Geocarto International

ISSN: 1010-6049 (Print) 1752-0762 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tgei20

Hydrological and hydrodynamic modeling for flood

damage mitigation in Brahmani–Baitarani River
Basin, India

Sindhu K. & Durga Rao K. H. V.

To cite this article: Sindhu K. & Durga Rao K. H. V. (2016): Hydrological and hydrodynamic
modeling for flood damage mitigation in Brahmani–Baitarani River Basin, India, Geocarto
International, DOI: 10.1080/10106049.2016.1178818

To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2016.1178818

Accepted author version posted online: 17

Apr 2016.
Published online: 02 May 2016.

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 Geocarto International, 2016
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2016.1178818

Hydrological and hydrodynamic modeling for flood damage

mitigation in Brahmani–Baitarani River Basin, India
Sindhu K.a and Durga Rao K. H. V.b
a
Civil Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, India; bHead, Flood Forecasting and
Hydrological Modelling Division, WRG, National Remote Sensing Centre, Hyderabad, India
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ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

Stream flow forecast and its inundation simulations prior to the event are Received 25 January 2016
an effective and non-structural method of flood damage mitigation. In this Accepted 11 April 2016
paper, a continuous simulation hydrological and hydrodynamic model was
KEYWORDS
developed for stream flow forecast and for spatial inundation simulation in Hydrological modelling;
Brahmani–Baitarani river basin, India. The hydrologic modelling approach hydrodynamic modelling;
includes rainfall-run-off modelling, flow routing, calibration and validation flood inundation simulation;
of the model with the field discharge data. CARTOSAT Digital Elevation flood damage mitigation
Model of 30  m resolution, land use/land cover derived from the Indian
Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS-P6) AWiFS and soil textural data of the study
area were used in the modelling to compute topographic and hydraulic
parameters. The hydrological model was calibrated with the help of field
observed discharge data of 2006 and 2009 and validated with the data
of 2008 and 2011. From the results, it is found that computed discharges
are very well matching well with the observed discharges. The developed
model can provide the stream flow forecast with more than 30 h lead time.
Possible flood inundations were simulated using hydrodynamic modelling
approach. CARTO Digital Elevation Model of 10 m resolution, landuse and
the computed flood hydrographs were used in inundation simulations.

1. Introduction
Flooding constitutes the most prevalent and costly natural disaster in the world. In recent years,
satellite technology has become extremely important in providing cost-effective, reliable and crucial
mechanisms for preparedness, damage control and relief management of flood disasters. A variety of
mitigation measures can be identified and implemented to reduce or minimize the impact of flood-
ing. Such mitigation measures include flood forecasting and warning, flood-prone area zoning and
management (Subramanya 1991). Traditionally, gathering and analysing hydrologic data related to
floodplains and flood-prone areas have been a time-consuming effort requiring extensive field obser-
vations and calculations. With the development of remote sensing and computer analysis techniques,
traditional techniques now can be supplemented with these new methods of acquiring quantitative
and qualitative flood hazard information (Durga Rao et al. 2011).
Hydrological and hydraulic modelling can produce the demo of incidents configured out from
basin, hydrologic and hydraulic elements and parameters for events and its updates. More ground

CONTACT  Durga Rao K. H. V.  durgarao_khv@nrsc.gov.in

© 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group
 2    Sindhu K. and Durga Rao K. H. V.

detail and expertise can serve more acceptable model result. For flood disaster damage mitigation, an
effective and accurate approach to estimate incoming discharge will help those downstream respond
to possible threats. Computation of run-off is necessary for designing of dams, reservoir management
and prediction of risks and potential losses caused by flooding. A major challenge still remaining is the
accurate prediction of catchment run-off responses to rainfall events. Satellite remote sensing provides
reliable, accurate and updated database on land and water resources, which is a pre-requisite for an
integrated approach in planning and development.
Laouacheria and Mansouri (2015) predicted run-off graphs using two hydrological models, namely
WBNM and HEC-HMS, and a GIS procedure for a small urban catchment located in Azzaba city.
They tested the effect of catchment size and time steps on run-off hydrograph shape, and evaluated
the catchment reaction to a given rainfall event obtained from the established IDF Curves. Teng et al.
(2014) described the development and implementation of a floodplain inundation model that can be
used for rapid assessment of inundation in very large floodplains. The model uses LIDAR DEM to
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derive flood plain storages and connectivity between them at different river stages. They tested the
performance of the model across several large floodplains in south-east Australia for estimating flood-
plain inundation extent, volume and water depth for a few recent flood events. Yang et al. (2014) used
combination of micro-genetic algorithm mGA, HEC-RAS and onsite instrumentation, a novel indirect
and noncontact approach to estimate the conversion factor α and thereby convert the surface velocity
to mean velocity. Thereafter, the discharge hydrograph can be efficiently estimated by applying the area
velocity method. Chatterjee et al. (2014) evaluated the applicability of HEC-HMS model. Sensitivity
analysis of the model was carried out for the input parameters. The study revealed that both the peak
discharge and run-off volumes to be sensitive to rate of infiltration and percentage of impervious area.
Ghimire (2013) assessed flood risks at a catchment scale for a small rural catchment of Scotland.
They developed rainfall profiles of different return periods using the Flood Estimation Handbook
(FEH) methodology. They estimated rainfall-induced run-off flows based on a set of catchment charac-
teristics. Kabiri et al. (2013) have compared the parameters of some storm events in the Kuala Lumpur
watershed located in Klang basin using two loss models such as SCS CN and Green-Ampt methods in
run-off and flood modelling. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the
SCS CN and Green-Ampt methods. Tarpanelli et al. (2013) estimated river discharge for two gauged
sites on the Po River, Northern Italy using altimetry data from ERS-2 and ENVISAT satellites. The
comparison between the satellite and insitu water level measurements has shown that the accuracy of
the altimetry data depends on the satellite sensor. ERS-2 is found to be less accurate than ENVISAT.
Durga Rao et al. (2011) have developed a flood forecast model for the Godavari basin, India
through a distributed modelling approach using space inputs. They calibrated the model using the
field hydrometeorological data of 2000 and validated with the data of 2001. They applied the model
in real-time with real-time 3-h interval hydro-meteorological data. Shrestha et al. (2010) provided
a methodological approach for the glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) risk assessment for the Sun
Koshi river basin. They simulated the glacial lake outburst hydrograph using a dam break model.
The outburst flood was routed along the river using a hydrodynamic model to estimate the potential
impact areas. Durga Rao et al. (2014) have studied the flash floods in Mandakani River, India. They
have examined the integrated effect of high intensity rainfall, glacier lake put burst and steep slopes
that caused severe floods in the Mandakani River.
Anil Kumar et al. (2010) developed a Flood Forecasting System Using Statistical and ANN
Techniques in the Downstream Catchment of Mahanadi Basin, India. They compared the both meth-
ods and found that the ANN methods are better beyond the calibration range over statistical method
and the efficiency of either method reduces as the prediction reach is extended. Solaimani (2009)
simulated steady flow along 4 km end of Zaremrood River and derived flood hazard extends. The
results indicate that hydraulic simulation by integrating HEC-RAS model GIS is effective for various
kinds of floodplain managements and different scenarios of river training practices. Chen et al. (2009)
developed and tested a GIS-based urban flood inundation model for the urban university campus, the
University of Memphis in Memphis, Tennessee. GUFIM is an alternative to physical-based dynamic
 Geocarto International   3

models characterized by accurate results, efficient performance and reasonable input and hardware
requirements. Cook and Merwade (2009) compared newly developed flood inundation maps from
LIDAR data to maps that are developed using different topography, geometric description and model-
ling approach using one-dimensional (1D) HEC-RAS model, and two mesh resolutions using two-di-
mensional (2D) FESWMS model. They compared the inundation extent predicted by FESWMS and
prediction from HEC-RAS for the study areas, and that the variations in the flood inundation maps
arising from different factors are smaller in FESWMS compared to HEC-RAS.
Usul and Turan (2006) determined the hydrodynamic characteristics of the Ulus basin and the
riverbed by calibrating the hydraulic module of the MIKE 11 modelling system with the observed
1991 flood. Afterwards, inundation maps are obtained using together the hydraulic and GIS modules
of the MIKE 11 system. Knebl et al. (2005) developed a framework for regional scale flood modelling
that integrates NEXRAD Level III rainfall, GIS, and a hydrological model for the San Antonio River
Basin in Central Texas, USA. The results of this research will benefit future modelling efforts by pro-
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viding a tool for hydrological forecasts of flooding on a regional scale. While designed for the San
Antonio River Basin, this regional scale model may be used as a prototype for model applications in
other areas of the country. Bjerklie et al. (2005) used Manning and Chezy equations to estimate the
discharge for a reach of the Missouri River using remotely sensed hydraulic information. Zhang et al.
(2004) estimated river discharge from non trapezoidal open channel using QuickBird-2 satellite
imagery. They focused on the measurement of surface water width coupled with river width-stage and
remote stage-discharge rating curves, was applied to the Yangtze River, China. An accurate estimate
of river discharge was obtained.
Considering all these, present paper focuses on development of hydrological and hydrodynamic
model through distributed modelling approach for stream flow forecast in the Brahmani–Baitarani
Basin and to simulate the flood inundation in the floodplains using high-resolution DEM. This will
help in forecasting the flood, it’s possible inundation, and to plan for relief and rescue operations to
reduce the flood damage.

2.  Geographical and hydrological description of the Brahmani–Baitarani Basin

The combined Brahmani–Baitarani river basin extends over an approximate geographical area of
50,768 sq. km. The drainage area of the basin lies in the states of India namely; Orissa Jharkhand and
Chhattisgarh. The major tributaries of Brahmani are Koel, Sankh and Tikra Rivers. The main tribu-
taries of Baitarani are Salandi and Matai. Annual rainfall of the basin varies from 802 to 2022 mm and
the average annual rainfall is 1467 mm. Geographic setting of Brahmani–Baitarani basin is shown
in Figure 1.

3.  Spatial and non-spatial database

Run-off in any catchment depends upon the rainfall, evapotranspiration, infiltration and the catch-
ment characteristics. In another words, run-off is a function of landuse, soil texture, digital elevation
model and rainfall. Best possible topographic and hydrological data-sets were acquired and used in
the model development.

3.1.  Topographic data

Land use/Land cover is a very important parameter in a hydrological cycle that account for evapotran-
spiration. Land use/Land cover map on 2007 to 2008 prepared for using IRS-P6 – AWiFS satellite of
56 m resolution was used in the model development. The landuse consists of 17 classes spread across
the catchment. Forest cover forms as the major constituent (31.9%), followed by crop area (29.15%).
In the hydrological cycle, infiltration is a major component. Infiltration depends on soil texture, which
in conjunction with land use provides various basin parameters for the modelling. Soil textural map
 4    Sindhu K. and Durga Rao K. H. V.
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Figure 1. Geographic and Hydrological setting of the Brahmani–Baitarani Basin.

of the study area at the 1:250,000 scale was obtained from the National Bureau of Soil Sciences and
Land-Use Planning of India and used in the study. Loamy and clayey soils are the predominant soils
in the study basin.
The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is the main input for topographic parameter extraction
both in hydrological and hydraulic modelling. CARTOSAT DEM of 30 m resolution was used
to extract various topographic and hydraulic parameters of the basin such as slopes, lag time,
time of concentration, etc. Sub-basins and drainage network are also delineated using the DEM
through an automated process. For flood inundation simulations, high-resolution 10 m CARTO
DEM was used in the study. Cross-sectional profiles and other river geometry was obtained
from this DEM. Landuse/land cover was used in deriving manning’s coefficients and used in
hydrodynamic modelling.
 Geocarto International   5

3.2.  Hydro-meteorological data

Rainfall data are the main forcing data in hydrological modelling and in computing flood forecast
hydrograph. Daily rainfall data from 48 stations for the monsoon period covering the entire area was
obtained for the years 2006, 2008, 2009 and 2011 from Indian Meteorological Department (IMD).
Rainfall grids of the basin of these years were prepared by interpolating the point observations using
the Inverse Distance Weight (IDW) method. After thorough validation, IDW method found to be best
suited for preparing rainfall grids in the study basin. These daily rainfall grids for monsoon period of
the above-mentioned year were computed in GIS environment and used in the model set-up. Mean
monthly evapotranspiration computed from the IMD data was fed into the model.
Daily discharge data of various gauge stations in the basin were collected from the Central Water
Commission (CWC), India and used for model calibration and validation. Discharge data of 2006
and 2008 were used for model calibration, and the 2009 and 2011 data were used for validation of the
model. Rengali dam is the major dam exist in the study basin, operational tables of the reservoir such
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as area-capacity, elevation-area and elevation-outflow curves were used in the model development.

4. Methodology
4.1.  Hydrological modelling
In a distributed modelling, the spatial variations of topographic and meteorological parameters are
considered and the run-off is computed in the spatial domain. HEC-HMS and HEC-GeoHMS are
used as a modelling environment for developing the rainfall-run-off model for the Brahmani–Baitarani
basin. Methodology involves basin and sub-basin delineation, topographic and hydrologic parameter
extraction, hydro-meteorological model set-up, computing run-off volume, modelling direct run-off,
flood routing, calibration and validation.
Terrain pre-processing is a series of steps to derive various topographic and hydraulic parameters.
These steps consist of computing the flow direction, flow accumulation, stream definition, water-
shed delineation, watershed polygon processing, stream processing and watershed aggregation. Once
these data-sets are developed, they are used in later steps for sub-basin and stream delineation. The
basin model file contains the hydrologic data structure, which includes the hydrologic elements, their
connectivity and related parameters. All topographic and hydraulic parameters are computed in the
terrain processing stage using land use and soil textural information and DEM, and exported to the
topographic model.
Main streams were digitized using the satellite data and were fused on the CARTO DEM using the
burn stream technique. The technique facilitates delineating sub-basins and streams in flat topography
more accurately. The burned DEM was used in calculating flow direction and flow accumulation. Sub-
basins and streams in the basin have been delineated using this automated technique.
Topographic characteristics of streams and watersheds have been computed using a model pre-
processor. These characteristics are useful in estimating hydrological parameters of basins. The physical
characteristics that are extracted for the streams and sub-basins are river length, river slope, basin
centroid, longest flow path, centroidal flow path and so forth. When the stream and sub-basin
physical characteristics are extracted, hydrological parameters can be easily derived. Other hydrological
parameters such as time of concentration, lag time and Muskingum routing parameters are computed
from the terrain characteristics. Complete topographic model set-up is shown in Figure 2.
Once direct run-off in each watershed is calculated, it has to be routed to the main outlet. A flood
wave is attenuated by friction and channel storage as it passes through a reach. The process of com-
puting the travel time and attenuation of water flowing in the reach is often called routing. Travel time
and attenuation characteristics vary widely between different streams. The travel time is dependent on
characteristics such as length, slope, friction and flow depth. Attenuation is also dependent on friction,
in addition to other characteristics such as channel storage. Direct run-off of various sub-basins has
 6    Sindhu K. and Durga Rao K. H. V.
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Figure 2. Topographic model of the Brahmani–Baitarani Basin.

been routed to the main outlet using Muskingum routing method. This method uses a simple finite
difference approximation.
After completing the model set-up, trial runs were executed to obtain results. Each run combines
a topographic model, meteorological model and control specification components with run options.
All errors such as missing sink and source nodes, channel connectivity and so on in model set-up
were rectified during trial runs. Runs can be re-executed at any time to update results when data in
the components are changed.
 Geocarto International   7

4.1.1.  Model calibration and validation

Model calibration is the process of adjusting model parameter values until model results match his-
torical data. The process can be completed using engineering judgement by repeatedly adjusting
parameters and computing and inspecting the goodness-of-fit between the computed and observed
hydrographs. Significant efficiency can be realized with an automated procedure. The quantitative
measure of the goodness-of-fit is the objective function. An objective function measures the degree
of variation between computed and observed hydrographs. The key to automated calibration is a
search method for adjusting parameters to minimize the objective function value and to find optimal
parameter values.
A hydrograph is computed at the target element by computing all of the upstream elements and
by minimizing the error (minimum deviation with the observed hydrograph) using the optimization
module. Parameter values are adjusted by the search, the hydrograph and objective function for
the target element are recomputed. The process is repeated until the value of the objective function
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reaches the minimum to the best possible extent. During the simulation run, the model computes
direct run-off of each watershed and the inflow and outflow hydrograph of each channel segment.
The model computes the flood hydrograph at the outlet after routing flows from all sub-basins to the
basin outlet. The computed hydrograph at the outlet is compared with the observed hydrograph at
Anandapur, Jaraikela and Panposh stations.
After computing the exact value of the variable during the calibration process, the calibrated
model parameters are tested for another set of field observations to estimate the model accuracy.
In this process, if the calibrated parameters do not fit the data of validation, the required param-
eters have to be calibrated again. Thorough investigation is needed to identify the parameters
to be calibrated again. In this study, hydro-meteorological data of 2008 and 2011 was used for
model validation.

4.2.  Hydrodynamic modelling

For hydrodynamic modelling, HEC-RAS and HEC-GeoRAS were used as a modelling environment.
HEC-RAS is one of the most wide spread models used to calculate water surface profiles in 1-D.
Methodology involves extraction of river topography including river cross sections, computing the
water surface profiles, flow dynamics and development of flood inundation extent map.

4.2.1.  Geometric data

The basic geometric data consist of establishing the connectivity of the river system, cross section
data, reach lengths, energy loss coefficients (friction losses, contraction and expansion losses)
and stream junction information. A cross section is typically taken from left to right looking
downstream and describes the geometry of the channel and the left and right overbank areas.
A characteristic that is important in modelling is the channel bank stations, which represents
the break points between the channel and overbank portions of the cross section. In this study,
river system is extracted from CARTO DEM (10 m resolution) by drawing and connecting the
various reaches of the system. Each river reach on the schematic is given a unique identifier.
wwThe total length of the Brahmani River modelled is 200  km and that of Baitarani River is
97 km. The connecting of reaches is considered as a junction.
Cross sections are extracted at an interval of 3.5 km approximately along the streams in the river
system to characterize the flow carrying capability of the stream and its adjacent floodplain. They
should extend across the entire floodplain and should be perpendicular to the anticipated flow lines.
Cross sections are required at representative locations throughout a stream reach and at locations
where changes occur in discharge, slope, shape or roughness. Cross-section spacing is also a function
of stream size, slope and the uniformity of cross-section shape. Cross-section layout of the Brahmani–
Baitarani river system is as shown in the Figure 3.
 8    Sindhu K. and Durga Rao K. H. V.
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Figure 3. Simulated and observed flood hydrographs at Anandapur gauge (2006).

Selection of an appropriate value for Manning’s n is very significant to the accuracy of the computed
water surface profiles. The determination of total conveyance and the velocity coefficient for a cross
section requires that flow be subdivided into units for which the velocity is uniformly distributed.
Flow is subdivided in the overbank areas using the input cross-section n-value break points (loca-
tions where n-values change) as the basis for subdivision. Manning’s ‘n’ values were obtained from
the literature (Chow et al. 1988) based on the landuse/landcover pattern in the study area. Flood
hydrographs computed for the Brahmani, and Baitarani rivers are used as main forcing data in flood
inundation simulations.

4.2.2.  Model set-up and simulations

In this, hydrodynamic modelling approach is adopted for the generation of flood inundation extent
map. The methodology involved in generation of flood inundation extent map for the Brahmani and
Baitarani rivers includes extraction of geometric data, computing the water surface profiles, devel-
opment of flood inundation extent map. Energy equation is used for the generation of water surface
profiles and flood inundation extent map.
The Energy equation: Perhaps the key variable in floodplain modelling is the depth of flow, the
elevation difference between the water-surface elevation and the deepest part of the channel. Open
channel hydraulics require several iterations to solve for flow depth or water surface elevation. One-
dimensional subcritical water surface profiles calculations are performed for steady gradually varied
flow.
Water surface profiles are computed from one cross section to the next by solving the energy
equation with an iterative procedure called the standard step method. The energy equation is written
as follows:

a2 V22 a V2
Z2 + Y2 + = Z1 + Y1 + 1 1 + he
2g 2g
 Geocarto International   9

where Z1 and Z2 are elevation of main channel inverts, Y1 and Y2 are depth of water at elevations, V1
and V2 are average velocities, a1 and a2 are velocity weighting coefficients, g is gravitational acceleration
and he is energy head loss. The energy head loss he between two cross sections is comprised of friction
losses and contraction or expansion losses.
Standard Step Method is applicable for both prismatic and non-prismatic channels, including
the adjacent floodplain. The technique is used by most computer programmes that compute steady,
gradually varied flow profiles and can be used for both subcritical and supercritical flow. The method
uses the continuity, energy and Manning equations to solve for depth or water surface elevations at
selected locations along the stream.
The basic equation for the standard step solution is a slight restatement of the terms of the energy
equation. The resulting energy equation for water surface profile analysis is

𝛼2 V22 𝛼 V2
= WSEL1 + 1 1 + hL1−2
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WSEL2 +
2g 2g

where WSEL1,2 is the water surface elevation (z + y) at the indicated location (ft, m), hL1−2 is the friction
loss plus expansion or contraction loss between the two points (ft, m).
The head loss term is a combination of friction and other (expansion and contraction) losses
between locations one and two. The head loss equation is:
hL1−2 = hf + ho
where hf is the energy loss due to friction between the two locations (ft, m), ho is the energy loss due to
expansion or contraction between the two locations (ft, m). The friction loss is found from equation
below:
hf = Lsf
where L is the length of the flow path between the two locations (ft, m), sf is the average energy slope
between the two locations (ft/ft, m/m). sf is obtained from the Manning equation for velocity, which
is rearranged to solve for sf as:
n2 V 2
sf =
k2 R4∕3
where n is the manning roughness coefficient (dimensionless), V is the average velocity, k is a constant
and R is the hydraulic radius (m)

5.  Results and discussions

High density rainfall data in the study basin has helped in achieving the good results in such a heard
and hilly terrain. The model was calibrated for the peak discharge and its lag time using the historic
field discharge data of two years. After calibrating the model parameters it was validated with other
set of field data. Computed and observed hydrographs at Anandapur and Panposh stations for the
year 2006 are shown in Figures 3 and 4, respectively. Figure 5 represents computed and observed
hydrograph during the validation process at Anandapur station for the year 2008. It is found that there
is good agreement between the observed and computed discharges. The peak discharge computation
accuracy is approximately 85% and the lag time computation is within the limits of ±3 h. Discharge
in any sub-basin of the study area can be predicted separately with the adoption of this hydrological
modelling approach.
Flood inundation simulations were done using the 10  m resolution CARTO DEM and the
computed flood hydrographs. River cross-sectional profiles were extracted at regular interval.
 10    Sindhu K. and Durga Rao K. H. V.
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Figure 4. Simulated and observed flood hydrograph at Panposh station (2006).

Figure 5. Simulated and observed flood hydrograph at Anandapur station (2008).

River network, cross-sectional locations and river centre line are shown in the Figure 6. Other
terrain parameters like manning’s ‘n’ were extracted using the landuse and digital elevation model.
Flood inundation simulations show the spatial variation of the flood in the floodplains of the study
basin. Depth of flooding is found to vary between 0 and 9 m. Velocity of flow in the floodplain
is found to vary between 0.25 and 1.0 m/s. flood inundation simulation at peak discharge during
the year 2006 is shown in the Figure 7.
 Geocarto International   11
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Figure 6. Cross-section layout of the Brahmani–Baitarani river system.

Figure 7. Flood inundation simulations in the Brahmani–Baitarani basin.

 12    Sindhu K. and Durga Rao K. H. V.

6. Conclusions
With this hydrological modelling approach, discharge estimation at any river confluence can be issued,
and influence of any tributary can be examined separately. The simulations show that the computed
hydrographs match well with the observed hydrographs. With this hydrological modelling approach,
accuracy in discharge computations is improved compared to conventional methods. The study demon-
strates the importance of remotely sensed data in conjunction with GIS to derive the model parameters
to estimate surface run-off. Use of high-resolution digital elevation model like ALTM will improve
the accuracy of the model and to generate inundation map with high accuracy.
Development of flood forecast models in conjunction with the flood inundation simulation mod-
els can provide flood alarms in the floodplains, which is an effective non-structural method of flood
damage mitigation.
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Acknowledgements
The authors sincerely thank Dr V. K. Dadhwal, Director, NRSC, Dr P. G. Diwakar, Deputy Director – RSA-NRSC, Dr V.
Venkateshwar Rao, Group Director, WRG-NRSC for providing facilities and constant support. The first author sincerely
thanks Dr Deva Pratap and Mrs Y. Navatha, NITW for their support and encouragement.

Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.

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