Scanned wth Camscanetand their principal actions ‘Scanned wih CamScanetPollution is a serious problem of the modern times due to very rapid advancement in several areas such as industries, transport, agriculture, residential set-ups, thermal and nuclear power generation plants. It is causing deterioration and even poisoning of the environment including air, water and soil. It is posing a serious threat to human health as well as to almost all kinds of our surroundings. asing population size, waste unmanageable. Open dumps a common site. This a te problems related to ‘Scanned wth CamScanetmicroorganisms into harmless and_non-toxic substances. These include animal and agricultural like for example dung, leaves, kitchen left etc. Semomples overs, pee ‘ c Non-brodegadable wage + Non-biodegradable Se ‘wastes are ot be vastes are those substances that canni roken dawn by micmarganisms, These include astics, metallic cans, glass, electronic waste € waste), ete. Qccumulation of a large amount of these wastes results in pollution 16.2 POLLUTION @ollution is the addition of any such constituent to air, water or land which deteriorates the natural quality of the environmen Es AND follutant is any such consti causes pollution: Types of pollution There are five major types of pollution ; 2. Water pollution 1. Air pollution 3. Soil pollution 5. Noise pollution 16.3 AIR POLLUTION 4, Radiation pollution Seb ir pollution means degradation of the air quality Types of air pollution Air pollution is basically of two types : UF Gaseous pollution ; Harmful gases given out from a variety of sources 2. Rarticulate pollution : Particles such as those of dust, smoke, mining, stone drilling. wearing of rubber tyres of motor vehicles. Sources of air pollution 1. Natural sources Examples : Ash from burning volcanoes, dust from storms and forest Tires, Gifese pollutants are beyond human control and will continue to occuz> a earn Rocannp! 44 VQAe 2, Man-made sources Examples ; Vehicular (automobiles), industrie, garbage, brick kilns. Cipgse are The Tour mj. Major Sources Which, toa great extent, are unde, Taman control and the methods for controlling thémrare being developed e 16.3.1 Vehicular Air Pollution There are various kinds of vehicles — the motor cars, trucks, buses, scooters, tractors, motor eydles, Failway engines, ete They are mostly running on petrol and diesel. The exhaust given out contain three rian gaseous pollutants /:.CO., SO, and Co, Simultaneously, there is the Seana of rubber tyres of the automobiles seleasiny ae Tirthermore, the ote ing vehicles also raise the road dust particles into the air. You must have also éXperienced a Tot of dust raised when the road cleaners sweep the roads every morning. _— RUBBER PARTICLES AND DUST. Fig. 16.1 Particulate and gaseous emissions from an automobile, Control : Efficient engines, good quality automobile fuels Tead-Free petrol, greater use 0! compressed natural gas (CNG). 0 Lee = Scanned with ComSeannarqustrial Air Pollution on _ world is undergoing extensive industrial vie fanges from small scale pottery and on units to huge sugar factories, cloth factories, automobile manufacturing ufacturers, oil-refineries and so on, it all Kinds of pollutants. ie industrial cous pl > 50, and CO andalso axes orgy \e weleased by the factory chimneys into ins lot of particulate pollutants: ig. 16.2 Smoke from factory chimneys lling and_mining (coal, metals, etc.) particles which pose serious health labourers inyolved=>) ‘SMOG (Smoke plus Fog) vhe released from various sources may get vl with dust particles and) Sm of fog ciuce what is called smog. | “ols and, if inhaled, may a Burning Garbage ij a i * garbage mainly consists of items such as ol vegetables and fruits, shells taken off from ._. washings of pulses, rice, ete, and also the “Sn food dishes, Such waste is either used in lt (aking manure for agricultural use) or ate SL 1634 Brick kins Goiailedatusy ) Brick kilns (Hindi ; ‘eenton ke bhatte” ies The brick kilns are fire-heated enclosures for making construction bricks. Raw moist clay bricks are arranged in heaps with fire-wood in between and then covered by layer of some special mud mixture to contain the burning flames inside. This set-up is left for a few days. The smoke collecting inside is released through a hole. On opening, the original mud-coloured bricks are found to be red, and there is a huge quantity of ash. The wastes produc: large quantities of ash and broken brick bits. These are al pollutants, which are ‘either somehow reused r just dumped. Lot of smoke and heat given out are ets Degen neaut 1, Mention whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F). (i) Pollution and pollutant are one and the same thing. (TIF) (ii) Rubber tyres of motor vehicles contribute to particulate pollution. (TF) The chief gaseous air pollutants are CO, and SO., (TIF) (iv) Kitchen garbage and leftovers in food dishes can be used for making manure (compost). (TIF) (v) Brick kilns give out both gaseous and particulate pollutants. (TF) 2. Name any four ways to control vehicular air pollution. 3. Name any two small scale industries that can be the source of particulate air pollution. 4, Give two examples of gaseous air pollutants. 16.4 WATER POLLUTION Sources of water pollution The five major sources of water pollution are as follows :ee : Gees CO 1" Household detergents L2Sewage are the bverturned oil tankers, of ci 3-Andustrial wastes {4-Oil spills ol refineries Oil pollution kills a lot sp een. _5-Thermal pollution (fish, birds, Fig. 16.3 below shows a duck cs- dynart — with oily a 16:4.1 Household Detergents 1-2. ¢ Every home uses some detergents (cleansing agents) to wash and clean the soiled or worn garments, crockery, utensils, etc, The dirty water flows down the drains 4.2 Sewage as sewage is the liquid waste from domestic activi Citconsists of Kitchen wastes, toilet and other hou waste water)¥Tost cities Rave sewage treatment plants to remove the dirty part and release the cleaned fluid water into nearby water bodies or rivers. Small towns and villages may still be releasing their fluid wastes directly into some nearby large water body (river/lake), At some places in India, people are still following the practice of disposing off dead bodies into the rivers, If Rot the dead bodies, the ashes after cremati very commonly immersed into rivers like Canga practices are sources of water pollution.]) Ae 16.4.3 Industrial Waste hort tape 4 ‘A large number of industries (small scale as well as large scale) produce waste water which contains various types of chemical pollutants, Such liquid waste material produced by factories is called efffu afd it is commonly discharged into the rivers! processing industries set up near sea coasts release toxic wastes into the sea causing pollution) Gy Aece 4 Oil Spills pills are the acciden n are discharges of sources of spills 16-65 Thermal Pollution basi\eomnng — Many industries (thermal power plants, oj refineries and even nuclear power plants) use wap {or cooling their machinery. This hot waste Water may be 810°C warmer than the intake water an is released into the nearby streams, rivers or the sea and causes warming. This wal Bate harmfully affects the animals (even killing the fi \), and harms the plant life growing in ity Mention whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F) (i) Liquid kitchen waste alone constitutes the sewage. (ep (ii) Household detergents are safe and non- contributors to water pollution. (Tig) (iii) Industrial wastes mainly consist of chemical pollutants. Gr) (iv) Thermal power plants give out a lot of hot waste water. Or) (v) Hot water discharged into water bodies hardly affects the fish and other aquatic lite, (TF), 16.5 SOIL POLLUTION ‘The soil pollution is largely localised whereas the air and water pollutions can spread to long distances. The major sources of soil pollution are: _ 5 “{,_Industrial wastes Cie 3, Urban commercial and domestic waste 3. Chemical fertilizers 4, Biomedical waste Scanned with ComSeannarsical residues, flyash, metallic ash, hremica yrban commercial and Domestic F ygsteS =o towns have a variety of ‘1s, banquet halls giving out lot of ifferent forms. At home, we produce form of plastic bags, glass bottles, jitchen waste, paper-packaging, ete. “jd waste. It is collected by municipal ped for proper disposal — part of crted into manure, and the rest can itary landfills. Gm 4 dehda ly landfills are the places where the jumped in a ground depression and , dirt every day. ba nical Fertilizers lertilizers (nitrates, ‘phosphates, help in faster and increased crop excessive use Is harmmul, These iy washed away Dy TheTrain water, vod Tes anton ich consume lot of in_water « death of fish and other water Biomedical Waste imerous items under this category: s, syringes, dirty dressings, ete sed discarded medicinal tablets and ne Basen Cts of slogical research materials carded bic clessh Sisposed of in He a Ein the municipal ste often reaches the soil and may cause nisms, and also to humans indi gents, *5 Pesticides |! Pesticides such as DDE ‘were much used Pests in agricultural even Most of the 5 is ovat @ Jie On adOne & Ene See markets getables and fruits. They have? *lter the basi wooate Nee 1 WAG b MBA Co Araltred ato = environment as pollutants causi indirectly. Presently, milder pesticides are being ese are poll 5 © BOs Dee Sopa ae Dana BDT (dichlovo-diphenyl-aos0 ‘used in agriculture to destroy pests” anisms alter the basic structure of soil, kill microorganism in it and may even reach the human body through grown in such soils, The killed microorganisms arem those that recycle the nutrients in the sol energy particles) It is being used extensively in the jelds of medicine (X-rays, etc.) and in gener electricity in the nuclear power ie dar dtat X-rays contain a great deal of energy (measured in photons, the units of energy). They damage the body cells. Too frequent and too many X-ray @xposures may-cause serious health hazards (damaged chromosomes, genetic variations, kone ‘cancer, etc.). X-ray machine operators have to take Very special care to avoid exposure as much as possible. Nuclear power plants can be the sources of leak of nuclear radiations ether through the nealigee disposal of wastes or by any accidental explosion of the plant. TWo very serious nuclear plant explosions have occurred — one in Chernobyl (Ukraine) in 1986 and the other in Japan (Fukus! i ir Plant) on 11, March 2011, So many people died and radioactivity levels at a village, the Fukushima Daiichi Fig. 16.4 power plant in Japan Gn peoa iced ono,many more suffered radiation exposure causing health problems such as haemorrhaging and even cancers. The chief radiation pollutant wag46dine 131 which raises the risk of thyroid cancer. Radiation even leakedinto the sea and reached humais passively through sea food. ~ ~Carelessly discarded radioactive teached the market street ily "kabaris” Sever eral exposed people ere Rad even Wied. A Delhi resident sufferer from nuclear (Cobalt 60) radiation had ignorantly kept Cobalt 60 pencils in his back pocket amrsitfered serious burns (Fig. 16.5). nas, Fig. 16.5 A cobalt 60 radiation sufferer from Delhi 16.7 NOISE POLLUTION Noise is defined as any unpleasant/loud undesired sound inter eae with one's hearing and concentration ang pollution caused due to noise iS termed as noise lution” Major sources of noise are the industrial machines, workshops, trains, automobiles on the Streets, jet aircrafts landing and taking off in the air, loud conversation and the radio or television inside houses, the loudspeakers and musical bands in public places, and so on. * If you are reading something seriously or solving @ mathematical problem, even a mild Conversation in the room becomes noise. Buty if you are doing some light reading in a Tunning train, you may not get disturbed a Fig, .6 Noise pollution FeO Harmful effects of noise pollution : J? lnterfores in communal } Interrupts concentration of thought and ice of mind. \_ 3 Arowers efficiency of work, \® Disturbs sleep and leads to nervous irritability. A> Xsadden Tout Sound can damage eardrum, Prolonged noise can even lead to deafness, \& Bird life gets disturbed by aircrafts landing or taking off from airpor Measures to minimise noise pollution ; — © Prohibiting blowing of horns, (2 Restriction_on loud speakers, specially during night. 1. Mention whether the following sta are True (T) or False (F). ()) Soil pollution is largely (il) Flyash and metallic ash are urban domestic waste. (iil) Chemical fertilisers may rea but do not harm the fish. » ‘Scanned wth Camscanetal waste may Consist of both radable and non srodea ea F) are a potential source of radiajion tion F) anted disturbing sound, even jf it iwisic next door, 1S Noise, « routinely working in neley plages ° ‘auch affected oy inGnelM “ip -¢FECTS OF VARIOUS TYPES oF * SoLLUTION ffects the environment, humans and :merous ways. The more significant lows on climate and environment fects the climate and environment in. but the three most significant ones rain, (ii) Greenhouse effect and global iii) Ozone layer deplection he clean rain is only slightly acidic (pH because o} somCO] naturally present here, Due to increasing industrialisation » of emission of CO, and sulphur dioxide ides of nitrogen. din on earth as rain. his is the Harmful effects of acid rain : \ Damage to v AGC to vegetation by pollution of the soil e Decay of building material and paints E got of ancient monuments, statues and eas Dy the acid reacting with the calcium: e fine particles (sulphat eg visibility and han ete \ Fish and other aquatic animals are harmed_gue to increased acidity of the water in such lakes Tivers, etc, = 2. Greenhouse effect and global warming + What is a greenhouse? Greenhouses are small glass houses specially constructed to grow plants 7 ly-during cold winters. The glass panel(all_around lets the sunlight enter but does not allow the heat to escape)(You experience the same thing inside a car parked in sun for a few hours). 7, accu e 3 re pre escape of heat, thus warming the air (Greenhouse effect). + With increased industrialisation, burning of fuels in homes, and rising population more CO, is wlewed-On the other Band, The decressing vegetation and deforestation is leading to less CO, utilisation in photosynthe synthesis. Thus overall ops falling _ . pe 7 pC, Mt AC Och Con sun. i ad effect of Result of an experiment to show MRE e ‘greenhouse effect. aSa a tise in CO, is leading to greater retention of the solar radiation in the atmosphere causing global warming, During the last three decades the temperature of the Earth atmosphere has increased by about 05°C. This is causing melting of snow caps, rise in sea level, as well as decline in food production in agricultural fields and in fishery resources in the oceans. 3. Ozone layer depletion Ozone (0,) is an@llotro . ms a sort of sunscreen high-up-in the atmosphere.. It prevents the harmful type of ultra- violet rays (UV-B)-coming-down-front the sun Certain gaseous compounds su : ed from terial styrofoamy rise There they break down into efforine gfompvhich in turn breakdown ozonp (O.) into oxygen (O.) and O. The reduced ozone cannot Prevent the entry or harmful UV-B rays to the earth, which cause sun bum, genetic disorders, skin cancers ani reduced productivity OF forests and sea INTERNATIONAL OZONE DAY September 16. B. Effects on human health + Air pollution causes respiratory problems, lung disorders. Part =Tead may ca cell shortage. Smog (smoke + fog) leads to.asthma ‘nd poor visibility. The exhaust gas SO, causes serious damage to the air passages in Jungs (the disease bronchitis). + Water pollution may lead to several diseases like cholera, jaundice and typhoid + Soil pollution may indirectly affect human health, ‘The pesticides used im agricUNWTal farming may 16.9 CONTROL OF POLLUTION Pollution cannot be totally controlled but several steps can be taken to curtail it, 2 Use of unleaded petrol and of CNG (Compressed __ Natural Gas) in automobiles. \:) Switching offthe automobile en; gines at red lights and when not in + Installation _of tall chimneys in factories, and fitting them with filters and, electrostan- precipitators. © Treating industrial effluents before discharging them into water bodies. © Not to throw food wastes into open groupd er inthe drains. +) Setting up of sewage treatment plants in larger habitations, and septic tanks in houses, +) Greater use of compost (organic matter) instead of chemical feilivers and judicious Use of pesticides. *) Recycling of plastic, metal and glass material and ingineration (burning) of non-recyclable wate (©) Planting of trees along roadside, waste land and moutathous slopes HaNGESSil CASE at aS"improves the air quality (reduction OP the amount of CO, in the atmosphere). VEHICULAR STANDARDS Euro Bharat vehicular standards : Certain norms have been laid down under the title Euro/Bharat norms that are applicable to automobiles, These aim to effectively cut down Sulphur and Nitrogen oxides from automobile exhausts, BS (Bharat Stage) emission norms were first set up to control flr hs Jor HT an eet pg since to BS IL, BS TIL and now BS 1V norms. ‘These norms mean that any motor vehicle running on the oad has to adhere to a specific emission norm in order to reduce pollution. The emission standards are set up by the Central Government to check on the Pollutant levels emitted by vehicles that use combustion engines, The BS numbers are based on European emission norms which are referred to as Euro 4, Euro 5, Euro 6, etc. These norms are followed largely by automobile makers and acts as a good reference point as to how much does a vehicle pollute In India, the Central Pollution Control Bi the time and standards which hayg S a 2017. In order to control pollution it is that the quality of the fuel be looked into as refineries must step up the production of clean and automobile makers must speed up re: development to adopt BS VI norms compliant | year 2020 in India, a Scanned with ComSeannarBHARAT ABHIYAN : wacHH (CLEAN ; siviq MOVEMENT) sah Bharat Abhiyan is a significant mpaign started by the Government of “fiicially launched on 2°! October 2014 mof a clean_and Wygicnic India It “pon people to neither litter, nor let Millions of people from different he society came forward and joined this “nent of cleanliness. Following are some the campaign : the streets, roads and infrastructure of uiry’s cities and towns. inate_open-defecation. through, the “tion of individual, cluster and ty toilets. The goal is to make an Open 1 Free (ODF) India by constructing rural India. n_accountable_mechanism of lish an yring latrine, use. ve efficient solid and liquid waste ment systems. ASTIC POLLUTION has created quite a controversy” off late. ; non-biodegradable nat e fact take hundreds of years to completely vn, people are starting to realise the effects_that_plasi our nt and oceans. use or at are once before.they. Jed to be used only if rials like plastic oitles, food wrappers and take-away containers s di Sarband rivers from where it flows into the oceans id is ingested by marine animals) When dumped, poisonous substances from plastic enter into the soil and water, thereby contaminating both of these natural resources Ways by which you can help lessen the plastic menace : @ Observe the three Rs — Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. (2 Carry your own refillable water bot 8 ‘Avoidcusing disposable cullery_and straws ) Carry your own reusable fabric bag and do not aik Tor carry bags made of plastic. @ Try to give plastic containers and other_such items fo your nearby scrap dealer for recycling. () Willerearess\check 4. Mention whether the following statements: are True (1) or False (F). (i) Diseases like cholera and jaundice ar the results of soil pollution. op (i), 6O, and methane are dretly contbging to global warming IF) (ii) Erosion of ancient monuments and statues is caused by acid rain which itself ig the result of gaseous pollution. A/F) iv) Use of unleaded petrol and compressed Natural Gas (CNG) jn.automobiles is one ‘of the methods of i sey ‘and particulate air pollution.~ d) such as polythene bags, straws, disposable CAT lala is the adtion of any such constituent in the env * ‘ir pollution can be through harmful gases (COp: * Vater pollution is chiefly caused by household deterae 0 water. * Soil pollution is caused by several sources of wastes ‘such as serious threats to human health. ; tee wastes. ‘ams ances aa ape * heig ee a serious replay ve + oon cea polttant gases (SOx i" gases, ciety FCs cause ozone depletion vi are oh 80,, CO, nis, sewage, industrial wastes, lutant affecting mental heal! CO, ete.) causing mu ronment which deteriorates its natural quality. automobiles and factories. cil spils, hot effluents discharged fertilizers, pesticides, tc.) given out from the industries, municipal waste, chemical th in particular. to agrcutural ers and stone monuments ee) ich danger’ otherwise prevent harmful UV-B rays: